hey geographers coach fishbein here uh we're gonna go over unit six of the ap human geography course today uh talking about cities and urban land use uh so let's go ahead and get into it all right first we gotta talk about site all right when we're talking about site i want you to think about the context of a certain place okay we're located in san diego um that's where i'm from that's where my school is at so a lot of these uh images relate to san diego and i want to start our conversation talking about the site for the city of san diego if there's anything you know about san diego it's probably that we have fantastic weather as you can see um in this chart right here which shows the average temperature the highs and the lows uh for all 12 months of the year and as you can see we never dip below 65 on the high never go above 77. um so it's a pretty great place to live from a climate perspective all right also in the summer as you can see down here on this chart we have very little rainfall all right and if you're a person like me who doesn't really like the rain then that's really good news for you all right so the weather for for a place is going to be one of those side factors all right another site factor might be what's around there like what what natural resources could people in that city make use of and the big ones that we have here in san diego are both the pacific ocean and then san diego bay um which is adjacent to our downtown area and uh really adjacent to to most of the southern part of the county okay so those are some site factors all right so if site is context then situation would be connections all right what is a place close to what does a place have access to in in the surrounding area for san diego it would be los angeles to the north at the corner of the south all right i could guess you could maybe say the pacific ocean as well uh we do have some ships namely our navy uh navy base that makes access to the pacific ocean as well but as far as situation goes the the two big cities uh tour north and our south are los angeles and tijuana all right let's get to changes all right one of the big things that you got to know for this unit is that changes um in lots of different areas lead to um various effects on urbanization all right one of those changes is transportation right uh when san diego first started out we didn't have freeways we didn't have cars we didn't have airplanes but as those technologies were um adopted at a at a large scale it can change the way that cities work from an urbanization perspective namely like kind of spreading them out pushing them out from an urban core okay changes in communication can also change your urbanization before the coronavirus pandemic you would see a lot of people working in these downtown areas in what we call these central business districts okay but because of the pandemic we're making use of technology like zoom meet and teams and those people might not need to come to a central business district to go to work anymore so um it remains to be seen as to what kind of effect this is going to have on our cities um as we move hopefully at least towards the end of this pandemic and into a post-pandemic world okay changes in population can lead to urbanization changes got this picture of this stork right here on the stork obviously a symbol of fertility and this stork in particular is a is a statue on the top of the parking structure at mary birch hospital in san diego where my son was born um economic development development can lead to changes as can migration and government policies right here if you have an example of of nimbyism right nimby stands for not in my backyard and what you see here in this image is um some local san diegans protesting against the proposed um raising of the height limit in a neighborhood called bay park all right let's talk about mega cities and meta cities all right so you'll see this gif right here um is showing you the world's 10 sorry 20 most populated cities from 2010 to 2100 okay as it starts there's a pretty wide concentration of mega cities and we're defining mega cities as any city that has at least 10 million people and as we get and obviously these are projections but as we get closer to the year 2100 you see more and more of these cities leaving what we would call the core area um which i'm going to do just shorthand right now but most of north america the vast majority of europe and a few asian countries like uh japan maybe north or sorry south korea and also probably australia so lots of those mega cities are no longer in the core and they're mostly now in the developing world as you can see right there uh in the image for 2100 okay also by 2100 you're going to see that all of those cities become meta cities all right meta cities are cities with at least 20 million people so twice as big um as a mega city and by 2100 these cities are actually going to blow by um 20 million people getting up towards 80 million people it's a lot of people okay all right um now we have this hierarchy of cities all right um and the cities that everyone knows and everyone's heard of and the cities whose landmarks you know off the top of your head like new york london paris tokyo um they're at the top of our global hierarchy all right and then there's a lot of cities kind of a few levels down from there all right and and there's no like commonly accepted hierarchy where you know exactly at what level every city is but the important thing for you to know is that these cities are connected all right think back to globalization which we talked about in unit 1 at least in my class um globalization is the growing interconnectedness of the world and a lot of how that happens is through these world cities all right again this isn't like a hard and fast image lots of other cities uh you could argue might be a world city but those cities have a profound effect on how our society functions and they are at the top of our hierarchy for lots of different things including globalization and urbanization so it's important for you to know that these world cities kind of dictate a lot of of how our society functions today all right uh so let's get into there's this is like unit four there's a whole bunch of terms here um so let's