hey there geographers and welcome back to another live review although if you're watching this it's no longer live so we are reviewing unit 5 today Agricultural and rural land use patterns and processes make sure to check us out for unit six and seven over the weekend and also a bonus live stream later on on Sunday uh for just those ultimate review packet people which we'll talk about later on that video is going to go over all of the different models and theories so without further Ado oops forgot to transfer this over here uh let's get into Agriculture and to start when we're looking at agriculture we are going to be talking about different agricultural um Origins here so I'll quick put this on the screen so you can kind of see these are different climates that uh cultivate and lead to the production of uh different crops you do not need to memorize all these different things um this is part of the CED at the start here where we're just looking at how different site factors so if we're talking about site we're looking at things that are unique to a specific Place remember situation is going to be relative so site is going to be that absolute Situation's more relative we're talking about Connections so here we're just looking at different crops that are generally produced in certain climates which we realize that certain climates certain soil types all of this are more conducive to different crops then as we trade and as the world continues to shift and as technology continues to advance we continue to see these diffuse so I want to start with this and put this up here here all right up next is two concepts you definitely want to be familiar with and it is intensive farming practices and extensive farming practices so oops shout out there uh sorry just quick click the wrong one there so intensive and extensive you want to be familiar with here we're going to be looking at different practices and in general what we're talking about here is the amount of intensity the amount of Labor the amount of land and and capital that are used remember Capital can be a variety of things it can be money Capital can also be tools um Machinery things that we're using to be able to produce whatever product in this unit we're talking about food and we're talking about different agricultural products but Capital will also come up in our industrial unit as well which is unit seven so some of these terms kind of come back up in this unit we also talk like eventually the bid rent theory that comes up in unit six so these terms are going to be important but intensive farming practices will generally be located closer to urban areas um these don't need as much land extensive is going to be located farther away and when we go into the bid rent Theory we'll kind of see why and when we talk about Von tunin model we'll also see why but extensive we need more land so we're going to be farther away from there now there are a couple different types of intensive and extensive farming practices that you do want to know so I'll put this here um excuse me I just quick glanced over I saw the egri culture yes um a dialect that I have wonderful Midwestern thing uh I realize to the majority of people it sounds like I'm saying agriculture because of how I say my A's uh or O's or whatever um that's wonderful thing about being in the midwest so I don't know there maybe we should get a shirt agriculture' be cool all right so back to intensive farming here when we're looking at this these are different types of agricultural practices that are listed in that course description that you want to be familiar with so Plantation agriculture generally it's going to be located in actually less economically Advanced areas and most of the time it is producing food and products for more economically Advanced areas so we'll have it in the pery countries then it is going to often support and send stuff to uh more core countries so that is one of the things that kind of keeps some prices down so here we could see coffee sugar tobacco tea I have those listed on the screen there U mixed crop and livestock generally is going to be found more in uh economically Devan areas so like core countries and here we're going to have a variety of different things happening so farmers are growing crops a lot of times those crops are actually used to feed the livestock not necessarily just for sale um to human consumption so a lot of times it's going to that livestock but this can also kind of help space out some of the different profits that are coming in so workload and also income isn't Just Happening one time of year because we have a variety of things occurring here Market guarding also sometimes known as truck farming I got kind of a picture down right here of this the reason why it's oftentimes called truck farming is because a lot of times fruits vegetables things they're picked this is going to be located in generally warmer climates throughout the year it gets put onto a truck especially nowadays when we have a variety of preservatives and things that we can use there A lot of times we'll get injected with it and then they get shipped across the country so they're delivered to the variety of different stores across the country there um and the this this type of Agriculture also is kind of known for using more migrant labor to keep costs down uh and it's very focused on efficiency and production trying to also maximize profit margins there so these are all different types of intensive farming that you want to be familiar with now another concept that I want to talk about quick as excuse me I thought my throat was doing a lot better we'll see how this weekend goes um so as we continue to see more and more advancements in technology happen and also as we see more of a focus on commercializing agriculture meaning we're trying to sell for products or sorry for profit we continue to see more and more cash crops grown and cash crops you want to be familiar with as a term this is going to be a crop that's grown for the sale of the market it's not going to the person who's growing it or producing it it's not going for the their Community we are mass producing generally some crop for trying to maximize our profit so cash crops uh can take the shape of variety of different crops but these oftentimes uh will be produced in like plantations or possibly in developing areas that will be then shipped to more developed areas so they're not necessarily being grown for food uh consumption in that area all right here we go uh next types that we need to talk about are extensive farming so there's a couple different types here I'll put the definitions since these are definitely important to understand um when we're looking at this we can see shifting cultivation nomadic hurting and also ranching now I I got a lot of words on the screen right now um but shifting cultivation is when we are going to be identifying that plot of land this can also look like slash and burn agriculture uh which gets mentioned later in the unit in the CED as a consequence to some of our farming but shifting cultivation essentially we're going to identify a plot of land we're going to clear the land to make room for farming we're then going to plants we're going to have agricultural practices happening there eventually over time we will see that that land starts to lose some of the nutrients eventually we'll identify a new plot of land clear that and we'll repeat this process then we would leave that part that parcel of land that we originally were at to follow essentially we just leave it blank vegetation will regrow eventually nutrients go back and then potentially that cycle could repeat so this is generally practiced in areas that have a lot of land like the rainforest we're continuing to rotate there um it can be sustainable but at the same time as our population continues to grow that will put more and more stress causing this uh cycle to happen more and more rapidly and eventually wouldn't be sustainable uh and if we're doing like slash and burn where we're cutting down and clearing an area and then burning it that would then emit a lot of CO2 which would also not be that sustainable uh nomatic hurting is going to happen in places that are going to have poor soil conditions so we're not actually able to