hello in this lecture we will be talking about physiological buffers meaning buffers that operate within the body so over here we have the common buffer systems now buffers they always want they always want equilibrium so they will do everything in their power to keep everything in balance meaning that if your blood is too acidic it will try to buffer it into a basic environment if your blood is too basic it will try to buffer it into an acidic environment okay so it wants to keep everything equal or at a steady state okay so over here we have some we have two kind like sides to buffers so some of the buffers refer to intracellular fluid okay meaning that they are within the cells uh for instance the phosphate buffer system is within the cells and some of them are extracellular meaning that they are outside of the cells okay so like the carbonic bicarbonate buffer system that's mainly in blood and blood is outside of the cells right so it's going to interact with the environment it's not going to just interact with itself all right so uh let's get right into it and here we go so the main thing that sticks out is that the pro the protein buffer systems actually interact with the intracellular fluid icf and the extracellular fluid ecf so this the protein so we're going to call it protein buffer system okay is essentially interacts with the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid so that's going to be ecf okay and it is usually the only buffer system that extensively interacts with other buffer systems so it interacts with other buffer systems now focus on the ecf systems the most important extracellular fluid buffer system would have to be their carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system now that's a mouthful but essentially this guy right here actually helps regulate the ph in the blood so this one actually regulates the ph and the blood now unless you're some sort of water bearer or some sort of like alien octopus or something you're gonna have blood most organisms have blood so they're gonna utilize the carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system in order to regulate the ph in their blood okay and we're actually going to go into it of how that works in detail in a in a little bit but i have another buffer system that needs to be described and before we move on of course this is the most important so the most important ecf buffer now the phosphate buffer system is kind of important well it's pretty important for the icf so the phosphate buffer system and let's just call that bs or you know buffer system whatever and it helps regulate the ph of the icf and urine okay so if you ever go to the doctor and your doctor says hey your ph in your urine is really acidic you know you might have something wrong with the phosphate buffers in your system and that could lead to some serious consequences perhaps perhaps a cirrhosis of the liver or another attack on the kidneys right so the phosphate buffer system is a system that helps regulate the ph of the majority of the icf and the urine okay so now we'll go and talk about the carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system so right here is going to be the bicarbonate equation more specifically the carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system if you want to be specific right but here's like the full um equation the list of steps to happen first okay so what happens here is that whenever you you know exhale or you know exhale from your lungs you're expelling carbon dioxide but during that reaction there's also aqueous carbon dioxide and that is in your blood okay so that aqueous carbon dioxide is going to react with liquid water and what happens is that it's going to make what well it's going to make carbonic acid okay that's carbonic acid so the aqueous carbon dioxide in your blood reacts with the water or in the environment to create carbonic acid okay which is acidic obviously has acid in its name so then that carbonic acid kind of reacts with itself to make bicarbonate okay so this is bicarbonate and which is a basic okay so this is acidic that's going to be basic and of course you have your proton right so some acid as well however if you were kind of like slick if you were very intuitive you would know that some of this is very repetitious right so there are some repeating factors in this equation for instance we have carbon dioxide aqueous on this side and on the left hand side we also have carbon dioxide aqueous so these can actually cancel out okay that could cancel out okay now what else do we have we have a carbonic acid aqueous on this side and we also have carbonic acid aqueous on that side so we could cancel those out right so are there any more matching pairs no so we can actually write a net reaction because if your step if your products show up as reactants you could just cancel them out so in the net reaction would have to be co2 as a gas which enters in your lungs and it's going to react with the water in your body and it's going to go like this to create bicarbonate which is the aqueous product and then plus