go get into a couple of them all right so this is the neighborhood where i teach this is east lake and is a suburban neighborhood all right you see this isn't a central business district there's no big skyscrapers here there's no um seat of industry or of government or anything like that here it's just you know winding roads cul-de-sacs single-family homes lots of parks lots of places where you would typically uh find people raising families this is what we call a suburb all right and uh this is this process is called suburbanization where we're kind of moving away from the city um in order mostly to to use um major freeways to get back to the city core but uh people in the united states most typically are more than willing to raise their families away from the urban core and in neighborhoods like suburbs all right uh now this can lead to sprawl right so this is the southern end of our neighborhood of east lake um you see it's kind of like encroaching on this area in the back of the image right this part of san diego county isn't really anything it's it's kind of wild it's just like mountains and canyons all right but as development keeps on happening as suburbanization keeps on happening the sprawl of our community is expanding southward okay um and that's what you can see in this image right here and we'll get into some pros and cons of sprawl here in a little bit okay and all this um ties back to this idea of decentralization okay on this map you see the city council districts for the city of san diego those are the colored areas all right but are surrounding the city of san diego and the colored areas all right the these other regions that are not colored those are 15 of the 17 other cities um that make up san diego county okay so as these cities organize and as more and more people leave the urban core of san diego and move to places like chula vista or escondido or carlsbad or even oceanside which is even further north than what you can see on the map you see this process of decentralization okay and this leads to an idea called edge cities which we'll get to here in a second all right now flashback really quick uh let's do bitter end theory do you remember this from unit five let's go back to my jam board right here and even though we're not talking about von tunin right now the bit rent theory is still um a focal point of our urbanization unit okay now instead of thinking about dairying and forestry and grain farming and um cows and sheep and livestock i want you to just think about where land is the most expensive so in this case our blue area right the cost of land is going to be closest right here to the city center right maybe you could cross out this this market right here and think of a central business district instead right that's going to be our retail area retail stores are going to take advantage of people who are going to be able to walk into their store and spend their money there so they're going to be closest to the city center all right next level out might be industry and then further out from there we just talked about suburbanization those might be families those might be residents and then the red area might be our rural area okay so this bid rent theory um even though we're not talking about von tuning anymore uh still plays a really big role in how urbanization happens around the world okay main thing you got to know there is that the land is most expensive nearest the city center nearest the core nearest the the central business district um and for some for some entities that's going to be fine they're willing to pay that price but not everybody is so they're willing to move out further away from the city all right next slide next slide here we go all right now let's get to edge cities okay on i mentioned chula vista right here right uh so this is the community where i grew up this community where i teach uh and this is an example of an edge city right it's kind of on the periphery of uh san diego county which you can see here right um other examples of edge cities oceanside carlsbad escondido uh out in east county el cajon and la mesa might be examples as well there there are cities that are urbanizing at a quick rate away from the city center right san diego is still the the big city in this region right everything happens through san diego but these edge cities are are attracting more and more people as the land is a little bit cheaper out there it's a it's what some might say is a great place to raise a family and you know especially as we experience more more decentralization more and more um amenities are moving out there as well so you're really seeing a lot of these people move out to these ed cities okay all right now this leads to boom verbs all right here we have in san diego we love city science right we love these arch signs over some of our streets this is uh in downtown chula vista this one is in escondido um and boom burbs are these suburban cities that are growing very very rapidly all right like especially like chula vista all right and ex serbs are also like suburban areas but they're typically a little bit more wealthy typically a little bit more rural this is an image of a community called bonzel which is in uh san diego's north county very close um towards uh riverside county and you can see some pretty nice homes um in this community and it's uh it's a lot slower of a pace you get more land out here and there's some more rural activity as well right so those are excerpts all right let's get into how we kind of classify cities okay first thing we got to talk about is a rank size rule okay so let's take brazil for example in brazil sao paulo is the largest city all right over uh close to 12 and a half million people okay now what rank size rule is going to tell us is that countries who follow this this model um the the larger city is going to be however large a larger city is the second largest city is going to be half as large the third largest city is going to be a third as large as the largest city the fourth largest city is going to be a fourth of as large as the largest city and so on and you kind of see that here with brazil okay it's very different than what we would call primate city okay mexico is is an example of a country that is a