hello class welcome back to foundations of structural kinesiology we're gonna go into day two today we'll talk about the planes of motion so imagine planes as an imaginary two-dimensional surface through which a limb or body segment is moved now motion through a plane revolves around an axis so on the test make sure you know the difference between an axis and a plane so there's a 90 degree relationship between a plane of motion and its axis and it's easy to get these questions wrong on the quiz so spend some time on this part so let's look at the planes of motion first so you've got the anterior posterior or sagittal plane then you've got the lateral or frontal plane and then you've got the transverse or horizontal plane so if you look at the sagittal plane right here and that will take you and divide it into right and left okay the frontal plane will divide you into anterior and posterior okay and then the transverse plane will divide you into superior and inferior now what you want to look at is what is the axis okay so the axis is different and we'll talk about that as well so let's look at just planes so sagittal plane right here the mid sagittal plane right down the middle will divide you into right and left but you can have a parasagital which is right down here it might have a little bit of this upper extremity and a lot of the rest so you can see that but a midsagittal plane right here okay divides you into right and left the frontal plane or the lateral will divide you into anterior and posterior so you have to look at what it's dividing and those are easy ways to look at this now if you look at the sagittal or anterior posterior plane okay it bisects the body from front to back and dividing into right and left symmetrical halves and so what are some exercises that you would do in the sagittal plane well sit-ups sit-ups would be a good example of what you would do in the sagittal plane unfortunately when you go to the gym or when you do certain exercises you only focus on one plane of movement and that is not successful we want to train athletes in all planes of movement so we want to find exercise in the sagittal plane the frontal plane and especially the transverse plane which is cutting and running okay now if we look at the frontal plane lateral or chronal plane that divides the body into anterior or front and posterior back halves so what's an exercise that you would do in the coronal plane or the frontal plane that would be jumping jacks so remember these and try to or lateral raises right lateral deltoid resist hip ab duction adduction that's in the frontal plane now if you look at transverse axial or horizontal plane that divides the body into superior top and inferior bottom halves spinal rotation but the lack of ability to move in the transverse plane leads to a lot of issues and a lot of times it comes from the hips and the thoracic spine so you want to have good mobility in the thoracic spine and the hip to prevent injury and we'll talk a lot more about this throughout the semester now the diagonal plane involves a combination of movements from traditional planes and occurs in joints that are capable of movement in two or more planes so that diagonal movements will occur in the frontal plane sagittal plane transverse plane two or more movements they can imply it can occur in all three planes so example of a high diagonal and the two low diagonal plane so if you look at this if you look right here right here and right knee here so if you look at sports in general they all involve diagonal planes of motion so if we don't train our athletes if we don't train our patients in diagonal planes of motions they're just going to have injury again so you cannot go and do rehab in just these simple sagittal frontal or transverse planes we must combine them and be able to move through all three planes of motion to prevent injury now if you look at this high diagonal upper limbs of the shoulder joints overhand skills the baseball pitch is a perfect example of the high diagonal boom boom boom boom and we'll look at the high diagonal and the torque that it places on the elbow a little bit later on in the semester but just understand that the baseball pitch is a good example of the high diagonal now the low diagonal lower limbs at the hip joints so kickers in football that's a low diagonal and then golf is a good example of the low diagonal here if you look at tiger coming in boom boom and the follow through so for movement to occur in a plane it must turn or rotate about an axis that has a 90 degree relation relationship to the plane and the axes are named in relation to their orientation so this is where it gets tricky so don't miss the difference between an axis and a plane so if we look at axes of rotation so the frontal coronal lateral or medial lateral axis okay so has the same orientation as the frontal plane and runs from side to side at right angle to the sagittal plane of motion so divides the medial and lateral commonly includes flexion and extension so the access right so imagine the access going right here all right so you're you're bisecting it this way here's the axis of rotation so if i have like a little screw right here it will allow me to go into flexion and rotation remember the axes are 90 degrees to the plane so a motion that occurs around the coronal axis or the frontal axis is flexion and extension now if you look at the sagittal or anter posterior axis okay has the same orientation as a sagittal plane of motion and runs from front to back so a common exercise or a common motion that occurs around the sagittal or anterior posterior axis is abduction and adduction boom and boom so that would be deltoid raises lateral raises now vertical or long axis the axis is going to go down and what are the motions internal and external rotator so you can you can have internal external rotation of the shoulder internal external rotation of the hip and i will tell you now that the key to a lot of injury prevention is training our athletes or our patients in this transverse plane along the vertical and longitudinal axis the ability to rotate internal and external is key when you put it all together diagonal oblique axis runs at a right angle to the diagonal plane okay and this one gets a little tricky because you have to combine all three planes of motion in all three axes now as we go into the body regions you want to make sure that you're able to describe something very specifically and you might see in the medical chart that someone might say the cubital fossa you're thinking oh cubital fossa where is that well you should know that the anterior cubital fossa