some acid which is also uh aqueous so what we just described was the carbonic anhydrase okay and that actually helps disassociate um the reactants into the products more specifically it helps essentially disassociate carbonic acid into bicarbonate so this let's see so c8 carbonic acid into bicarbonate and h plus so again bicarbonate is hco3 negative if you don't see the carbonic acid all you have to do is just combine these guys to make h2co3 okay so that's all that is so let's write that over here h2co3 so that's just a combination of carbon dioxide with water all right you can write it like that or in this form okay either way is fine but that is your reaction the carbonic anhydrase reaction right now the pka for this reaction so the pka for this reaction is going to be about 6.4 which is pretty close to the ph of blood 7.4 so it's fairly good i guess right here uh but then we're going to introduce another concept called le chatelier's principle so if you remember let's chat lia's principle from chemistry 2 you would know that if you were to take away a reactant you would actually increase one of your products if you were to take away one of your products you would increase the presence of one of your reactants so for instance if i were to decrease the amount of carbon dioxide i would actually increase the amount of acid or hydrogens okay so in that case we can say that decreasing so lower co2 makes um more h plus and ph goes down so it becomes acidic so it's acidic okay and basic would have to be this okay so if we decrease the amount of bicarbonate in the blood we'd actually increase the carbon dioxide if the co2 increases then the ph will actually go up meaning that it will become a basic environment so if you lower lower hco3 and it makes more co2 and the ph goes up okay so that makes a basic environment okay so if you were to add a base to the reaction this is what would happen so if we add base in this case let's say it's uh hydroxide well it's going to react with the what carbonic acid okay so the base is going to react with the acid and it's going to form the conjugate base okay so this is going to be the acid right here so it's going to be the carbonic acid let's just call it c acid and that's the base this is going to form the conjugate conjugate base and this is going to be what the conjugate acid okay there you go so of course if you want to find the ratio it would be hco3 negative over h2co3 right so of course you will see how that can be a really good buffer for our systems so in the same way if you were to add acid okay in this case it's a form of a proton the proton would react with what bicarbonate because in the system there's always going to be a little bit bicarbonate hanging around there's always going to be a little bit of carbonic acid hanging around in case you were to add acid or bases okay so in this case if we were to add acid one of the uh bicarbonates that are just hanging around would react with it to form the what carbonic acid so you can see how depending on what happens the system is always going to buffer now the upper limit for the buffer meaning that the maximum that it can go to without exhausting itself is uh 7.4 which is roughly the ph for blood okay so i think that's a pretty important ph to know so 7.4 is the ph of your blood so it's slightly basic very slightly so let's recap the carbonic bicarbonate buffer system okay so whenever you're exercising or sleeping or petting a cat or something you're breathing in air okay so the air is going to do what is going to come into the lungs and hit the blood now the blood either takes it to your muscles and then the example of exercising and it converts the oxygen with fuel so fuel plus oxygen gives you energy now when that oxygen is depleted it becomes carbon dioxide and some water all right now the carbon dioxide and the water come out all right they come out now some of the carbon dioxide kind of dissolves in the blood with the water now whenever the carbon dioxide and the water combine they actually make the what they make carbonic acid now the formation of the carbonic acid is actually sped up by an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase okay so the formation make h2 co3 is sped up by enzyme carbonic acid or sorry carbonic and uh hydrates okay there you go now that carbonic acid is then absorbed in the blood because initially the concentration of carbonic acid in the blood is very low so whenever you add a lot of it it's going to be absorbed okay so it does its things you know it helps regulate the ph of the blood whatever but sometimes there's an excess amount of acid in the blood so for instance there's too many protons hanging out so what happens is that the blood well the plasma takes some of the hydrogens away from the cells away from the membranes and that hydrogen is going to then react with the bicarbonate okay now whenever it reacts with the bicarbonate it forms again the what carbonic acid but then that carbonic acid goes through another reaction to form carbon dioxide and water so you can consider the formation of the acid and the bar carbon