Understanding Orchard Training and Pruning

Hello everyone welcome back to Agri coaching Chandigarh and as we started demo classes in last live session before that I have told you about definition of horticulture, its branches, pollination, its mechanism in last session we have studied what is orchard and its system of planting now we have established orchard and I have told in orchard that not only plant fruit plants but also but managing it is also a very important part of Orchard So, for managing the operations adopted we are going to cover the most important operations of Orchard and which are those? This Can you tell what is this? It is training and pruning but Now you have to tell me that this diagram is training or pruning? Because everyone has an idea of what is training and what is pruning. But if you ask to define or ask the difference between these two, then you will get blank. So today we will clear all this. What is training? What are its methods? What are its objectives? Basically, Overall the eventual objectives are the same for both training and pruning. What do training and pruning both want to do? They want to maintain the plant. They want to increase the growth and yield of the plant. All those objectives will remain the same. Then what is the difference between them? We will learn that in this lecture. So, training and pruning, as I told you, are the most important orchard operations. To maintain the growth of your fruit trees, to maintain their vigour And if there is good growth, good vigour, obviously our ultimate goal, our yield will increase, our quality will be better And mostly only two things are required, one is more yield and the yield should also be of good quality These are the two things, quantity and quality Right Now important orchid operations are there but what happens and how they are done you should know that First is training What is training? You must have seen physical body training When you do physical training, go to the gym, do running then what happens? The shape of your body is maintained Right? What happens? The shape of your body is maintained If you are fat then you become thin You become fit and thin. Some people have been running since childhood. They have a habit since childhood. They have to exercise. They have a routine. So, they don't have to maintain their shape. Later on, if they eat well, exercise well, have a good routine, then they don't need to maintain it later. They will have to exercise. But from the beginning you will eat unhealthy, you will not do body training and your body will be full of fat. After your body fat is stored, it becomes very difficult to reduce that fat. And it is said that in the early stages you should reduce it quickly otherwise as you grow, your hormonal levels fluctuate and it becomes very difficult to become thin. So this was the human thing. You all know this theory. You have to apply this theory in the case of plants. There, your shape will be maintained by body training. Here, the shape of the tree will be maintained by tree training. So, training is a practice where the growth of the tree is maintained in a proper shape and proper form. Read the definition. Training is a practice in which the growth of the tree is maintained in a proper form. tree growth is directed into a proper shape and form right or second many more it is better to direct tree a tree growth with training then to correct it with truning key shuru may he a board important hatches he took training with enna book early stages of early stages made my turn nursery stage singing start carded When plants are planted, they should have good exercise and routine from the nursery stage itself. Here plants are trained at the nursery stage itself so that they get a proper shape and form Training is done in early stages Pruning is done in later stages When the plant is well developed and comes in bearing In later stages, the things that are done to maintain this shape are done under pruning Difference clear ho gaya? Training kya hota hai? Ek proper shape and form banana tree ki. Aur pruning kya hota hai? Usi shape ko maintain karna. Detail mein aapko pruning ke time mai bataun ki, yaha training complete ho gaya aapka. Ek aisi practice jahaan pe growth ko direct kiya jata hai shape banane ke liye. Now, what is a well trained and pruned tree? Agar aap orchard mein jaoge, wahan pe dekhoge, you will say that yes, yes, this is equal, this is shape, this is trained, well trained, well pruned. But there are many more factors, factors to consider, what all things should be there, what all things should not be there. When you go to an orchard and you see a very beautiful tree, very beautiful, well organized tree, what do you think? To maintain that tree, what all things are important? You have to know that today. For that, first of all you will read the part of this tree. What all things are there in it? Which are beneficial? Which are non beneficial? Let's start with this thing. Trunk. Wait. So what is trunk? Main woody stem of the tree. Main woody stem of the tree. where the branches are growing did you understand? main woody stem of the tree this is the woody stem of the tree from where the other branches are growing trunk clear? second second is your head what is head? there is a lot of confusion here basically this thing is called heading height what is heading? Hi, this is head. Head is the part of trunk from where scaffold branches, first branch, arise. What are first branches? This is first branch, then this is its second, secondary, first branch, this is its secondary. So, from where first branches are emerging, that point is called head. Now, heading height. which will be asked for its heading that here first scaffold branch the heading height of this tree will be from ground level to where first branch is placed first scaffold branch is placed. What is scaffold branch? Head is known Head is that point above ground where first branch is arising Scaffold branch is main branch. Those main branches which are This is the main branch and the other branches are lateral branches. So scaffold branches are main branches and this is the main stem. The first branch is scaffold branch and the next branches are lateral branches and secondary branches. Now, Next comes sugar. Now here sometimes you see these things coming out near the tree. These things should not happen. What are these basically? See this. What happens is that it comes out from the adventitious buds. Or these sugars emerge from the underground part of the stem. And this is not desirable. We do not want this. We will take the nutrition of the plant and minimize the growth of the plant. Because we will take half of the nutrition from the