have sedentary agricultural practices remember when we're talking about sedentary we're talking about we're staying in one spot nomadic is movement we're we're moving around so like people used to be nomadic they didn't have like a house in one area they're constantly moving with their food sources eventually sedentary agriculture started in that Neolithic Revolution that first Agricultural Revolution and we started to settle down so we still we have people who are nomadic we'll talk about pastoral nomads later in this review um but nomadic hurting again we are moving with that Liv stock we're kind of moving around it's areas where that environment doesn't support um excuse me sedentary Agriculture and the last one there's ranching ranching is definitely very profitable it's practiced often in more developed areas um but not always because it depends on what we're looking at I'm gonna cough one time excuse me it's G to be good it's going to be good um ranching in the United States you might have learned in your textbook about like the ranch Wars where eventually there's barbwire fences because ranching takes up so much land as Farmers um and ranchers would just kind of graze openly well as we had sedentary agriculture continued to take off eventually that came into conflict so we had the ranch Wars there um but ranching would be an example of extensive farming so remember when we're talking about extensive and intensive intensive is going to use less land it's going to use more Capital um going to be a little bit more intense and intensive so there's a lot of different parts to it extensive on the other hand is where we're going to have um a lot more l i I apologize I'm trying to Quick remember where I was in my mind because all I don't really have a script for all these I'm just kind of going through all of the content just in case I mix it up intensive when we were looking at that intensive does have less land I'm not sure if I said more intensive has less land more capital and more labor and again it's going to be located normally closer to those urban areas or those population centers so intensive less land extensive is more land and also extensive generally doesn't require as much uh Capital there um so more land for the production of food and again traditionally located farther away from the population centers so that'd be the difference between them we already went over all the different types um another concept I want to Quick highlight to is yield so if you see yield we're talking about how much agricultural production is actually happening for a specific land so if you have a good yield a bumper yield where we're having a lot of crops being able to produce we have a good harvest there uh if it's a low yield that we don't have that much that we're actually harvesting so yield could come up there we're just talking about that amount of product that's being produced cool um next part of this class is clustered and dispersed and linear we're talking about settlement patterns uh and we've already talked about these already so let me know in the chat and I'll switch over and look at it um what is the difference between clustered dispersed and linear so what do we got cluster dispers and linear I'll pin one of the comments there um this is definitely part of this unit but it's also come up to a variety of different things as well um what do we got I see some people saying I'm not sure uh clustered is together yep so clustered packed together dispersed far apart and linear in a line yes yes for sure so again this can in the in here we're talking about settlement patterns when we're looking at cities urban areas rural areas but it could also be clustered as in objects or things of that nature so clustered we have a settlement here very little space between all the buildings are kind of packed together the objects are dispersed again we have a lot space space we're referencing when we're talking about this not outer space we're talking about the space between whatever objects we're looking at or if we're talking about buildings we're talking about that area in between and then linear again we'd have a line so buildings are lined up in a particular way now the next part two um is long Lots meats and Bounds and township and range and these are different survey methods and we can see these um across actually the United States and a variety of other countries and they're all set up in different ways so long Lots is our first one and generally long lots are going to be it's a very narrow strip of parcel and it's going to be connected to a major road a river some form of Transportation so we see the advantage there is that if each if we're using this for let's say a farm um if each Farm there has kind of this long lot method at the bottom here is going to be our road or river they all have access to be able to grow their products whatever they're growing or producing there and cultivating and then they can bring it down ship it out and it can go and be sold to other people Meats in bounds originally is where it happened a lot in the east coast um of the United States where we first originally had the 13 colonies but this is where a boundary really we're just looking at landmarks in the area so we be like all right I got a big tree over there there's a barn over there and then we got the road here we're just going to connect it like this that'll be our boundary so a little bit more messy um and also the risk there is as eventually like that tree dies or we move this Barn well it's not that effective then anymore so we don't see it as much throughout the rest of the US in some parts it still is used uh and the last one is Township en ranged if you ever fly over the Midwest or if you ever go in these areas you're going to see this massive mive grid pattern that has formed across parts of our country this is a survey method that does create a grid pattern um it's used in the United States across areas it's very uh kind of cleancut very easy to be able to figure out if we're going to sell this property exactly what is the land the ownership there because it's a grid that we have created all right let's see if people if it's making sense take a second let me know uh what is this an example of um and as I'm looking here for answers uh yes so as people are typing what this one is U meets and Bounds is going to be when we're going to look at a geographic area and then we're going to actually create our kind of survey our survey method here that we're using for our boundary we're going to use different features of the area so if I am trying to create my land I'll say okay my land goes from like the Big Oak Tree it goes over to the white fence to the barn and back so I'm using the different things in that area in that site in that place um to create the boundary there so meets and Bounds all righty let's see here here we go it is long Lots yes long Lots yeah long Lots awesome awesome awesome great job um Perfect all right here's the next one um I also I did see some people for apsy um I apologize I was very tired yesterday and I think I said the wrong thing the apy one is going to be tomorrow and I believe it's at 1 so for the unit five and then Sunday is unit 6 and then unit 7 is Monday eight is going to be Tuesday and then nine will be Wednesday so it'll go right up to the exam there so Psych is gonna be tomorrow I apologize for the confusion if you um if I messed you up on that all right uh and it is long Lots again yes so you can see here the different Parcels of land kind of all connecting down here so we have this Oxo here um a Bend kind of right near a river so this would be long Lots going down cool what is our next one here so what do we got what do we got and I already see it it is a township and range so you can see the gridlike pattern here so here we have the township and range so this is township and range township and range is going to be very clean cut we got boxes here and we're having our wonderful grid created all right next one that we're looking at is couple different things when we're looking here at agricultural spots and origin points in different regions in the world so the Fertile Crescent remember is where kind of that first Agricultural Revolution started um but these other areas became