the b bicarbonate sorry to form co2 and h2o okay and so that's what happens when you exhale so if you go up to a mirror and you exhale you're going to see the mirror fog up well that's some of the water that's some of the carbon dioxide okay and here's a quick fact did you know that if you were to um lose weight let's say 20 kilograms more than half of those kilograms are going to be exhaled through carbon dioxide okay so when you lose fat from exercising you don't sweat it out you actually breathe it out okay and some of it passes through your urine so for a quick recap whenever you breathe oxygen it goes through your lungs into the blood and goes into the active tissues and organs for instance the heart or the muscles then it is combined with fuel for instance glucose which is simple sugar it is then converted into carbon dioxide and water that carbon dioxide then dissolves in the water to form carbonic acid whenever there's too much acid in the blood the plasma is going to take away some of the acid the protons from the membranes and combine it with bicarbonate now that is going to give you carbon dioxide and water which release from the body from an exhale so hopefully that actually clears up the whole process of breathing and regulation of ph in your blood and organs and before i forget the regulation for bicarbonate actually comes from the kidneys okay so the kidneys actually produce and regulate the bicarbonate in your system so now we will be going into depth with the function of the kidneys in the carbonic bicarbonate buffer system okay so if the kidneys wanted to do a short term adjustment to the equation for instance you know maybe there's too many uh acids in the blood or maybe there's too much bases too many bases in the blood well the short-term adjustment so let's say short term adjustment would have to be what change your breathing pattern okay so change breathing pattern how many uh carbon dioxide molecules get in at one time how much do you let out do you let out more than you put in you know that actually changes the the ph of the blood change breathing patterns okay but what if there's a long term adjustment so long term would have to be the um well it would have to go into the kidneys so long term is kidney-based because it has the option to actually remove excess acids or remove excess bases via the urine so we can put can remove remove excess let's say acids or bases in this case uh it would be bicarbonate so hco3 negative via the urine okay so there we go so if you were producing urine that was too acidic well that's actually your kidney saying hey you know you have too much acid in your blood your ph is too low we're gonna have to remove some of that acid to kind of make it a basic environment get it back to 7.4 okay so that's pretty important for you to know most of the time not always but most of the time is actually the acid that is a problem sometimes your urine is too acidic so it's going to be the acid that goes if you're if your urine is too basic well it's going to remove some of that bicarbonate but most often than not some of the bicarbonate is going to be reclaimed so most hco3 is going to be reclaimed before it passes through the urine so let's actually talk about the diagram that i have right here okay so in the kidney cell some of the acid is going to go out of the cell in exchange for some sodium okay so whenever you eat salt or take a supplement or something the sodium ions are going to interact with the kidney cells in exchange for the protons now it does that via the ion exchanger protein all right so there's a protein in your cell that acts like a tunnel and it exchanges sodium for protons the proton then interacts with the bicarbonate to form carbon dioxide okay so that's how when i said you remember the diagram with the blood vessels and whatever well the acid combines with the bicarbonate to form the co2 yes it makes an intermediate of carbon or sorry of carbonic acid but it's so fast that you can just consider it making co2 all right so the net reaction would have to be bicarbonate plus acid gives you co2 now if this needs to happen it will most likely happen meaning that co2 is a nonpolar substance right so this is nonpolar right and it can actually go through the kidney cell and start a chain reaction again so if it infiltrates the kidney cell it could break up it could disassociate into the acid and into the bicarbonate okay so that's the base and again you're going gonna have this chain reaction of the acid exchanging itself for the sodium combining with the bicarbonate to form co2 the co2 goes back into the kidney cell and it starts a perpetual loop okay so that's kind of like the role for the kidney cell in the carbonic bicarbonate buffer system sometimes the co2 is lost right so eventually you can't have an infinite amount of co2 right that's you can't have an infinite amount of anything that defies physics well eventually you're going to lose co2 so co2 gradually depletes right so you're going to have to take another breath and start to chain reaction again but the kidneys don't like it when