roots. So we don't need these suckers, they are unwanted. Now we have studied what is the head, from where the main point, the scaffold branch is coming out. Now the head, the first branch. It is at ground level 0.7 to 0.9 meter We will call it low headed tree Means first branch is falling down But if Your head is more than 1.2 meters. Means, suppose here. This is not the head and the first branch is here. This distance is greater than the ground. So, this is called high headed trees. So, in low headed trees, harvesting operation will be easy. Because the fruit will be a little down. So, harvesting will be easy. Spraying will be easy. and it will be more in bearing What happens in high headed tree? It is not suitable for tropical climate because of sun When it will be higher than the sun then it will be more exposed than sunlight and there will be chances of sun scald in high headed tree High headed trees are not suitable for tropical climate Ok So we have read trunk Ok What have we read? This Head, according to heading height, tree, two types are there, that is read. Succar is not required, this is also read. Now comes crotch angle. This is a very important question. First, what is crotch angle? So this is crotch angle. The angle between trunk and scaffold branch is called crotch angle. crotch angle. With that, the angle between the scaffold branch and the lateral branch is also called crotch angle. Meaning, the angle between one and the other tanny is known as crotch angle. Now, this crotch angle should always be wide. Like this is one tanny and this is the second tanny. So, it should be wide and not narrow. Why not? Because the flow of xylem transports water. So when it is narrow, it will break down and the movement will not be good. So always the first question comes that who is called crotch angle? Who is called? The angle of the scaffold branch from the trunk or the angle of the secondary branch from the scaffold branch is called crotch angle. And this crotch angle should always be wide not narrow. Now next is water sprout. What is water sprout? This is a branch, main branch, first branch. In this water sprouts are planted like this. And what is the reason for this? Either there is any damage in the branch. Whether it is due to insects or disease. Or any Strong winds are coming due to which something has happened here. Now see, where you also get cut, there is a quick formation, blood clotting happens. So what happens to you here? Levels of hormones increase, growth is more. Here some damage will happen due to which a very vigorous shoot will come out of here in the upright position. See, so Vigorous vegetative shoots on the main branches in upright direction What is this? We don't want this Why? Expense of main branch If water sprouts will be planted on the main branches Then it will also take nutrition and it has no use So we don't want suckers and we don't want water sprouts in the tree So we have to avoid all this and if they come, then you have to remove them Next, LEADER Most important Whenever you will read the methods of training different methods there will be a very important role of LEADER So remember, what is LEADER? From ground to tip From ground to tip this whole main Wait The main growing branch is called the leader. So, we will start from here. This is the leader. What comes after the leader? This is the top leader and the bottom trunk. After that, the crotch angle is important. Did you understand? The angle between the trunk and the scaffolding is called crotch angle. Along with that, the angle between the first branch and the second branch is also called crotch angle. The crotch angle should be wide. Lateral branches, secondary branches, same thing. Head is the point from where first branch is emerging. This is head. Now, Now we will come to our topic, what is well trained? I have told you all this so that you can understand when I tell you that well trained tree is one which does not have sprouts. So if I tell you directly, you will not know what are suckers and sprouts. Now you know what are water sprouts, the unwanted growth in the main branch. What are suckers, which are coming out of the root, we do not want that. The motto of the first training is to make a framework, to make a strong shape, to make its frame. So first objective is strong framework. First objective is strong framework. Second is no drooping branches. There is a tree, we make a pyramid out of it. What happens in pyramid? Lower branches, big then small, small, this is called pyramid. Now one branch is falling like this Drooping branch So this will spoil all the shapes So what we have to do is no drooping branches No drooping branches will work otherwise the framework will be spoiled Wide crotch angle, this we have discussed with you, why we need wide crotch angle and how much should be 45 degree to 60 degree. Now, as I told you it should be free from water sprouts, root or crown suckers, it should be free from all these. Thank you. Next comes the spur. Spurs are shoots that grow where the fruits are planted. Now they are very numerous. So we don't want numerous spurs. Because if we plant too many fruits on the same stem, then the quality of the fruit will be bad. So if we plant numerous spurs, then we have to remove half the spurs. That too comes under the training. Okay? Objectives, same, strong framework hona chahiye, puri shape ko control karna hai, usko regulate karna hai, hume ye dhyan rakhna hai ki crotch angle better ho, hume ye dhyan rakhna hai ki puri jo sunlight hai, sabhi branches pe equal ho, the interception hai sunlight ki wo achi se har part of tree ko mile, water sprouts as well as suckers ko remove karna and the most important objective of both training and pruning is to develop a balance between vegetative and reproductive growth vegetative growth kya hoti hai jo aapki tehniya stems lagti hai leaves lagte hai aur reproductive growth kya hoti hai jo aapke flowers lagte hai reproductive structures flowering jo hoti hai fruiting hoti hai wo sab kis mein aata hai reproductive growth mein vegetative mein stem leaves hai na aur reproductive mein flowers and fruits. We have to maintain a balance between them. Obviously, when your shape is maintained, in a proper height, then fruits will look bigger and of good quality. If this keeps on increasing and increasing, and we keep on maintaining the shape and uninterrupted, then what will happen? First, sunlight won't reach properly. And second, when vegetative growth increases, If the stem leaves will increase then the fruit will not be able to grow properly If it will grow then it will grow in very small size What are the principles? As I told you that the first principle is training You have