important for these different crops and over time eventually diffusion occurred and So eventually today we know that these things have spread that has led to a lot of different changes in how we eat our food what diets we have and also what products and stuff we're growing um you don't need to know all the different historical causes for why all these products have diffused there's a couple that you'd want to be familiar with for example that Colombian Exchange um that was a big one so remember the Colombian Exchange we have this trade here happening and it wasn't just plants and animals we're also talking about disease um we were talking about a variety of different products uh that have diffused um unfortunately that did lead to different indigenous populations in the United States um in Central America and South America um to be um wiped out unfortunately due to um the diseases that spread so there are negatives to these there's negative consequences but it also led to other things for example the potato comes from the the new world or the Americas goes over to um Europe and actually leads to a big population boom because of how easy it was to plant and how it kind of transformed the diet which allowed a lot of people um actually to have a more stable food source so as we continue to see these um products change and diffuse and as we continue to see more and more um people experienced different diets that led to a variety of different societal changes not just our demographic changes but we also eventually see more urbanization and as we continue to go through you have the Industrial Revolution that will occur that will lead to then vention the steam engine that even furthers say now we're getting ahead of ourselves because we need to talk about the revolutions first and we're not quite yet at the Industrial Revolution but I just want to highlight when we have trade when we have um globalization in this connected world and we're continuing to trade ideas and goods and products it leads to more Innovation and helps increase that standard of living so that is going to be big all right first Agricultural Revolution is going to be that Neolithic Revolution here we're going from nomadic to sedentary again when we're looking at kind of that um Fertile Crescent kind of happens by accident I mean people are just throwing things away in like the dirt they don't have garbage cans um and all of a sudden they notice things start growing and we start to eventually see this shift from hunting and Gathering to sedentary agriculture so this is kind of this first big change this allows us to now start to see an increase a little bit in our population we're starting to become more stable now eventually we go into the second Agricultural Revolution and the second Agricultural Revolution is really also connected with this Industrial Revolution now the big shift here is our efficiency and our productivity and how much all a sudden we can produce so the Industrial Revolution allowed for new inventions like the seed drill the cotton genen uh the threshing machine all of this which allowed us to increase how much we're able to produce this also led to the enclosure movement which we'll talk about in just a second because this is going to shift a lot of people to urban areas um and that then changes a variety of things as well with our society so in Second Industrial Revolution this big Focus here that's happening productivity efficiency over time as this continues to happen we also continue to see more advancements in communication and trade which allow us then to also be able to sell our products um to a variety of different areas so it opens up some of our markets now one thing I want to point here if we want to connect back to unit 2 remember Industrial Revolution also anyone know what stage it connects into and that demographic transition model so let me know and I'll pin it what do we got demographic transition model what do we got and I'm seeing a bunch stage two two two two yes stage two so that Industrial Revolution shifts us over this is also if we connect back to unit two Thomas Malthus was saying that hey we're gonna have a big issue here overpopulation coming we're gonna have this malthusian catastrophe don't worry we're going to actually come back to malus in a second so also I mentioned during this time we have this thing going on called the enclosure movement and the reason why I want to highlight it is this is an interesting phenomenon that used to that happened people started to see that okay at first all this land that was being farmed was publicly owned it was all communal so people would come they'd grow their food they bring it back we have a lot of subsistence farming there that's kind of happening people are producing for themselves their Community not necessarily for profit eventually as we started to see more and more things happen in that Second Industrial sorry the first the Industrial Revolution that second Agricultural Revolution that started to lead to people being like hey if I actually take this land privatize it I can actually make a lot of money I can produce actually more if I'm owning the land myself I'll take better care of it I'm gonna actually try to produce more I'll become more efficient so all of a sudden a bunch of these Farmers lost access to this communal land and they started migrating into urban areas and that's where we also started to see more jobs opening up in the secondary sect seor remember that's a term from unit 7 so that's where we are manufacturing this is where again we're getting into that Industrial Revolution that's seeking for new resources and eventually more labor markets which would Connect into like that Scramble for Africa the Berlin Conference which is all unit four and oh my gosh it's all connecting unit two four six and seven it's all here it's all here people ah see who thought geography could be so exciting it's a weekend we're here ah it's just great it's just great all right so anyways that would be the enclosure movement this kind of consolidation of these larger Farms going from communal to um sorry yeah communal to privately owned and again it had this impact of pushing people again into these cities and changing some of our agricultural production now again we talked about malus and everything and he was all concerned during this that oh I don't know what's going to be happening we have this big population boom now and he's worried this is where our next Agricultural Revolution comes into play the Green Revolution and this one is characterized by a significant increase in agricultural per uh production and that's due to these new high yield crop variants and varieties and also chemical fertilizers pesticides and we start to see modern irrigation techniques and this showed actually kind of countered malus malus remember do pal um our food production was arithmetic it was just going to be continuing kind of like this and population was exponential it was going to shoot up when we crossed there that was going to would be our malthusian catastrophe and what we saw during the Green Revolution was whoa we can actually produce a lot more food places like Mexico and India actually that were struggling to be able to produce enough food to feed people um particularly with like wheat all of a sudden now thanks to a Norman borlock we now able to actually feed their population we started to see the Surplus almost come yields shot up as we continue to see some of these hybrid um these new high yield crop variants take off so that would be this Green Revolution this could be something that kind of countered malus's idea showing that no we can actually produce more food it's not arithmetic so that would be important to remember there for the Green Revolution now I mentioned fertilizers and pesticides there's also herbicides so real quick just as some definition so you can kind of see here remember fertilizers we're talking about chemical or natural if um you get something on the AP test that's talking about it generally it's going to tell you if it's chemical or natural um that's not the biggest thing here but fertilizers are actually going to um apply which will then increase the fertility of the soil help grow prod uh our crops pesticides on the other hand