primate city okay and that's where one city in particular is just way bigger than every other city all right you see that here with mexico city close to 10 million people the next closest city is our neighbor to the south uh tijuana which is less than three million people okay so uh primate city is a city that is just way significantly larger than every other city in that country all right let's get into the gravity model okay i mean can i throw something at the ground watch my phone right pull down to the earth because of gravity don't ask me to teach you physics we're doing geography but you still kind of see a gravity model between cities and human geography okay obviously the most major city in our entire country is new york city right so if you were to compare lincoln nebraska and charlotte north carolina on you know what kind of connection are those two cities gonna have between new york or each other you see that these arrows are bigger um connecting back to new york right because there's people in lincoln and charlotte who might be going to new york for class field trips they might be going there to uh to learn about american history they might be watching television shows that take place in new york city like friends how i met your mother uh i could go on forever with with those television shows there's just a very large connection between new york city and really the rest of the country the rest of the world right the connection between lincoln nebraska and charlotte north carolina very very small so that's how you see the very thin arrows between those two cities right here all right let's get into crystaller's central place theory okay you see these hexagons um in central place theory okay hexagons are a great compromise between the compactness of a circle right where where all edges of a circle are in equal distance to the center um and a square which is able to like nest on top of each other right um this is the one shape that kind of splits the difference between those shapes so that's why geographers really like using hexagons okay in this model you'll see the big red dot is our city okay um there's only one city so in central place theory it central place here is gonna tell us that people are gonna go to the city for certain amenities all right in san diego there's certain things that you can only do in downtown san diego right you can only go see the san diego padres play um at their ballpark in downtown san diego okay you can only uh go visit balboa park in downtown san diego you can only get a marriage license at the county administration building in downtown san diego those services you don't really use them very much so it makes sense that they're all located within um a central business district okay some services you use all the time right for me i always think about getting gas all right we live in southern california everybody's driving cars here everybody's on the freeway all the time so you're gonna see a lot of gas stations everywhere so i would say that the gas stations you might see gas stations um in a plate in like this little light blue teal color um which we see as a village here on the key okay because we need that service all the time right the range for a for a gas station is a lot different than the range for a game with the san diego projects okay so that's what central place theory is kind of telling us you're gonna see some services um only located in the city some services might be um in smaller urban areas like a town i might envision those as kind of like edge cities um market towns are smaller than those and villages are smaller than those right i know that your home probably doesn't have towns market towns and villages but your your home probably has a major city uh you might have a suburban area you might have a like a downtown area or a strip mall for for a smaller suburban town uh think about how you would apply central place theory to where you live all right uh now let's get into a bunch of city models okay the first one we got is the burgess concentric zone model right not the volunteer model but it should look pretty familiar we have these concentric rings on top of each other okay you can read the key but everything evolves around the central business district okay now all of these models have some kind of assumption some kind of just things that we're going to assume about this place all right if we're looking at the burgess concentric zone model from a critical lens well you know my city doesn't have isn't in a place where you can have a perfect circle right we have the ocean on one side we have another country on another side we have deserts and mountains on another side one of the the second largest city in the entire country is to the north of us this concentric zone model is not going to be perfect for every place and for one reason is that it doesn't really take into account uh things like physical features um it's really kind of based on on how the world was in the united states in particular about a hundred years ago okay this the hoyt sector model is very similar to the concentric zone model but instead of rings uh on top of rings we have these wedges that are kind of expanding outward from the central business district okay now this model was really good at explaining how cities were being laid out in the very early 20th century when we had things like streetcars and railroads as our primary methods of transportation okay when was the last time you were on a street car when was the last time you got on a train for me it's been a long time uh since i did either those things and that's even before the pandemic right this model doesn't really take into account 21st century transportation methods uh but it's a pretty good example of of how our urban geographies thought about the world about 100 years ago again all right another classical model is called the harris muleman multiple nuclei model okay i like this one because it it admits that we usually have more than one central business district okay right right out here this outline business district in zone seven that's kind of like an egg city right this could be a chula vista this could be an escondido this could be an ocean side okay um so i like the multiple nuclei model because