to do training from childhood From nursery stage So training should be started from very beginning age of the plant You have to start the training in the very beginning So the question is, the training or statement or explanation that we do training in early stage and pruning in later stage. Write it somewhere. It is very important. We do training in beginning and pruning in later stages. Rest all are same. You have to see that mostly single stem. What is done to the fruits? Like Pomegranate, fig, custard are trained on single stem system Because what will happen in multi stem system Many multi stems will be formed So the attack of insect will be more Prone to insect attack The main principle of our training is that we should not let many branches grow in one place. Never allow several branches to grow at one place and very near to each other. Always keep in mind that the narrow crotch angle should be there. This is a tree. If a narrow branch is being made, it has to be discarded. Apart from this, the principles of water sprouts are that if there is something unwanted, like intermingling branches, because we don't want to let them stick together, then we have to discard them. Okay? Okay. Now we will come to the training methods. In training methods first is open VAS, second is modify central and third is central. Open VAS we will discuss in detail later. Now see what happens in the open center? It is a vase shape, a bowl shape. Okay. Open means the central leader that we told in the middle from the ground to here. What we will do is cut it. and then we will let the scaffold branches grow so what will happen with this? the light interception will come on every branch very well and more fruits will be planted but the disadvantage is that it will not be so strong because it is not a leader we have removed the leader from the seed so it will not be very strong even if more fruits are planted in it it will not be able to take crop load more fruits will be planted in it It is mostly used in peach, guava, apricot and bear I have explained the same, what are the disadvantages. Now, what is the central leader system? We will let the main leader of the center grow uninterrupted. We will not tease him. And the first branch is at a height of 40 to 50 cm. Central leader means we will not tease the middle leader. We will let him grow. What happens with this? The tree will be strong in this but at the same time fruits will not be used much Because the intersections of sunlight will not be on every branch but on the lower branches They will be unproductive because the sunlight will not reach them Central leader is strong, this is its advantage But its disadvantage is that it does not bear much fruit because the lower branches are unproductive and the sunlight cannot reach there. This was adopted in the first Apple, Peer, Mango, Walnut, Sapota. Now for Apple and Peer, different special training system is available like SPLier, which will come later, but since when? I have told you all the advantages and disadvantages Since the time modified leader system has come It is the most acceptable training system The question is asked which training method is most acceptable for fruit crops So it's modified leader system It is a mixture of both Central leader and open center How? In this, the central leader is allowed to grow for the first 4-5 years and the After that, we cut it at a height of 2-3 meters. First, we let it grow for 4-5 years and then we cut it. So, we are cutting it like an open branch and we are not letting it grow much. Like a central leader. So, both are intermediate. In this, height is moderate. Light interception is also good. Lower branches are also not unproductive. All disadvantages are covered here. It is done in apple, pear, plum and sweet cherry. It means that it is used more in temperate crops. I told you that there will be good interception. So see, the center leader means that the leader will be allowed to grow uninterruptedly. As much as it has to grow, it should grow. So what will happen because of that? There will be no fruiting, there will be no interception of sunlight. Modify. Both the mixtures have no central leader. Now special methods, as I told you that some special methods have been adopted later. First is bush system. What is bush? A bush. So what is in this? See this These branches are grown and then secondary branches are added on top of it. So many branches are added on top of it that a bush type structure is formed. That is bush system. Pyramid. What is pyramid? Lower branches are big and then small and small. This is what pyramid is. This is big and then small and small. This is the shape of pyramid. After that, Espelier. Espelier is a French word which means fencing. How is fencing done? When you put fencing around, you must have seen that three wires are put. One, two, three. So, what is there in this? 3 wires are attached parallel to the ground at different heights. For example, 3 wires, first we will attach from here to here of 60 to 70 cm. Then, From here to here, 130, 140 and here to here, 200 meters. We have put three wires and then we will trail your stems and branches on it. Now, see this. Here, you put the wire of fencing like this. You put it like this. The stem is trained on this. Cordon system. Cordon system is mostly used for single stem trees. The same stem is grown on the other side. In the espalier, we were growing multiple multi stems on different wires. In the cordon, we were growing only one multi stem. stem or one stem from this side also. One stem from this side also and one stem from this side also. We will call it double and one stem from one side only. So, it is single cordon. Okay. Its advantage is that it bears early crop. See. Okay. Like this all the fruits will grow from this side only. We will grow this side only. This is cordon. So, we will ask cordon. What is cordon? It is single stemmed training system. Okay. So, today we will learn what is cordon? stem training system now the Tertullus Tertullus means this like a net this net is called trellis now see this is made of Y shape from pole to wire wire is of 12.5 gauge it is spread till 7 feet then pole and in between that, one question arises the orientation of trellis is from north to south and the main branches are this and this the main branch makes the Y or V angle because the crotch angle between them is like this the crotch angle between them is 60 to 70 degree 70 degree so diagram say some joy school here they go you just go ahead main branches milky we been our year or as they think of the why we're not here ticket and this structure is called trellis so Tatura trellis Some training methods are used for grapes vines. The first