they're going to destroy insects herbicides are going to try and get rid of unwanted vegetation so weeds so depending on what we're trying to do um we can see a variety of different um things that we can use to try and accomplish that so if we're trying to get rid of insects pesticides uh the weeds it's going to be herbicides if we're trying to help our plants grow it's going to be fertilizers so that would be the things there um that you need to know so want to Quick show that just in case also want to highlight that the Green Revolution did have consequences so this is going to be important there definitely could be an frq on this or definitely some multiple choice questions but uh the Green Revolution led to different environmental environmental degradation so remember degradation essentially our environment's deteriorating we're seeing some negative impacts to the environment that could be because of these chemical fertilizers these chemical pesticides this could also be due to over irrigation which could lead to soil salinization all of these different things could happen there um this also too we start to see um more monocropping happen um which we'll talk about in just a second which would then lead to a decrease in the amount of biodiversity in our ecosystems and our Farms as we sto planting as many varieties of different products and crops here and we started to actually consolidate that um another thing too we saw as more economic dependency happen so as we continue to actually see our farms and stuff to use more advanced technology and continuing off of the Green Revolution so continuing down the road as we continue to see more and more chemical fertilizers and more advancements happen there um we start to eventually get economies of scale and these larger aggro businesses and we see a lot of people then become more dependent uh and we'll we'll actually look at a graph or sorry a map and just a little bit that shows that um where we're seeing some food dependence there now I did mention also too um monocropping um and I want to kind of highlight that here and biodiversity these are two terms you want to be familiar with on the AP exam so you can see there I have the definition for monocropping it's when we're planting one single crop kind of year after year now you might be thinking to yourself why would we do that one wouldn't that have some negative impact on the land if I continue to plant the same crop over and over and over again it's going to take the same nutrients out of the land that could negatively impact my land and hurt it you're right but it also allows a farmer to be actually more efficient and more productive which then allows them to actually produce a higher yield and make more profit so generally monocropping is going to happen here as we continue to see um more and more focus on those production and commercialization now biodiversity again is going to look at the variety of different types animals plants living organisms here when we're looking at agriculture we're going to be looking at different biodiversity of how many crops are being planted and the variant so like if we're talking about potatoes there's different types of potatoes are we planting just one specific type of potato now one risk of that is if we continue to plant only one species of a certain crop or one variant of a certain crop uh if let's say a disease comes or there's a certain insect that infestation that comes and targets that we could be in a real issue because all of a sudden now that crop could die off and we might lack a key part of our diet um for food stability there so there is some negatives here if we have a lack of biodiversity if we have a lack of variety in the amount of crops we're producing and the different types of crops that we're producing here so that is a risk um cool all right what we're going to do is go on to the next thing here um we are going to go into subsistence and Commercial agriculture these are two kind of different categories so we already talked about two categories intensive and extensive now there can be intensive commercial and there can be extensive commercial so realize on the AP test these terms might be mixed together that's why you got to remember intensive extensive commercial and subsistence now subsistance we're not talking about sing uh uh selling our food it's not for sale we are just producing it for ourselves and our community commercial the goal is to try and get a profit we're going to talk about Von tunin a little bit Von tunin was looking at commercial agriculture so there's different types depending on where we are in the world and even when where where we are in country because again when we change our scale we get different insight into Data there so we talked about scale and scale of analysis all that in unit one so I just wanted to highlight quick here again the difference here we have subsistence and Commercial um when we're looking at this are subsistence again not for sale commercial is for sale and you you can see these used with intensive and extensive agriculture um one person was asking it's on the notes yes whoops sorry oh hello I didn't mean to not say hello to you I was just quick looking um this is the period in which so yeah this is on the notes I kind of quick went over it uh this is a time period where essentially we're going to leave our land Barren so um like if we're using shifting cultivation we identified a land we're going to clear the land we will grow crops on it we're going to grow our crops that we're going to have for food eventually we are going to move to another piece of land the nutrients in there have started to go down because we continue to plant and plant that period the follow period is going to be when we just let it sit the is going to sit we're not going to produce any food on it we'll let the vegetation grow back we'll let nutrients come back eventually maybe we'll come back to that but this is that time period in where we're just going to let the land sit and allow nutrients to return to it so that would be the definition there hopefully that helps sorry I kind of skipped through that I went through that really quick all right uh let's go on to our next one and here we're starting to get into some uh more globalization and trade we're looking at the world today um there's a lot of different terms in here and a lot of them actually are connecting into ch challenges of agricultural production and also our Global World so I've already mentioned the first one I'm going to talk about but I want to make sure it makes sense to you and it's large scale commercial agriculture we also eventually have Agro businesses things of that nature this is going to be the opposite of small scale Family Farms here these Farms are going to use a lot of advanced technology lot of mechanization here there's a significant investment and the goal of these Farms is going to be very highly productive and profitable they want to make a lot of money and they want to as productive as they can efficiency is key um so a lot of times they will use machines to be able to try and automate a variety of different processes there so if you see anything about large scale commercial agriculture generally too these types of Farms or our agricultural production here achieve what's known as economies of scale economies of scale will come up in this unit it'll also come up in unit 7 and an economies of scale is going to be when a company actually so I I'll put it this way because it it it confuses a lot of students essentially what happens is as companies get larger they have more access to money Capital which is money machines things of that nature they also have already invested in a lot of different properties in production methods in machinery and so as they get larger and larger it actually gets cheaper for them to produce an individual item now they're still spending a lot of money in total but the individual production of an item continues to go down and down because they've already paid for some of their machines and some of their production for example Apple has achieved economies of scale with the iPhone they can produce this phone a lot cheaper than if I wanted to start trying to produce my own phone they already have the infrastructure