is in front of the elbow if they say the inguinal area you should know that that's in the groin if somebody says popliteal fossa you should know that that's in the back of the knee so if you're all of you have taken anatomy so this should be just to review for you if you didn't do so well anatomy then you might want to make some flash cards and refresh because some of these might show up on the quiz or the exam now axial means cephalic or head cervical or neck and trunk okay so in the axial region we have the cephalic or head cervical neck and the trunk the appendicular area are the upper limbs and lower limbs so if you remember from anatomy when you study the axial skeleton you studied what the skull the spinal cord and the ribs right when you study the appendicular skeleton you study the upper limbs the arm the forearm the carpal bones the lower limbs you started the femur correct tibia fibula now the cephalic or head in the axial region that's the cranium face cervical also means neck and the trunk that can include the thoracic dorsal abdomen abdominal or pelvic and pelvis so essentially the pelvis is part of the axial skeleton the pelvis is actually made up of three bones called the os coxae and we'll talk about that more specifically a little later on the appendicular are the upper limbs the shoulder arm form and manual which are your hands and then the thigh leg and pedal which is your foot so again this is just a review of anatomy we don't need to spend time on learning every single bone you should know all these bones already now here's some interesting facts the adult human body has 206 of them there are 26 bones in the human foot the human hand including the wrist contains 54 bones the femur or thigh bone is the longest and strongest of the human skeleton the stapes in the middle ear is the smallest and lightest bone of the human skeleton arms are among the most commonly broken bones accounting for almost half of all adults broken bones the collar bone is the most commonly broken bone among children so how many of you have had a broken bone in your childhood go ahead and write that in the comment section or the chat section any bone that you've broken go ahead and write that bones stop growing in length during puberty so bone density and strength will change over the course of life however the only bone in the human body not connected to another is the hyoid bone so it's a v-shaped bone located at the base of the tongue and bones are made up of calcium phosphorus sodium and other minerals l as well as protein collagen now osteology just a good review the adult skeleton has approximately 206 bones the axial skeleton contains 80 bones and the appendicular skeleton contains 126 bones so exact number of bones as well as other specific features occasionally varies from person to person but most likely you have 206 bones in the human body now did you know that essentially we're just part of four races right people always say hey where you from where are you from and really if you look at the cheek structure of most individuals you really fit into one of four races so you're either caucasian you're either mongolian you're either negroid or australia so they say hey if i'm indian i'm looking at this and i'm saying wait a second i'm either caucasian mongolian negroid or australian so it really depends on your cheek structure your and several other structures the zygomatic arch and we'll look at that and so sorry if you you know if you don't see your country represented but you're going to fall into one of these four races because remember after you pass away your skin cut falls off the color goes away and all that's left is your skull so they can use that to determine if you're male female and what race you are so here's a typical asian skull the scale here's a african skull caucasian european school and then here's more aboriginal australian skull okay so you're going to fall remember when you pass away all your hair nails skin fall away so all that's left is the zygomatic arch the maxilla right the superciliary arch so these are what we can use to determine what race you were now the notion that humankind can be divided along white black and yellow lines reveals the social rather than the scientific origin of race because look at these cute little kids unfortunately when they pass away all their skin color goes away so you're not going to be able to judge them based on white black and yellow lines okay so wish more people understood this maybe we'd have a more peaceful society but unfortunately not everyone gets to take this course right all right what are the functions of the skeleton well we have protection of the heart lungs and brain we support to maintain posture the skeletal functions to movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles and acting as levers helps storage of minerals such as calcium and phosphorus and hemopoiesis occurs in the vitro vertebral bodies femurs humerus ribs and sternum so hemopoiesis is the process of blood formation in the red bone marrow what are the types of bones well we have long bones which are the humerus and fibula we have short bones which are the carpals and tarsals we have flat bones which are ribs and scapula we have irregular bones which is ischium pubis and maxilla and we have the cessnoid bones which are the patella yes people always say hey your last name is the name of a bone yes i've heard that before again i'm going uh quickly through this because you've had anatomy before so this should be relatively review for you now let's look at the long bones they're composed of a long cylindrical shaft with a relatively wide protruding end you have the shaft that contains the medullary cavity so what are the examples of the long bones phalanges metacarpals metatarsals tibia fibula femur radius ulna and humerus and if you're looking at this and you're like i don't know where the femur radius and ulna are you might need to review that because i'm not going to spend time going over what these bones are you should know that already you've taken all kines 210 or bio210 and hopefully you learned all that oh yeah that doesn't look right look at this guy yeah that's not right now if you look at this these are the types of bones these are short bones they're small cube shaped solid bones that usually have a proportionally large articular surface in order to articulate with more than one bone and those are some carpals and the tarsals so here's the carpal bone here's the talus which is inferior to the tibia fibula you have flat bones which usually have a curved surface and vary from thick where tin is attached to very thin so