it admits that you have these lots of different nodes within the city not everything is in the central business district in san diego some examples might be those edge cities or or other places that even might be within the city of san diego like san diego state university uh uc san diego the la jolla neighborhood all right lots of these institutions are not in our urban core are in other parts of our of our region and it's going to attract um residential residential areas and manufacturing areas around those other places all right uh this one was made by pierce lewis i don't know why his name didn't get into the course and exam description but i wanted to show that shout out pierce lewis he came up with the collec with the galactic city model and the one thing you'll notice with the galactic city model is that you got this radial highway going around the city okay cities like phoenix arizona uh like atlantic atlanta georgia they have these highways that kind of go around the the larger urban core okay san diego we don't have that because again we got the ocean right so we have um some big freeways that go north and south to connect you from place to place in that way um but the galactic city model does a really good job of explaining those places that have a lot that a lot of times they're kind of land locked or maybe they'll only have like a river running through them um but if you've got that space where you can connect everything around that galactic city model or along that um radial highway this this model does a really good job of explaining all that all right um now the next three models uh are meant to explain places that are not in the united states okay the latin american city model is the first one and the distinctive uh item here is the spine if you've ever been in mexico city you might be familiar with avenida revolucion um oh no i'm sorry lara forma i'm confusing mexico city of tiquana i'm sorry um but the spine it's a long road that goes through the cbd through the market out towards on better housing and then on the opposite side out over towards the industrial park right and that's the one thing i would pick out of this model uh is that the higher quality housing the upper class areas of the city are probably not going to want to be next to an industrial center okay so we can kind of see how in this model it suggests some type of segregation within our cities okay next one is the southeast asian city model okay uh i like this one because down here in the bottom of the level is this the south maybe i guess so but you got the port zone right uh if you think about the the world map southeast asia there's a lot of water down there right lots of islands um lots of connections between places making use of that of that southern indian ocean in the pacific ocean right and this model really does a good job of explaining that with the port zone okay um and then the last model we got is the african city model all right this is an example of colonialism you have the colonial cbd here in the purple very uh regimented you got those straight lines going north and south and east and west and that's going to be different from the traditional cbd or the non-colonial cbd which is not really making use of straight lines um like you have in the colonial cbd all right does that tell you something maybe about um how these geographers thought about non-colonialised people colonized people it tells me something about that uh and then you have the open air market in this region as well so you have three cbds essentially um all together here all right and then you have ethnic neighborhoods ethnic and mixed neighborhoods you'll notice that they are not in the same places so again these models are starting to to suggest that we do have some sort of segregation going on in our cities all right let's get into density here okay so this is an image of downtown san diego the east village neighborhood on this is going to be a high density area see how high we're building these buildings some of them are hotels some of them are condos and apartment complexes but this is our urban core this is our central business district all right bid rent theory is going to tell us that this land is expensive so we want to get more bang for our buck so we're going to build up okay a medium density area might be eastlake right where i grew up where i work and this is a more suburban area land's a little bit cheaper you can spread out right you don't need to build as many apartment complexes i even have room for a nice man-made lake here in a little lagoon that's where i would play when i was a little kid um and this would be a medium density area a low density area might be a more rural area like you can see down here okay so high medium and low all right uh let's get into infrastructure infrastructure can be a lot of different things okay it can be gas and electricity it could be police it could be schools it could be health care it could be fire roads but infrastructure is necessary to make a city run okay and some of these entities uh are run by the city of san diego and some of them are not some of them are run by other entities okay and every city has a different mix of of how they're providing these amenities uh to make their cities function okay and we'll get into fragmentation here in a moment all right let's talk about some urban sustainability all right uh i mean you if you're gonna have up to 80 million people living in the same city you better be doing it in a sustainable way or else it's just going to cause havoc on our planet going to cause havoc from an experience standpoint so some of these um trends are geared towards making our cities more sustainable all right we got mixed land use uh the most common feature of mixed land use is that you see retail down here on the ground floor and then you see housing on top of that all right walkability is a big one getting people out of those cars that are very bad for the environment all right making a city walkable is making a city more sustainable we got transportation oriented development so putting uh things that people are going to use next to transportation lines i think san diego could do a better job at this but this is a good example here in this image where you