the co2 depletes so whenever the co2 is starting to lower and lower and lower itself the kidneys start creating bicarbonate and it does that to avoid kind of like stopping the reaction because you never want that reaction to stop right that would cause like an organ failure and you don't want that right so you don't want a renal flail renal failure in your system that's really uh lethal sometimes the kidneys actually generate co2 via metabolic functions okay so you can consider like the kidney as an engine i guess so whenever you're running the the processes right so whenever you're making a reaction some of the reactions create co2 as a product and you don't want an excess of co2 in the kidneys right because that's pretty bad it's slightly acidic but it can somehow make the environment basic so what i'm trying to say is whenever you're running reactions in the kidney some of the reactions form co2 and you have to eliminate the co2 buildup in the kidneys so how does that happen well for starters some of the height well the carbon dioxide can break into the acid and into bicarbonate so the acid is going to be eliminated via an acid pump so a proton pump now whenever that happens it comes out via the urine okay so um leaves as urine and that is why urine is slightly acidic okay because in an effort to lower the amount of carbon dioxide within the kidney cell it is excreting acid out of the urine for the rest of the bicarbonate it's going to react with the iron sorry with the ion exchanger protein okay so again the ion exchanger protein is pretty important in this case we're not working with sodium we're going to be working with chlorine okay so the bicarbonate leaves the exchanger pro protein and chlorine comes in right so that's essentially it so this leaves as urine and the bicarbonate leaves into the blood now the bicarbonate is going to react with the acid to form carbon dioxide and water and leave as you know exhalation so this goes back into the blood plus h plus dc and that leaves as h2o plus co2 and you're going to exhale so that's what happens when you have a buildup you're going to have built up carbon dioxide you have to release it somehow so it breaks into an acid and bicarbonate the acid leaves through the urine that's why urine is slightly acidic and the bicarbonate leaves via the ion exchanger protein in exchange for chlorine now the bicarbonate is going to react with an acid in the blood to create water and carbon dioxide and then you're going to exhale both the water and carbon dioxide as normal so now we'll be talking about medical conditions referring to the acidity in blood why it's so important so you can see from this chart that the sweet spot would have to be 7.4 for your ph in blood but if you were to be 7 or 7.6 you would be in a dangerous zone now death should occur around 6.8 or below it can also occur from 7.8 and up okay so that's when you die it's pretty bad so you're probably wondering what alkalosis is and what acidosis is all right so we'll talk about alkalosis first whenever people are having a panic attack or they're on drugs and they're hyperventilating they can have alkalosis all right so it's not just drugs by the way it could be like a cerebral hemorrhage or just anxiety so whenever that happens they're breathing in really quickly right so they're breathing in but then they breathe out like very little so they go right so they're breathing in too much and they're exhaling a little bit so the o2 is going to be increasing but the co2 is going to be decreasing they're not producing a lot of co2 when that happens the acid also decreases okay so eventually there's going to be more bicarbonate more basic material in the blood and not enough acidic material protons in the blood okay so whenever that happens the h goes down it goes down and again this is alkalosis alkalosis and co2 goes down okay so first is going to be co2 goes down and then the acid is going to go down okay and the ph is going to go up because you're entering a basic environment so to recap you're intaking more air than the co2 that is being exhaled okay so there's more o2 than co2 now whenever that happens the acid goes down as well and therefore the ph goes all the way up it could be lethal if left unattended and also since the hydrogen goes downwards the bicarbonate goes upwards and therefore the net reaction is going to go towards the left so the equilibrium goes towards left okay so i mean whenever i'm thinking about les chatelier's principle i like to think of an aquarium tank so imagine an aquarium tank okay with a very very small um partition i guess right so here's a partition that we're going to have right and there's going to be a partition now this partition is not all the way closed there's like a centimeter of uh gap between the partition and the bottom of the tank okay now we're going to fill this up with some water okay so if i am creating more water over here more water over here well some of that water is going to go and escape to the bottom of the tank and fill up okay there you go now if i'm producing let's say more co2 so if i'm producing