question is, which commercial grape vines are used most? It is the boar system. But there are different systems for different cultivars. For example, head system. In head system, understand from diagram, head means upper portion, only the branches are grown at the terminal portion. And for what is this done? Which is less vigorous, those curled grapes do not spread much. head system is for cultivars which are not spread much where shoots are grown on the terminal portion like delight, beauty seedless and most important head system is used for perlite there is easy method, better interception what is nipin system? First of all, the niffin system which is moderate vigorous means not less vigorous, not very vigorous, it is used for those who are in between. What was there in it? There were 3 to 4 wires. Which one was there? Tell me. Tell me, I am giving you time. It is a very good thing. In the Aspelier, what is Aspelier? Fence Aspelier is a French word which is called Fence How many wires were there? There are only two wires in it And on those two wires, the grape vines are trained in such a way that they look like four arms One, two, three, four What happens from this? The upper branches have more interception of sunlight Okay So, they are more productive and look how small they are, they are less productive. It is used in early muscat. What is NIFE? Two wires are used in it. Two wires are stretched and on top of that, the two lines of wire are trained with the four arm system. And for whom is it used? For moderate, those who are of moderate vigour. Now, Boer system. Why is this Boer system adopted commercially? First, because the grapes are very vigorous. So, this is for vigorous cultivation like Anabesahi. Very important, very famous variety. It is expensive because it is like going from a mandap. See this. You must have seen for cucurbits also, they make such a structure. So, there is a criss-cross network of wires. Question can be asked, what is in the board system? Roof light structure, criss-cross network, we can call it pergola or mandap. What happens with this? The birds scar the grapes, that is also prevented by this. And the berries get desiccated due to wind, that is also not there in this. So, first of all, it is suited for vigorous cultivation, because is trained on criss-cross network of wire. It is used commercially. Now, telephone and overhead trellis system is also called modified board system. Why? See in the picture. It is like a board system. See, it is made like a roof. But, it does not have criss-cross network. It has spacing. Interculture operations are similar to a board system except that every 2 meter spacing is kept so that it is easy to walk and cultural operations can also be performed well. With this our training methods are over. What is training? Shape making, giving proper shape and form. A practice where we are directing the tree growth. Giving proper shape to the growth. How we are giving? I have told you that there are different methods. How we are giving shape in open? Giving vast shape like a bowl by cutting the center leader. Second, central leader. How we are giving shape in that? Long shape. We are giving shape in the center leader and then branches are attached. Third, modify central. In that, there is a mixture of both. Let it grow for 4-5 years, then cut it. After that, in different special pade, head system, espalier, in all of them, some different shapes are being made. Now, shapes are made. The shape you want to make, that shape is made. Now, we have to maintain that shape with pruning. So, what is pruning? Removal or cutting away of portion of the plant to improve its shape. The shape which is already there, it has to be improved and maintained. Pruning is started in later part of the plant. What was that? Early. It was started in nursery stage. In later part, when it starts bearing flowers and fruit. So, this is a simple vanda. To make a shape is training, to maintain or improve it is pruning. Like this, the shape was already made in this, but we did not maintain that shape, so see what happened. Then what did we do? We cut these intermingling, thinning, heading back, now what happens, we will know that later. So see how much proper shape is maintained. Ok. So, maintenance is pruning. Objective is same. You have maintained the shape, but what happens is, there is a disease in the middle. or some shoe gets damaged due to strong wind so it is good but due to wind it is drooping so cut it and thin out it pruning is there, pruning is done under it so for this I made a trick that the puru is there to protect the relationship from getting damaged and then To keep the relationship balanced, rose used to give light to the flower. So, puru is pruning. To save the damage, remove the damage that is happening through insects and diseases. Make balance between vegetative and reproductive. Rose means regular. Regular bearing. What is regular bearing? What is regular bearing and alternate bearing? It means to get stuck in one season and not in other. It is alternate bearing. And to get stuck in every season of fruits is called regular bearing. Okay? After that, flower was given. To control and to thin out flowering and fruiting. Objective is of pruning. Roshni means sunlight. Pruning's work is to ensure proper sunlight. To make the plant strong, more productive, maintain the longevity of the tree and even if the tree is in a dead state, rejuvenate it. All these are the work of pruning. Principles First of all, you have to take care of the bark injury during pruning. What will you do for that? As soon as you do pruning, pruning means like this and this is drooping drooping is your branch, cut it from here now if you cut it from here, so that infection does not happen we have to take care of this so what we can do is apply vodex paste after pruning here, so that infection will not spread, even if injury happens by chance, it will be removed it will be improved, overcome then pruning is to see that before flowering because once flowering is done then cutting it is like reducing the yield of the plant so maintain the shape before flowering then do it before winter or in late winter so that chilling injury doesn't happen methods of pruning are thinning out, heading back, wringing and girdling, dehorning notching and Now, this same definition is asked in the proper line What is the complete removal of branch? What is the definition of heading back? What is the ringing? What is the girdling? So, today we will learn about all these methods See, first of all is thinning out When the shoot is entirely removed from the base It is called thinning. Why we will do this? If there is a tree with good branches, and there is