got this apartment complex right next to this uh to this rail line okay smart growth policies is another example uh this is in shanghai where you got this elevated walkway um above the street level where the cars are going so it's kind of like you're making double use of that land uh new urbanism is another another school of thought here um we're kind of like it's it draws upon mixed land use kind of draws upon smart growth and really just kind of creating that village feel okay green belts are an example of really like like really good land use policies where we're trying to create these these belts of green areas around the city center all right in this case you see london on this map has the green belt all right so they're kind of limiting their urban expanse at where that green belt is and then you have slow growth policies uh this is boulder colorado down over here you can see that they're trying to limit themselves from expanding from from sprawling out into this mountainous area over here uh that's what we would call a slow growth policy all right uh these urban design initiatives have lots of pros and cons if they're done well they're going to reduce sprawl all right see this is san diego again see how it's kind of getting up into these uh non-urban areas good urban design initiatives try to limit that as much as possible livability is a factor do you see yourself living there are you comfortable are the things that you're going to want to do close by and accessible um diverse housing options are you putting apartment complexes near single family homes near more expensive homes your more affordable homes and then we got walkability down there again as well right cons of urban design initiatives sometimes these urban design initiatives get very very uh desirable so people want to pay to live there so it can increase housing costs which could be a pretty big problem for people who are hurt down in the lower parts of our of our income pyramid okay de facto segregation is another issue um we'll talk about more about redlining here in a moment and also lots of historical place or character all right if we're if we're cutting down or or destroying um the places that are making our cities unique or making our cities you know like full of character and and unique in cities unlike other places around the world and that would be a hallmark of a not very good urban design initiative all right uh let's talk briefly about quantitative data okay so how do we know what we should do in a city how do we know if we should take this area and build housing should it be single-family housing should it be a park should be a school should it be a university well one of the ways we try to answer questions like that is by using quantitative data all right the best example of quantitative data is the census all right in the united states we do a census every 10 years we did one just last year in 2020 and the census bureau is going to go around and try to figure out how many people are here in our country they're going to try to count everybody all right most people like me they just did it on their phones for like five minutes with a little survey and that was it um but people in those hard-to-reach places like the the alaskan islands out uh in the northern pacific ocean they might even send people out there to to talk to those people all right so counting everybody is a form of quantitative data through the census uh but then cities do this as well it's not just our federal government uh the city of san diego does the surveys where they try to gather as much data uh as possible all right now they're not limited to quantitative data they can do things like field studies or or even just interview people and try to get narratives to try to get what we call qualitative data all right data that doesn't necessarily have a number on it um but it's still useful nonetheless all right uh let's talk about some discriminatory housing policies we got redlining is our first example okay um in the early part of the 20th century uh the federal housing administration and the homeowners loan corporation i mean there was a there's a population boom right people coming back uh from europe from the war lots of desire to amongst those um veterans to start their own families and the government was giving out home loans right and they did so in in a flat out racist way all right where these red areas were typically uh minority neighborhoods typically african american neighborhoods and they were colored red on these maps and the fha and the holc would uh be much much much less likely to give those people buying homes in these areas uh really good loans or sometimes even any loans at all all right so redlining has had a great negative effect on inequality in our country today all right it also led to blockbusting right blockbusting is when a realtor or a group of realtors are trying to take advantage of this racism essentially whereas some realtors might go to to a white neighborhood and even try to scare those white tenants or white homeowners and say this is becoming an african-american neighborhood this is becoming a hispanic neighborhood you probably want to sell your home now so those realtors would actually be the ones that those 10 those homeowners would sell to and then those realtors would go out again and then sell those homes to african americans or to uh mexican americans or whatever minority community right uh taking advantage of this desire for these white people to leave mostly towards the suburbs in in a phenomenon we call white flight and then taking advantage of the very small demand or the very small supply sorry um that these african-americans had in terms of housing all right so that's blockbuster all right uh and this leads to lots of lots of negative effects like inequitable access to resources this is how i would sum up this entire thing um but we have segregated school districts we have increases in crime even environmental effects right you see the this is the city of oakland over here uh and you see those those same colors right from that previous map blue green yellow and red you'll see the blue and green areas which are the areas where they gave the best loans um though in oakland those are the areas that are