more co2 i'm going to produce more acid so if i'm producing more co2 right here then the acid is going to increase and shift towards the right so that is kind of like the aquarium method that i use so to recap because we are decreasing the co2 we're going to increase the hco3 because we're adding more water to this part the water is going to escape and go here towards the left hopefully that's what um kind of clarifies the chatley's principle so to combat alkalosis it's pretty simple i remember in the old movies where someone would win the lottery and they would like hyperventilate and pass out well you would often see people give them like a brown paper bag and they would kind of breathe into it and breathe out so what they're doing is they're putting the little bit of carbon dioxide into the bag and then they're immediately taking in that carbon dioxide back into their system okay so essentially they're breathing into an uh carbon dioxide in rich environment okay so it's not necessarily a bad thing um to kind of breathe into a carbon dioxide rich environment okay so like i said if you want to combat alkalosis make sure that you breathe into a carbon dioxide rich environment now another way that you can combat alkalosis is to react with nh4cl so whenever you do an nh4co infusion the nhcl or the nh4cl is going to enter the body okay and it's going to break or it's going to disassociate into nh4 and cl right now this right here can be in equilibrium so maybe one second it's nh4 the other second is going to be nh3 okay well nh3 is extremely extremely volatile in the body so it's going to immediately come out via the breath okay so it's gonna like shoot out from the breath leaving only uh some h and cl now remember what happens in hcl how it can react with the kidneys when there's an excess of co2 okay so that's gonna help us and it's uh it's to alleviate some of the alkalosis in the body therefore the acid and the chlorine are going to lower the ph so you go from 7.6 back to 7.4 which is very helpful so in other words you have two ways of combating some alkalosis you can either breathe into a paper bag or in carbon dioxide rich environment or you can do an nh4co infusion okay okay so that was kind of like the physical um way to get alkalosis but we're then going to talk about having alkalosis via metabolitic sorry via like metabolism or metabolic processes yeah metabolic sorry so yeah you can get alkalosis from breathing irregularly but at the same time you could get alkalosis from you know vomiting or taking diuretics so diuretics are um kind of like drugs that remove a lot of water from your body so for instance when you're watching bodybuilders present themselves on stage some of them uh take diuretics and they flush out so much liquid from their bodies that their muscles um kind of like deflate a little bit and their skin clings to the muscles showing off the uh the cuts that they have you know the bicep or the quadriceps and they become really veiny and venascular so they think it's really good but they're actually increasing their chances of alkalosis and believe me some bodybuilders have died from taking diuretics so please don't take diuretics right and um don't excessively vomit either because then you're going to be increasing your alkalosis so uh let's let's actually get into how that occurs metabolic alkalosis is when you increase the amount of bicarbonate in the system or you decrease the amount of acid in the system okay so when you decrease the amount of acid in the system there's so many bicarbonates around right so because there's thousands and thousands of millions of bicarbonates in the system there's gonna be a chance where they start reacting directly with the hydrogens so roughly a rule of thumb is that for every hydrogen that you lose so one h loss is going to be equal to one hco3 gained okay gained now whenever people vomit excessively they're actually shifting their potassium okay so the potassium is going to leave the cells okay now when potassium leaves the cells that leaves a gap an opening for something to come in well what comes in hydrogen hydrogen leaves the reaction and goes into the cell okay so it leaves the reaction and goes into the cell and therefore it increases the bicarbonate or the alkalosis effect right so alkalosis is just really the uh absence of protons so uh whenever people struggle with bulimia meaning they have a disorder where they vomit excessively because they don't have a healthy relationship with food you often see them faint because they're so weak because they're their blood is too basic so that's kind of like the effect of excessively vomiting okay so when you excessively vomit you actually lose the potassium from your cells they go into the system and the hydrogen from the cells or sorry the hydrogen from the system goes into the cells and creates kind of like a an excess environment of bicarbonate which increases the ph of the blood which makes it alkalosis and if you keep doing this eventually you will die from alkalosis so again how do we combat alkalosis again we can breathe into a paper bag