to do it they already have the factories they already have the IP they already understand the process if I wanted to produce phones on my own I could but it would take me a while to be able to do that and I would never really be able to compete with apple because they can produce their phone cheaper than I would be able to they have economies of scale individually they can produce it at a cheaper rate and with Farms what we're starting to see is a lot of family farms unfortunately are struggling to compete with some of these large aggro businesses and large scale commercial agricultural facilities because of that economy's of scale smaller Family Farms aren't able to compete because it's costing them more to produce a certain product so as food prices and things come down it works for these larger companies but not for these smaller Family Farms because it they're not able to make it since they're producing their product at a higher rate so fqs have talked about that before there has been questions about um how we have seen this kind of shift away from some of these smaller Family Farms and generally it's because of Economics now another thing with economics that you might get into and it'll come up as well in unit 7s is linkages this one isn't specifically in the CED um but I've seen it used a variety of times on a P test um and linkages is just connections so if I'm trying to talk about unit six here we're looking at urban areas and Global cities linkages could be these airports that are connecting these Global cities if I'm looking at agriculture linkages could be ports these break of bulk points a term from unit 7 that we use to be able to take our grain we'll move it to a break of bulk Point eventually it goes on to um our ship that we're going to go to another country then it'll get to another break of bulk Point it'll get into then maybe a semi TR and it'll get delivered to it final area so linkages are connections between different areas if you see that word used Don't Panic just remember we're talking about Connections trade communication migration flow of goods or services another thing you might see too is commodity chains now as the worlds become more and more connected We are continuing to see commodity chains play a bigger role this is looking at the different activities the processes that go into producing a product now the focus of commodity chains here is really looking here at like we're starting from the commodity if we're looking at grain or if we want to talk about coffee the co cocoa beans this whole process of it um it's kind of a form of a supply chain it's just more specific supply chain is just a really broad term it could apply to any product at all commodity chains here we're looking at Commodities things that we're growing these these raw resources the last term that I want to just mention again um because now that I'm thinking about I forgot to mention it earlier is just carrying capacity we talked about this already in our unit 2 review but it comes up again in this unit and this is just the maximum number of people animals or crops that an area can support so hopefully that kind of helps there all right we're going to go on to our next section of this which we are getting into um and we have a couple more terms before we're actually G to get into the bid rent Theory and the one I want to highlight first that we've kind of mentioned but not gone into it all the way is GMOs so a GMO if you want a quick definition there uh we're just looking at organisms here that the genetic material has actually been manipulated and generally we're trying to promote certain traits so we're trying to put certain traits over others which would then allow maybe more production to kind of help um depending on what our goal is on this cool all right we're going to talk about the bid rent Theory next here's some examples of it the bid rent theory is really important to understand uh it comes up in this unit it's going to come up in unit six um a little bit in seven I guess it can come up into a variety of different things so uh the bid rent theory is going to be important um now with the bid rent Theory one things that I want you to think about I'm not sure where all of you live you all live in different areas but think about like an urban area think about a city normally the land's pretty expensive near that City one of the reasons why is we have a lot of people in an urban area density is higher there a lot of people are there a lot of businesses want to be there so the demand is really high if we think about a supply and demand if you ever take econ demand is high at the same time we're actually switch off here so you can see this so demand is high at the same time our supply we're near this urban area our supply is really low now in general we have this Gap the market doesn't like to be with a gap so our demands here our supply is here and we're talking about land we have a lot of people that want to buy the land not a lot of land now one of the things we have to do is in order to make it so people would be willing to maybe sell their land so that way we could increase our supply well the only reason why people want to sell it is to make some money there otherwise they're going to keep it so we actually need to raise the price the price of land as we get closer to the city starts to go up that increases that Supply at the same time as we continue to raise our prices we continue to see people are like N I don't know if I want this anymore it's getting more expensive demand comes down So eventually we get to this what's known as an equilibrium you don't have to worry that much about the supply and demand but this is the rationale behind the bid rent Theory there's more people that want to purchase land near urban areas or densely populated areas and so the price goes up as we move farther away we continue to see well all of a sudden now there's all this land here less demand and so now we have the opposite problem our supply is up here now our demand is down here well we try to motivate more people to buy land because we have a surplus of land and so the price goes down this then is going to motivate more people to buy Supply goes down we get a new equilibrium here so the bid rent theory is looking at this phenomenon this relationship between our proximity to an urban area a densely populated area and the price of land Bon tunin is going to use this our Urban models are going to use this comes up a lot when we're looking at this same density as well so if we're looking at these bid rent Theory here again if we can see the economic rent the higher we are we are going to see actually more intensive agricultural practices now why do you think I'll pin your comment in the chat why will we see more int intensive agricultural practices closer to urban areas if we're using the logic of the bid rent Theory why is intensive agricultural practices going to be closer to that City and extensive agricultural practices farther away what do we got here let's see um so for intensive higher land prices so there is higher land prices so why so I'm seeing this so why can anyone explain a little bit more detail why are intensive agricultural practices closer so I can see people are saying that oh land's more expensive so why would intensive agricultural practices locate there compared to more extensive oh here's one this is part of it a lot of times it could be because of the perishability which would increase what if a product is perishable what does that mean for me if I'm a if I'm producing that product and I am going to have to ship it and it's perishable what am I worried about yes less cost of Transportation Transportation the price the profit um intensive is done with less land exactly all these things kind of connect as we're closer to that urban area because intensive agricultural practices require less land they're more likely to locate there A lot of times too if we're looking for example at milk um which would be an intensive product um Dairy production it's going to be closer there because that's perishable you got to use refriger duration you got to have it cooled you don't want it to spoil so if I'm locating that too far away from a market area transportation costs are going to be super high