the highest l most highly elevated all right they have the highest topography so they have really good views increasing their home values whereas these red areas are next to industry they're very low lying uh it's more difficult to to build homes there um so even environmental inequities could result uh as a result of blockbusting and red light all right dis amenity zones okay when you don't have land tenure when you don't have a legal right to your land uh it can create these disamenity zones and this is an example from rio de janeiro right this is a favela in rio de janeiro all right the city of rio de janeiro has put no effort at creating infrastructure in this area okay so the people are on their own they have to figure it out themselves right they don't have any lantern here but no one's coming in and really like doing anything about it so they create these very densely packed communities uh and just kind of like string things together like you see all these power lines down here at the bottom part of this image um and they're just doing their best to try to to get power to get water to to have a plumbing system um and this is uh an example of one of these amenities okay it could also lead to zones of abandonment which which are what they sound like places where uh we don't see people living there anymore uh and it could also lead to just more general smarter settlements so these this is an example of of slums in mumbai in india okay all right now ways to fight against those discriminatory discriminatory housing policies are inclusionary zoning okay trying to zone your city so that um it's more inclusive of people who might not have the most money uh people who don't have the wealth to purchase a very expensive home another example might be local food movements just trying to empower those people um to take advantage of the food that's locally grown within their community okay urban renewal all right so this is an image of san diego but but not as it is today okay i i actually forgot to look up exactly when this image was was created when this photograph was taken but this is what it looks like now all right you see this process of urban renewal happening uh in a lot of the world cities where we're trying to renew uh these cities trying to build them up again so people want to live there so people have a reason uh to move back to the central business district where we can be a little bit more efficient uh with how our cities are laid out uh now this could also lead to gentrification all right this is a community a little bit north from where i live called north park uh in in san diego okay the north park theater uh this is what it looked like several decades ago this is what it looks like now right pretty nice place pretty cool community i like hanging out in north park okay now one of the criticisms though is that this community is very highly gentrified okay it is very appealing to you might have heard the term yuppies young urban professionals like me i would say that i might be a yuppie right i'm young i'm i'm an urban professional right uh this is going to be a place where i want to live all right lots of cool things to do lots of coffee shops lots of nice restaurants close to public transportation the 805 is just down the street right here um it's really great for someone like me who has the means to buy a home in this neighborhood or in a surrounding community but not so great for maybe minority people who are getting priced out of this community all right and that's what we call gentrification all right uh i mentioned fragmentation of governments how do we solve these problems in the city all right one of the one of the issues that these cities face in being able to solve these problems is that our government is very fragmented right some areas are run by the state of california some by the county of san diego some by the city of san diego some areas are run by like a completely different dis uh entity like a school district or a water authority or our transportation is run by an organization called mts so this fragmentation of governments really makes it hard to solve some of these problems okay uh all right just a couple more slides here we got some challenges to sustainability as a result of urbanization right we need to try to reduce our sprawl if we just keep on expanding out forever we're going to run into areas where where things like wildfires might be more common all right what are we doing uh to keep our areas clean are our places sanitary sanitation's a problem air quality water quality uh how we use our energy uh and climate change could be a challenge as well all right and but we're able to respond to these challenges in lots of different ways either by a regional planning effort in which governments come together to plan uh big institutions like an airport remediation of brownfields what brownfields are are areas that are kind of been tainted by some sort of pollution or some sort of toxic waste and we're trying to remediate those areas and try to turn them back into a place where people want to live where people want to work all right we can establish growth boundaries like we mentioned before with border uh boulder colorado and make sure that we're not encroaching on our farmland uh so that we have things like green belts and and wild green areas for for people to enjoy all right that's it for unit six one take that's fantastic first time i've ever done that sun's going down so we're gonna wrap it up here um don't forget to hit like hit subscribe we're gonna be back here with a unit seven video here in a couple of weeks um feel free to follow me on instagram coach fish underscore uh follow me on twitter at coachfishunderscore uh send me your questions with what you want to see as far as review goes as we get closer to the exam uh my students are taking it may 28th if you're one of those may 4th people uh good luck you're you're gonna be first up if you're one of those june what is it 10th people june 8th people june 10th people you got a long time to study so so make sure you use that time wisely all right ladies and gentlemen that's it for me have a great day uh have a great spring break we'll see you in the unit 7 video here in a couple weeks all right bye everyone