and actually you know create more co2 or bring in more co2 which in turn brings in more acid or or the kidneys can go into overdrive and try to remove the excess amount of bicarbonate in the system okay so your kidneys can actually help you out or you can help your kidneys out by breathing into a paper bag okay so now we will be talking about metabolic acidosis okay and that is when you produce too much acid and it actually decreases the ph in the system so you know usually this happens when you know hold on when there's an axis of co2 right there's going to be an axis of acid because again if we use the aquarium um kind of like example and here's our little aquarium and do a little partition if i add more co2 over here so if i add co2 a lot of it is going to come back out to kind of become equal and what's going to be produced is protons or acid okay so what happens or what when does the metabolic acidosis occur okay well metabolic acidosis occurs when there's an uncontrollable diabetes in the person we can have diabetes in that case that would be called keto acidosis also starvation diets so if you starve yourself that's going to be another cause of acidosis we also have some high protein high protein and low-fat diets also the overproduction of ketone bodies [Music] okay and that lowers the ph also sometimes when you're exercising there's like a sudden surge of lactic acid and that can cause acidosis so large amounts of lactic acid now what happens if we have some respiratory acidosis what does that mean it means that sometimes a lung is obstructed or fails to release co2 so because you can't release your co2 you're going to have a buildup of it and of course using le chatelier's principle if you have an increase of co2 you're going to have an increase of acid all right so one of the main causes of acidosis would have to be high bo hypo not hyper hyper is when you're exhaling too much hypo is when you're inhaling too much okay so hypo into inflation ventilation so an excess of co2 okay acidosis is typically solved normally you know change your diets breathe normally you know fix the lungs so it functions normally if you need to do something sudden you can infuse bicarbonate you can infuse bicarbonate right here so if you increase that this is going to decrease okay so you can actually infuse and fuse hco3 as a treatment there you go now let's actually talk about acidosis whenever it's um you know consumed in the u.s a lot of people for some reason drink antifreeze now why would anybody drink antifreeze well people well not most people but some people drink antifreeze because it tastes slightly sweet and it gives the same effect as being drunk so it's cheaper you can buy like a gallon of it for i don't even know how much it cost and you can feel drunk but whenever you drink it it will metabolize into glycolic acid okay now glycolic acid is a very weird acid let's see if i can write it out so we're going to write it out right here it's going to be uh h o c h 2 c o o h if i remember correctly and you know the ph of that ph excuse me not ph but the rather pka is going to be about 3.83 okay so it's very acidic well the antifreeze is going to metabolize into glycolic acid and react with the system to produce a lot of acids okay so it's going to create acidosis and it could potentially kill you right so what happens if your friend or you somehow drink antifreeze right well i recommend that you go to the store and buy some alcohol right some drinking alcohol so you know get like a 60 solution of a vodka or something and drink it just chug it so the reason why you want to do that is because ethanol has a greater affinity towards the towards the glycolic acid okay so ethanol which is just um some like one of the simplest things right so it's it's a ch3 actually i don't like that so it's going to be hc and then combine that with some carbon right here and of course the alcohol right so if you drink a lot of ethanol after you drink antifreeze you should be fine because the ethanol is going to react with the glycolic acid and kind of like nullify it so it cancels out and you won't die from acidosis okay so if you know anybody that drinks antifreeze make sure they drink alcohol of course i don't recommend drinking anti-freeze in the first place we will now talk about the hemoglobin transport system or buffering system in this case so the hemoglobin so what does it do you can consider hemoglobin to be tiny little shuttles or trains that transport things okay so the blood can supply kind of like oxygen from the lungs into the surrounding tissues so it can ship or transport trans transport oxygen from lungs to surrounding tissues so it could be like the kidneys or the liver or whatever but it's going to transport oxygen into those tissues and in a similar thought and a similar idea it can actually transport us carbon dioxide from the tissues into the lungs into exhalation co2 from tissues two lungs for exhalation for exhalation okay so it's kind of like a perpetual train ride things go in they go to different areas of the body and then they take in co2 and they