a branch in between, it is coming out like this. It means drooping is happening. So we have to cut this whole branch. We can't do anything about it. It can't be corrected. So we will perform thinning out in this. When there is no chance of improvement, then we will remove the whole shoot. This is called thinning out. What is heading back? Head is this portion. Terminal portion. We will remove only the terminal portion. Not the whole branch. What we have to do is Suppose this is the whole branch But here is some disease. Now this disease will spread. Before that you cut it from here. When we don't remove the whole branch The basal portion which is connected to the head is called heading back. You are removing only the terminal portion. Ring and girdling. Ring is a ring of bark. Removing of 1 to 2 cm. Girdling is one and the same thing but it is a milder treatment than ring. How can we do it? Either we use it nicely. or you can tie a wire around it then what will happen? when the stem will grow then obviously it will break if you tie a wire what is dehorning? When horns are very big, they start getting into each other. So we don't want that. When such a condition occurs, intermingling, all the branches are getting into each other, so we don't want that. So what is dehonding? Removal of overcrowding and intermingling of branches is known as dehonding. These are very small terms. As such, they come in the exam. Most important, Notching is when you remove a wedge shape on the bud. Why do you remove? So that there is hormonal influence and growth is encouraged. Same thing I told you that where you get cut, there quickly all the cells start forming. Growth is encouraged at this place. So, what will we do here? If we cut here, then there will be hormonal influence and growth will increase. What will happen in nicking? In nicking, see this diagram. This is the bud, what we have done from below it, we have taken out the notch. Okay. Where have we put the notch? Where is it? Under the bud. Nicking and below. Remember it with a N. What does this do? Both are different terms and have different roles. What does this do? The accumulation of carbohydrates will be taken from the leaves to the bud. Then what will happen? Reproductive growth will happen. What was happening in the fruit bud? Vegetative growth was happening. What is happening in the nicking? Reproductive growth is increasing. Both are different. According to the season, one important is dormant pruning and second is summer pruning. Which is best? Dormant pruning but late winter. Dormant pruning is when we do pruning in winter. At that time, no flowering is coming, nothing is coming, so what can we do? We can do heavy pruning. We can also increase the vegetative vigour. We just have to do this in early or late winter. Why? So that we can save the tree from winter injury. Summer is not very common, not used much but used in very specific places. When we do pruning in summer, it is called summer pruning. It is specific and selective. Basically, if we want our tree to grow slowly, we do summer pruning. Because it reduces the tree's growth by eliminating energy and food producing portion of the tree. Apart from that, there is root pruning. What do we do in root pruning? Obviously, we do root pruning. How? We do root pruning. So, we will cut the roots 40 cm away This increases the dwarfness, flowering and fruitness This is most practiced in mandarin, citrus and orange Then there is a special practice called bending What is done in bending? This lateral shoot is bent Why is it done? So that the production of the fruit is more. See, it will apply here and here too. Where? The question comes, where is it practiced the most? So, the answer is Guava. Where is bending practiced? In Guava. It is an important question. Keep this in mind too. Now, the last one is smudging. It is more in mango. It is not very famous in India. It is asked where it is in mango. Why is it there? See. What we have to do is, it is a practice of smoking the tree by allowing the smoke to pass through the center of the crown of the tree Like this smoke, what is basically happening in it? It is ethylene gas What happens with this? It is easily flowering and fruiting We do it in mango And we will continue this smoking till the terminal bud and it is known as smudging. So, what you have in your mind, what you don't have in your mind, for that we will do a quick revision. Let's do it here. Let's do it here. Look. Yes. Let's do it quickly. We have studied training and pruning which are two major operations in orchard. Okay. We will study like this. Training and pruning. Keep always keep low training early stage may take a shape banana Kelly a or tuning later stage may shape go maintain gonna kill you okay What is in training? In early stage, in tuning in later stage To make the shape, to improve or maintain the shape The main methods of training are open, center leader and modify center Modified leader After that, what is done in the pruning? What is done in it? Either heading back Either heading back is done Or what is done? Thinning out In heading back, we only remove the head portion Remove the terminal portion In thinning out, we remove the whole branch Basically the funda is It has objective to maintain the balance between the vegetative and reproductive phase We have to maintain proper shape The ultimate goal is good yield and good quality which will happen when the balance is maintained between the vegetative and reproductive phase Different types of So, with this your training and pruning topic also ends. These were the important operations of orchard. After this we will do very important topics like how propagation happens. You have established the orchard. You have learnt to maintain the tree. Now, the plant which we use for cuttings, with whom we do commercial propagation, it is very important to know all that. And with that these topics are very important. Horticulture is a very important topic in the overall horticulture. Any exam will give a lot of questions from the system of planting, training pruning, so this is a very basic topic. You revise it well, read it well, and the questions come for sure, and your concepts should also be clear, why do you do it, how do you do it, only then you will tell the difference between training and pruning. Now open your mind and think that do you know now? Training is to make shape and maintaining it. So, this is the end of our topic. See you in the next lecture. I hope you understood. If you have any question, you can ask. When you will ask? When you will revise it. Otherwise, it will be clear. So, revise it well and read it well. See you in the next topic. Till then, thank you so much.