I'm not going to make as much money so it's actually cheaper for me to locate closer pay more in rent but less in transportation the opposite is true when we're looking at things like grazing and we're looking at hurting of animals and things of that nature or if we're looking at grain crops like wheat corn they're going to be located farther away they use a lot of land and it's not as expensive to transport so it makes more sense for those agricultural products to be produced farther away from that urban area so extensive is going to be located farther away because they use so much land it would be too expensive to buy that land near or rent near the actual urban area so remember how these connect and this is going to come up in our next thing with Von tunin so hopefully this is kind of helping you a little bit um I see someone saying milkshed yes remember this is that ring from where we are producing our like dairy products here um it's the ring that extends outwards of where we can ship it to it without it going um bad without it being perishable uh people saying this is Von tun's model bidr Theory the concepts here do Connect into Von tonin's model so Von tunin here what a picture what a photo um but here's Von tunin uh this is his model you definitely want to be familiar with this model 100% you want to understand how this model could apply to society and how this model could also have changed over time so we can see the concept of this bid rent Theory this intensive and extensive agricultural practices we kind of just explained this um and that's the cool thing as we understand this stuff you eventually start to see how it all connects so in the center here we have our urban area our Market going out we're going to have dairy farming horiculture things that are more intensive now the forest is the next ring remember this is before we have modern day technology uh the forest was used a lot for one we trying to get more uh wood to be able to actually build homes also that was our main fuel source for heating our houses and if we connect back to Wood is very expensive and it's also very difficult to transport it's heavy so you needed a closer there after that was the Grain and field crops because again we could quickly load those that's um relatively easy to transport and ranching was the farthest out now ranching you could think of well livestock if meat that definitely is perishable you don't want that to go bad one of the things is the cattle sheep goats different things there they could just walk to the slaughterous so Transportation wasn't that expensive anything out farther then wouldn't be able to make profit and stuff and so it'd be like the Wilderness so Von tunin was all about focusing on agricultural production that was commercial the goal here was to create a profit and we could see here he used a couple different assumptions so he assumed that all farmers are maximizing their profit we can assume to that the land is uniform we can also see to that Wilderness I should have got that Mark this would be the Wilderness Area so it surrounds our area the state's isolated we're not trading with other areas um so all these are things that he kind of um just used as an assumption here now and the reason why he did that and a lot of our models are actually going to do this is because it allows them to be applied to different areas remember a model is something we're using to try and understand spatial Concepts or just complex things in general so we simplify some things so it can be applied to a variety of different scenarios and situations now some things of on tunin model I did mention you want to be familiar with have kind of changed a lot of it actually still applies like if you take this to Most states like we look at a regional um area in the United States like Minnesota or something uh it actually still relatively works because it's Following also these principles of that bid renter but some things have changed for example ranching in the United States has become more and more industrialized as we have more cafos and feed Lots we've seen actually now it's turning more intensive as we are trying to raise cattle in these confined animal feeding operations that require less land and use a lot more technology so that's kind of shifted some production a little bit the forest has shifted we also have specialty crops now and because we trade with other countries around the world we're also getting agricultural products from different places which can also shift then some of on tunin things but we Reon vun is one of the first people to really realize the spatial Association uh between our different agricultural production or our products and our production that's occurring here so that would be important to kind of understand all right going on to our next one um I also want to mention a couple things like as we continue and we're we're slowly getting down there on this unit we're going to switch to the cahoot tune there's just a lot in this unit so I want to make sure I'm covering all these different concepts um one that we talked about before and I mentioned it's similar is a commodity change remember Supply chains are also going to come up in this unit and also later units as well supply chain in general it's just looking at the different processes organizations and resources that are all involved in creating a product now you may see and this comes also up in this unit and Unit Seven a commodity dependence form a commodity dependence is when a country is going to have more than 60% of their exports made up of a certain commodity let me know in the comment section what is the difference between an export and an import export and import what do we got people see if you can remember it also too while you're doing that I also want to make sure you know the term interdependence so interdependence could be referenced on the AP exam we're really just looking at how two groups are connected how they depend on each other as globalization continues we have more and more countries that are interdependent on one another like we in the United States we get food from other countries we're dependent then on that they're dependent on us for trade so it's a Connect it's a mutual Reliance all right exports going out yes export is going out import is in exactly yeah so commodity dependence country 60% of its exports are all made up of Commodities or one commodity like Venezuela for example used to have um a couple years ago it's almost like 90% of their exports were with oil and gas and like their whole economy was dependent on it and that's a big risk if your economy is really focus on just one commodity if your economy is uh if anything happens to that your entire econom is going to collapse it's also going to stifle other Innovations because everyone's prioritizing just that one resource there so it's good to have a diversification in what we're producing all right next thing that we can see too as we continue to trade more with globalization is countries have now started to become dependent so this often times happens in a variety of different things we can see some patterns already so just a quick connection into unit one remember this is a global scale map and we're looking at a scale of analysis that's National why is it national because our data is organized by the country so we can see here which countries are more um prevalent with Imports so they're depending more on other countries and which are exporting more food so just realize as we continue to become more and more connected as a world um we are starting to see some new patterns here our world is very connected when it comes to food and unfortunately in some areas we see this kind of cycle happen um some of our areas that are less economically developed have more subsistence Farmers they also are in stage two oftentimes so we have a big population boom stage two of that demographic transition model and this is leading to a growing demand for food so they need to figure out ways to improve their farming generally Farmers need more money to improve their farming so what do they do they start producing cash crops they start producing crops for export because more developed countries have more money and so they're going to grow these crops ship them