transport the co2 back into the lungs and the lungs exhale the co2 so that is the hemoglobin buffer system okay okay so only about 20 of the co2 so 20 of co2 binds and we're going to call the red blood cells rbc okay binds with red blood cells to leave the lungs via exhalation okay now 70 70 are going to diffuse okay 70 of co2 is going to diffuse from the red blood cells into the environment okay and kind of like react with um with water okay to form bicarbonate so 70 of co2 from the red blood cells react with water to make the what to make bicarbonate okay actually makes carbonic acid which then goes into uh bicarbonate let's just make that into uh something shorthand so let's just put hco3 negative okay and about 10 of the co2 is dissolved in the plasma right so 10 of co2 dissolves in plasma okay so 20 of the co2 actually goes on the red blood cell train to leave via the oxygen via the lungs by exhalation 70 so a vast majority of the carbon dioxide will kind of leave the red blood cell mid uh destination so you know it just jumps out it like cracks open the window and jumps out like a a superhero or something and it's going to react with the water in the environment to make carbonic acid afterwards the carbonic acid is going to react even further to make bicarbonate now about 10 percent of the carbon dioxide ultimately dissolves in the plasma never to be seen again sometimes the hydrogen can actually hit a ride on the red blood cells and go into the lungs from then the acid is going to react with the bicarbonate and form co2 and the co2 is going to um disperse whenever you exhale okay sometimes the bar carbonate is going to react with the plasma and it's going to exchange itself for some chlorine okay so that's kind of like two tidbits that you need to know right uh yeah that's about it for the hemoglobin buffer system and if you didn't notice hemoglobin is a good buffer for carbon dioxide and hydrogen so now we will be talking about phosphoric acid species this is like two minutes tops okay you're dealing with h2po4 h2po4 minus and h po4 2 minus okay so essentially that is dihydrogen phosphate and mono hydrogen phosphate okay so the pka for this is about 7.2 okay so it's very close to the blood and it's often used in labs to simulate a cellular condition so if you want to kind of replicate what happens in the body in the lab you would have to use phosphoric acid buffers because they're very very close to how your blood reacts to certain compounds okay for buffers in the urine the ability to actually remove a ton of hydrogen from the urine has to be with uh buffers so if you didn't have buffers then you would have to dilute your urine with like a thousand times more water than acids okay so the presence of buffers allows you to remove um acids with a little bit of water if you didn't have buffers you would have to have a ton of water in your system to even remove a little bit of acid okay there are actually three buffers for the urine one you know very in depth is about the carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system you also know about the phosphoric acid buffer system essentially h2 po4 negative and hpo4 two minus right so this is a very weak acid so we're going to call this a weak acid right here and this is going to be the conjugate base this is acquired via the urine obviously since it's a buffer in the urine so in medical terms it's called filtration but you know when i'm talking to you it's urine right so that occurs in your urine and it's a good buffer because they're very close to each other while their pk is very close to the blood so it can buffer systems quite well and finally there's also the ammonia system so here we go we have the ammonia ammonia buffer system okay and now there's going to be like a really really complex word and i don't want to confuse you so i'm not going to describe it i'm just going to say its name and like pass on okay and it is the tubular d ammunition of glucose excuse me actually glutamine i don't know why i was thinking about glucose glutamine okay and it's going to generate nh3 okay it makes nh3 transports it back into the tube where it buffers h so it buffers that and it does that by becoming what so if you add nh3 with a proton what do you get you get nh4 plus okay so it's gonna generate so all you need to know is that there's a little little tube okay somewhere and that generates glutamine okay and that glutamine makes nh3 the nh3 goes back into the tube and it's going to react with the acid in the tube now whenever you add the acid with nh3 you're going to get what ammonium okay ammonium so that's how it buffers that system and of course bicarbonate is going to react with sodium and of course the ammonium is going to be transported to the urinary space okay so hopefully this helps you out and um that's that's all for physiological buffers and i know it was a long video it's even longer for me to talk and edit okay so yeah hopefully this helps you out and i'm glad that you took time to spend your day with me so i hope you have a great day and remember that i love you thank you and take care