But if you ask to define or ask the difference between these two, then you will get blank. So today we will clear all this. What is training?

What are its methods? What are its objectives? Basically, Overall the eventual objectives are the same for both training and pruning.

What do training and pruning both want to do? They want to maintain the plant. They want to increase the growth and yield of the plant.

All those objectives will remain the same. Then what is the difference between them? We will learn that in this lecture.

So, training and pruning, as I told you, are the most important orchard operations. To maintain the growth of your fruit trees, to maintain their vigour And if there is good growth, good vigour, obviously our ultimate goal, our yield will increase, our quality will be better And mostly only two things are required, one is more yield and the yield should also be of good quality These are the two things, quantity and quality Right Now important orchid operations are there but what happens and how they are done you should know that First is training What is training? You must have seen physical body training When you do physical training, go to the gym, do running then what happens? The shape of your body is maintained Right?

What happens? The shape of your body is maintained If you are fat then you become thin You become fit and thin. Some people have been running since childhood.

They have a habit since childhood. They have to exercise. They have a routine. So, they don't have to maintain their shape. Later on, if they eat well, exercise well, have a good routine, then they don't need to maintain it later.

They will have to exercise. But from the beginning you will eat unhealthy, you will not do body training and your body will be full of fat. After your body fat is stored, it becomes very difficult to reduce that fat. And it is said that in the early stages you should reduce it quickly otherwise as you grow, your hormonal levels fluctuate and it becomes very difficult to become thin. So this was the human thing.

You all know this theory. You have to apply this theory in the case of plants. There, your shape will be maintained by body training.

Here, the shape of the tree will be maintained by tree training. So, training is a practice where the growth of the tree is maintained in a proper shape and proper form. Read the definition. Training is a practice in which the growth of the tree is maintained in a proper form.

tree growth is directed into a proper shape and form right or second many more it is better to direct tree a tree growth with training then to correct it with truning key shuru may he a board important hatches he took training with enna book early stages of early stages made my turn nursery stage singing start carded When plants are planted, they should have good exercise and routine from the nursery stage itself. Here plants are trained at the nursery stage itself so that they get a proper shape and form Training is done in early stages Pruning is done in later stages When the plant is well developed and comes in bearing In later stages, the things that are done to maintain this shape are done under pruning Difference clear ho gaya? Training kya hota hai? Ek proper shape and form banana tree ki.

Aur pruning kya hota hai? Usi shape ko maintain karna. Detail mein aapko pruning ke time mai bataun ki, yaha training complete ho gaya aapka.