out to the more core countries then we start to see Farmers become Reliant then on this trade their whole business is there and now of sudden less food is being produced for some of these developing countries and this cycle starts to repeat so this is an issue here that we can see there's definitely an imbalance in the world when it comes to our food so something to think about there and we can see some of the issues that that has caused if we look here we have had the war in Ukraine with Russia going on for quite some time now um but one of the things that's starting to happen is that impacted food prices so here's just looking at some of Ukraine's uh exports notice here number six in the world seven 1 4 2 2 six um they're a big export in a lot of different products here they're known as the Bread Basket of Europe we can even see for grain the heavyweights here Ukraine and Russia account for a quarter of global export orts so exports are ones that are being shipped out to the world well this war has stopped a lot of these Farmers from being able to grow their food and would stop some of these exports Russia is also a big exporter of nitrogen and phosphite anyone know what nitrogen and fosite are used for when we're talking about agriculture and why this was a big deal that all of a sudden with this war and all of these tariffs and uh not sorry not tariffs sanctions put on them we started to see these decrease yes fertiliz fer fertilizer yes all of a sudden Now farmers in the US are experiencing a significant jump in fertilizer prices so they're trying to decide and they have been do I buy this as much it's going to cut into my profits will it be profitable or do I just not use as much of this fertilizer and maybe have a lower yield which then creates a bigger problem of food prices because all of a sudden our supply is going down demand for food staying the same we talked about this we got this Gap here so prices go up so realistically food prices aren't unfortunately going down anytime soon if I had a guess I would assume that we continue to see them kind of going up because again we can see this with geography we can look at the world and these connections and we can predict kind of the future there because if you're not planting in the spring right now that means down the road when eventually you'd Harvest we're GNA still have a shortage here cool so just want to give you a real life example how all this stuff kind of connects and we're looking at the world today hopefully that kind of helps you out all right um yield we're talking about the amount of output the things we're getting there um National yes thank you thank you for helping people out cool um we're g to Quick fly through these these are some different terms you want to be familiar with we are almost getting done with this I realize this one's going really long so I apologize for that hopefully you're getting a lot of value though out of this that's my goal I want to make sure that you're getting value and this is helping you out I really appreciate you guys being out here tonight I'm sure your teachers do too please thank your teachers for all the stuff they do uh I guarantee you they're worried right now because they want you to succeed they're rooting for you so deforestation the definition has been up here for a while we're just talking about the clearing of trees you're gonna have pastoral nomadism now one thing to note here so pastoral nomads can actually negatively impact the environment because as they continue to move they're not going to just randomly go anywhere they kind of a set territory that they're um rotating in um but as they continue to graze with their different animals whether it be goats sheep um camels they generally over graze killing off the vegetations that there and this can lead to desertification as that desert continues to expand so desertification that desert's expanding so this is one um negative consequence to pastoral nomads because they're going to graze an area until essentially it's gone those plants then those roots generally can hold the soil can together when it's all gone we can see the desert kind of expand so I wanted to highlight that the definition doesn't really show that there um irrigation so irrigation where just moving water from one place to another this can have different impacts on the environment so one it could lead to soil salinization we can also see water runoff so that's going to be an important thing to kind of understand here um Farms that use a lot of chemicals and pesticides um chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides with irrigation and water movement they might see runoff go into natural bodies of water rivers lakes ponds things of that which can impact the natural environment there also too if we're going to continue to use irrigation we o might be depleting water sources and aquifers in other areas so in one of my videos I mentioned like the RLC how the Soviet Union built a dam to try and help support um different Farms well doing so they completely um decimated the RLC and it dried up because they have uh impacted that flow of water so human environment interaction here all right next one is soil erosion this just the wearing way of soil so over time this happens for a variety of different reasons but human activity can also lead to this so it's in there I just want to make sure you understood that next one is Terrace farming so I'll make this bigger so you can see the picture it's a great um cultural landscape photo here that we're looking at here um when we're talking about it Terrace farming we kind of are taking this hiler area or mountainous area and we're building it into the side of it uh so we're modifying our slopes here the cool thing is like you'll have some water on enough that'll then take care of the different crops as it goes down uh some people are asking what is the difference between pastoral Nomad and nomadic herting pastoral Nomad is just a form of nomadic herting so yeah uh there could be landslides and things of that nature ah yes that one was not AI good catch on that one that was a real one all right this one's AI uh so the draining of wetlands so the wetlands act as a filtration system for a lot of different ecosystems and natural bodies of water what we have seen as this picture is trying to show you is over time as urban areas continue to expand as suburban nation's happening this urban sprawl all Concepts we'll talk about tomorrow in unit 6 uh we continue to see Wetlands get replaced and drained and that leads to the destruction of these very unique ecosystems and so that can have a variety of other impacts there such as more water runoff and chemical fertilizers and pesticides getting into our local aquafers all right soil salinization is another term mentioned in the CED this is where we have a lot of salt build up and it actually makes it very difficult for crops to grow so if soil salinization is happening that's going to create a lot of difficulties there cool all right moving on to a couple other Concepts our next one I just want to mention quick because I haven't talked about it and it is in the CD is aquaculture so if you see anything on aquaculture we're talking about actually the rearing of aquatic animals organisms so this could be done in like big tanks it could be done in the ocean it could be done in LS variety of different ways here but aquaculture we're essentially mass-producing fish uh and one thing too for time I'm not going to go super in depth in it um because we're going to have to start the cahoot really really soon here um just for time but as economics development as economic development continues remember we're going to see changes in our diets we're going to see changes in the food that we are producing the way we are producing that agricultural density is going to change because we have more Innovative techniques and Technology uh to be able to use with our populations so just realize that as Economic Development happens generally we see the caloric intake go up more people are able to eat more we are going to see higher standard of living life expectancy goes up all of these things start to shift cool here's a bunch of things for contemporary challenges um I know people want to do the cahoot I