Understanding Memory Retrieval and Reconstruction
Memory vs. Computer Storage
- Computer Storage: Files saved on a computer remain unchanged.
- Example: A document opened today or next year will look the same as when saved.
- Human Memory: Not fixed; changes slightly each time it's retrieved.
- Memory is described as reconstructive.
- Influenced by mood, goals, environment.
The Reconstructive Nature of Memory
- Story Example: Retelling a story, such as catching a fish, tends to exaggerate the details over time.
- The fish gets bigger each time the story is told.
- Memory Gaps: Filled by the brain with logical or desirable information.
Impact of False and Misleading Information
- Study Example 1: Participants watched a car at a yield sign.
- Post-video, a written description contained incorrect info (stop sign vs. yield sign).
- Those with false info often recalled a stop sign instead of a yield sign.
- Study Example 2: Participants watched a car crash video with post-video questions.
- Two groups received different verbs in questions ("hit" vs. "smashed").
- Those who heard "smashed" were more likely to recall non-existent glass.
Source Monitoring
- Definition: Difficulty keeping track of where information originates.
- Confusion over yield sign or stop sign can arise from source monitoring errors.
- Misleading verbs can cause confusion with other memories (e.g., media portrayals).
Emotional Memories
- Flashbulb Memories: Vivid, emotional memories, both positive and negative.
- Example: Birth of a child (positive); 9/11 attacks (negative).
- Even vivid memories are susceptible to reconstruction.
Conclusion
- Memory is Dynamic: Not a perfect recording device.
- Subject to change and reconstruction.
- Implications: Important for understanding witness testimony and personal recollection.
Key Takeaways
- Memory is not static like computer files; it changes upon retrieval.
- False or misleading information can alter memories significantly.
- Emotional intensity does not protect memories from reconstructive effects.
- Source monitoring errors can blur memory accuracy.
Note: Memory is a complex neural connection process, subject to alteration each time it is exercised.