Ek aisi practice jahaan pe growth ko direct kiya jata hai shape banane ke liye. Now, what is a well trained and pruned tree? Agar aap orchard mein jaoge, wahan pe dekhoge, you will say that yes, yes, this is equal, this is shape, this is trained, well trained, well pruned. But there are many more factors, factors to consider, what all things should be there, what all things should not be there. When you go to an orchard and you see a very beautiful tree, very beautiful, well organized tree, what do you think?

To maintain that tree, what all things are important? You have to know that today. For that, first of all you will read the part of this tree.

What all things are there in it? Which are beneficial? Which are non beneficial?

Let's start with this thing. Trunk. Wait.

So what is trunk? Main woody stem of the tree. Main woody stem of the tree.

where the branches are growing did you understand? main woody stem of the tree this is the woody stem of the tree from where the other branches are growing trunk clear? second second is your head what is head?

there is a lot of confusion here basically this thing is called heading height what is heading? Hi, this is head. Head is the part of trunk from where scaffold branches, first branch, arise. What are first branches?

This is first branch, then this is its second, secondary, first branch, this is its secondary. So, from where first branches are emerging, that point is called head. Now, heading height.

which will be asked for its heading that here first scaffold branch the heading height of this tree will be from ground level to where first branch is placed first scaffold branch is placed. What is scaffold branch? Head is known Head is that point above ground where first branch is arising Scaffold branch is main branch. Those main branches which are This is the main branch and the other branches are lateral branches.

So scaffold branches are main branches and this is the main stem. The first branch is scaffold branch and the next branches are lateral branches and secondary branches. Now, Next comes sugar. Now here sometimes you see these things coming out near the tree. These things should not happen.

What are these basically? See this. What happens is that it comes out from the adventitious buds.

Or these sugars emerge from the underground part of the stem. And this is not desirable. We do not want this. We will take the nutrition of the plant and minimize the growth of the plant. Because we will take half of the nutrition from the roots.

So we don't need these suckers, they are unwanted. Now we have studied what is the head, from where the main point, the scaffold branch is coming out. Now the head, the first branch. It is at ground level 0.7 to 0.9 meter We will call it low headed tree Means first branch is falling down But if Your head is more than 1.2 meters. Means, suppose here.

This is not the head and the first branch is here. This distance is greater than the ground. So, this is called high headed trees. So, in low headed trees, harvesting operation will be easy. Because the fruit will be a little down.

So, harvesting will be easy. Spraying will be easy. and it will be more in bearing What happens in high headed tree?

It is not suitable for tropical climate because of sun When it will be higher than the sun then it will be more exposed than sunlight and there will be chances of sun scald in high headed tree High headed trees are not suitable for tropical climate Ok So we have read trunk Ok What have we read? This Head, according to heading height, tree, two types are there, that is read. Succar is not required, this is also read.

Now comes crotch angle. This is a very important question. First, what is crotch angle?

So this is crotch angle. The angle between trunk and scaffold branch is called crotch angle. crotch angle.

With that, the angle between the scaffold branch and the lateral branch is also called crotch angle. Meaning, the angle between one and the other tanny is known as crotch angle. Now, this crotch angle should always be wide. Like this is one tanny and this is the second tanny.

So, it should be wide and not narrow. Why not? Because the flow of xylem transports water.

So when it is narrow, it will break down and the movement will not be good. So always the first question comes that who is called crotch angle? Who is called? The angle of the scaffold branch from the trunk or the angle of the secondary branch from the scaffold branch is called crotch angle.

And this crotch angle should always be wide not narrow. Now next is water sprout. What is water sprout? This is a branch, main branch, first branch. In this water sprouts are planted like this.

And what is the reason for this? Either there is any damage in the branch. Whether it is due to insects or disease. Or any Strong winds are coming due to which something has happened here.

Now see, where you also get cut, there is a quick formation, blood clotting happens. So what happens to you here? Levels of hormones increase, growth is more. Here some damage will happen due to which a very vigorous shoot will come out of here in the upright position.

See, so Vigorous vegetative shoots on the main branches in upright direction What is this? We don't want this Why? Expense of main branch If water sprouts will be planted on the main branches Then it will also take nutrition and it has no use So we don't want suckers and we don't want water sprouts in the tree So we have to avoid all this and if they come, then you have to remove them Next, LEADER Most important Whenever you will read the methods of training different methods there will be a very important role of LEADER So remember, what is LEADER? From ground to tip From ground to tip this whole main Wait The main growing branch is called the leader. So, we will start from here.

This is the leader. What comes after the leader? This is the top leader and the bottom trunk.

After that, the crotch angle is important. Did you understand? The angle between the trunk and the scaffolding is called crotch angle. Along with that, the angle between the first branch and the second branch is also called crotch angle. The crotch angle should be wide.

Lateral branches, secondary branches, same thing. Head is the point from where first branch is emerging. This is head.