promise though we're going to go through all the stuff and then we will go to the cahoot so it is coming so these are different ways in which we've seen today um challenges in agriculture whether it be the food distribution the food miles problem whether it be our use of chemical fertilizers a reduction in biodiversity um contemporaries looking at more modernday agricultural practices and methods and how they're actually impacting our world loss of aable land that bottom one that's going to be mainly through like urbanization as that occurs now one thing I also want to point out that you want to be familiar with and this can connect also into unit six and there has been an F frq on this before and it's food deserts so food deserts are urban areas they can also be rural to be fair and there are areas that lack healthy fresh food so here in the United States I can show you this map full screen here we're seen an area where there's no supermarket store so really we don't have fresh food in these areas the higher the percent here these are areas that are generally lower income generally we're going to have more higher risk of obesity diabetes there's a variety of negative impacts on a person's health here there's just a lack of fresh food that's here so generally if you're in a food desert your main source of food might be a McDonald's it might be a gas station all of these would then be kind of where you're getting your food from and that has negative Health consequences so food deserts definitely a term you want to know that has been on the exam multiple times and could be again here all right we are getting now at the end of this I've like one I have just a couple things left to make sure you're familiar with uh in the CD it talks about different types of agricultural practices that are not intensive may I mean they can be um but other types that you need to understand that are looking at contemporary um one is community supported agriculture now community supported agriculture is going to be when farmers are actually kind of going directly to their consumers so consumers are going to purchase um almost like a subscription from the farmer in advance they're going to say hey I'm going to purchase a subscription the farmer then every month will then provide them with fresh food so it's a way that can give the farmer a more stable income and it can also then get more food that is fresh for that Community organic farming is another concept you might hear about this is really focused on just producing food with natural methods so you're not going to use chemical fertilizers fertilizers chemical pesticides growth hormones if we're looking at meat production um and meat in general aren't going to be used there's no antibiotics there's also no GMOs so organic it's meant to be just strictly natural now one thing organic doesn't always mean healthy so like there's I believe organic Oreos I'm trying to think there's a variety of organic food that isn't healthy um organic is just talking about how it's being produced and again it's those natural methods so again variety of foods that we can eat um that are healthy and not healthy last one that you might see is fair trade and this is generally going to be then when companies um instead of it having like this multinational corporation really what they try to do fair trade products give more of the profits and the revenue back to the people that are actually producing it so like Fair Trade coffee is going to give a higher percentage of that Revenue that money that that coffee generated to the actual farmers who are producing it instead of it going to a larger Corporation now one other term you might see and I get this in my comment section all the time is what is a value added crop anyone know and I can pin it on here anyone know what is a value added crop and I'll try to um put that here here someone was asking about free range free range would be you're not in like a confined to animal feed lot so if I have free range chicken I'm letting them walk around outside they're not going to be just in a chicken CP their whole life so free range um you have more um freedom and flexibility there value added crops let's see here yes FD plays excellent yeah value added think even the word here in the past I've had a lot of students who have had questions on this and got stuck on this on a test we're talking here about crops that actually they're going through this production process that increases their value so value added value is being added added to what value added crops the value is added to the crops as production's occurring here as we're starting to see this transformation it is increasing the value so if we look here for example we could look at like cocoa beans and stuff going through this whole process the value then is increasing that final product is worth more than the original crop there so that would be an example of value added there um another one could be I saw in the chat unfortunately just moved strawberries turning into Jam that could be a value added product as well so take strawberries turn into Jam all of a sudden now we can sell it for more all right another thing I want to Quick talk about is this role of the government and then we are pretty much done so then the cot is starting but this role of the government um when we're looking at this one way that they can our food practices is government subsidies now a subsidy is the government is going to pay they're going to give money in this case we're talking about Farms so they're going to give it to the farmer to grow certain crops so certain crops may have subsidies that means we're going to produce more of them so if we're subsidizing something we are promoting it if you're going to put a tax on it we are hindering it we're making it less uh economically viable so subsidies are going to promote production and this actually is why in the United States we have some of the diet that we have uh some of our farm policies have led to then the promotion of certain crops being grown which then influences how cheap they are which then influences how we produce other crops and other Goods so we have a lot of corn that we produce here we have a lot of wheat which is great they're easy to store they're easy to keep we can also send them to other countries easy to transport where that does change our diet um and this is actually one of the things too if we connect into some of other units uh like NAFTA that free trade agreement that has been since renamed and kind of re um changed a little bit um but what happened there one of the things is when that passed because we subsidized a lot of our crops um we flooded actually a lot of Mexico's Market with very cheap corn and wheat and put a lot of Mexican Farmers out of work which led then then led to increased immigration um to the United States as people are looking for work so we can see how things start to connect migration food the government these polic all of these have an impact there's this ripple effect so just realize the government does have an impact on what food is produced the very last thing and then we you're starting our cahoot is the role of women in Economic Development so generally over time what we start to see is as economic development continues to happen um we start to see then women gain more and more roles in society um and they are out of that primary sector and start to go into the secondary and the tertiary so we're starting to see more more advances unfortunately there's a lot of countries in the world still that limit um the role of women in society um not even possibly allowing them to own land and ownership there and so that has a a ripple effect on the economy and different opportunities there all righty that was an AI picture yeah you can probably tell there's a couple things AI is always interesting there's some weird things there okay we are done with this we're gonna do the cot you guys are phenomenal I'm gonna cut the video now so if you are watching this and you didn't come to the live stream check it out later on but we're going to start the cahoot right now now I will put it up I'll interact with the chat a little bit um wo that was a long one but man you guys are phenomenal you're here on a Friday you guys are interacting w