here's the scapula this would be a right scapula because you're looking at posterior in the anatomical position examples include the ilium the ribs the sternum clavicle and the scapula so for the test you're thinking well how can you ask this patel well it's easy i'd say all the following are flat bones except right so you want to know the best way you have to think about how can i ask a lot of information is well the accept is a good rule multiple choice is good matching is good there's lots of ways that i can ask all a lot of information in a condensed way even scapulas break look at that this is from snowboarding if you look at that look at that right in there so that's a fractured scapula it's very rare but this patient lost control and they ran into a tree that happens right so there's a fractured scapula right there here's some irregular bones if you look at the regular bones you have includes bones throughout the entire spine and the ischium pubis and maxilla those are irregular bones then you have some sphenoid bones you're thinking oh where's the sphenoid bone well if you remember from anatomy you have the ethma ethmoid bone and posterior to the ethmoid bone is the sphenoid bone kind of looks like a bat okay and what sits in the cellatursica of the sphenoid bone is your pituitary gland so you remember pituitary gland sphenoid bone now sesamoid bones they're small bones embedded within a tendon of a muscular tenderness unit that provide protection and improve mechanical advantage of muscular tendons units so the patellar tendon right so the patella provides a muscular tendon this junction and improves the mechanical advantage of the quadriceps tendon so that's that patella right there anybody fractured their patella before if you land on your knee you might have a fractured patella typical bone features you have the diaphysis which is a long cylindrical shaft you have the cortex which is the hard dense compact forming the walls of the diaphysis and the periosteum dense fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of the diaphysis you have the endosteum which is the fibrous membrane that lines the outside of the cortex and then you have the medullary or marrow cavity lies between the walls of the diaphysis and contains a yellow or fatty marrow marrow here now the piphacies appears at the ends of long bones formed from cancellous spongy or trabecular bone now kids they'll have an epiphyseal plate or you've heard of the growth plate before that's a thin cartilage plate that separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis now as a kid you're going to continue to grow until about 18. most long bones stop growing at 18 but your spine your vertebral column the vertebrae usually grow until you're 25 so really you don't technically stop growing until the age of 25. some of you the epiphyseal plates have closed unfortunately so you will no longer get taller you'll just get wider i'm sorry that's just the way it goes once you stop growing there's only one way to go and that's laterally you no longer go superior inferior and now but if you have a injury you can actually the epiphyseal plates due to trauma can close early and if you have a severe fracture you might have a leg length discrepancy and one leg might be shorter than the other one arm might be shorter than the other because the epiphyseal plates closed early and trauma can do that so you have to be really careful of fractures to the epiphyseal plates now bones also have articular or hyaline cartilage at the ends okay and articular cartilage is like tread on a tire you have to be real careful because you don't want that articular cartilage to wear off so once it's gone it becomes bone on bone so you've heard of patients or athletes say oh man my knees are bone on bone that's because they are they've worn out their articular cartilage if you remember kobe bryant rest in peace kobe he had about seven or eight surgeries to remove loose bodies of articular cartilage in his knees right michael jordan had the same thing so any basketball player they'll have tons of arthroscopic surgeries to replace you can't really replace articular or hyaline cartilage all they can do is clean up the knee but you don't want to clean out too much and we'll talk about meniscal injuries as well meniscus if you tear your meniscus if you're under the age of 25 they can do a repair but after 25 unfortunately they'll have to remove the small piece you don't want to remove too much because it doesn't grow back bone growth how do bones grow well they develop from hyaline cartilage and hyaline cartilage masses grow rapidly into structure as humans develop from an embryo okay so that's why young kids that most of their bones are still hyaline cartilage so when they fall they don't end up breaking their bones as much because they're mostly hyaline cartilage as they grow and it becomes more bone versus higher than cartilage then the rate of fractures can go high so if you're working in the er if you're working in the hospital and you see a child that's two three years old with a broken bone then we have to ask a question well what kind of trauma did they have to cause that to break because it would take a lot of trauma to break hyaline cartilage and bone so we unfortunately sometimes we have to make sure we rule out abuse because it would be a pretty blunt trauma that could cause that not to say that they couldn't happen falling off a bike falling off a table that would cause a fracture but when a young child comes into the er with a fractured bone we would have to ask several questions just to make sure that hey they're under good care now bone growth grow rapidly into structure shape similar to the bones that they will eventually become so there's very rapid growth now here's an interesting fact i don't know if you remember how tall you were at the age of two but if you double your height when you were age two is pretty much how tall you're be so if you were three feet at two years old guess what you'll be six foot when you're completely done growing so the first two years of life is very very important and the first two years of life as far as nutrition is concerned is very very important so when you're ready to have kids make sure that the first two years you feed them healthy stuff no garbage candy gatorade sugary drink soda and especially no soda talk about the dangers of soda and young kids at a very early age because soda had especially diet soda that's terrible for you we'll talk about that but it has high amounts of phosphorus and the phosphorus will leach the calcium from the bones okay so with that let's take a little break