Now, Now we will come to our topic, what is well trained? I have told you all this so that you can understand when I tell you that well trained tree is one which does not have sprouts. So if I tell you directly, you will not know what are suckers and sprouts. Now you know what are water sprouts, the unwanted growth in the main branch. What are suckers, which are coming out of the root, we do not want that.

The motto of the first training is to make a framework, to make a strong shape, to make its frame. So first objective is strong framework. First objective is strong framework. Second is no drooping branches.

There is a tree, we make a pyramid out of it. What happens in pyramid? Lower branches, big then small, small, this is called pyramid. Now one branch is falling like this Drooping branch So this will spoil all the shapes So what we have to do is no drooping branches No drooping branches will work otherwise the framework will be spoiled Wide crotch angle, this we have discussed with you, why we need wide crotch angle and how much should be 45 degree to 60 degree. Now, as I told you it should be free from water sprouts, root or crown suckers, it should be free from all these.

Thank you. Next comes the spur. Spurs are shoots that grow where the fruits are planted.

Now they are very numerous. So we don't want numerous spurs. Because if we plant too many fruits on the same stem, then the quality of the fruit will be bad.

So if we plant numerous spurs, then we have to remove half the spurs. That too comes under the training. Okay?

Objectives, same, strong framework hona chahiye, puri shape ko control karna hai, usko regulate karna hai, hume ye dhyan rakhna hai ki crotch angle better ho, hume ye dhyan rakhna hai ki puri jo sunlight hai, sabhi branches pe equal ho, the interception hai sunlight ki wo achi se har part of tree ko mile, water sprouts as well as suckers ko remove karna and the most important objective of both training and pruning is to develop a balance between vegetative and reproductive growth vegetative growth kya hoti hai jo aapki tehniya stems lagti hai leaves lagte hai aur reproductive growth kya hoti hai jo aapke flowers lagte hai reproductive structures flowering jo hoti hai fruiting hoti hai wo sab kis mein aata hai reproductive growth mein vegetative mein stem leaves hai na aur reproductive mein flowers and fruits. We have to maintain a balance between them. Obviously, when your shape is maintained, in a proper height, then fruits will look bigger and of good quality. If this keeps on increasing and increasing, and we keep on maintaining the shape and uninterrupted, then what will happen?

First, sunlight won't reach properly. And second, when vegetative growth increases, If the stem leaves will increase then the fruit will not be able to grow properly If it will grow then it will grow in very small size What are the principles? As I told you that the first principle is training You have to do training from childhood From nursery stage So training should be started from very beginning age of the plant You have to start the training in the very beginning So the question is, the training or statement or explanation that we do training in early stage and pruning in later stage. Write it somewhere.

It is very important. We do training in beginning and pruning in later stages. Rest all are same. You have to see that mostly single stem. What is done to the fruits?

Like Pomegranate, fig, custard are trained on single stem system Because what will happen in multi stem system Many multi stems will be formed So the attack of insect will be more Prone to insect attack The main principle of our training is that we should not let many branches grow in one place. Never allow several branches to grow at one place and very near to each other. Always keep in mind that the narrow crotch angle should be there. This is a tree. If a narrow branch is being made, it has to be discarded.

Apart from this, the principles of water sprouts are that if there is something unwanted, like intermingling branches, because we don't want to let them stick together, then we have to discard them. Okay? Okay.

Now we will come to the training methods. In training methods first is open VAS, second is modify central and third is central. Open VAS we will discuss in detail later. Now see what happens in the open center? It is a vase shape, a bowl shape.

Okay. Open means the central leader that we told in the middle from the ground to here. What we will do is cut it. and then we will let the scaffold branches grow so what will happen with this?

the light interception will come on every branch very well and more fruits will be planted but the disadvantage is that it will not be so strong because it is not a leader we have removed the leader from the seed so it will not be very strong even if more fruits are planted in it it will not be able to take crop load more fruits will be planted in it It is mostly used in peach, guava, apricot and bear I have explained the same, what are the disadvantages. Now, what is the central leader system? We will let the main leader of the center grow uninterrupted. We will not tease him.

And the first branch is at a height of 40 to 50 cm. Central leader means we will not tease the middle leader. We will let him grow.

What happens with this? The tree will be strong in this but at the same time fruits will not be used much Because the intersections of sunlight will not be on every branch but on the lower branches They will be unproductive because the sunlight will not reach them Central leader is strong, this is its advantage But its disadvantage is that it does not bear much fruit because the lower branches are unproductive and the sunlight cannot reach there. This was adopted in the first Apple, Peer, Mango, Walnut, Sapota.

Now for Apple and Peer, different special training system is available like SPLier, which will come later, but since when? I have told you all the advantages and disadvantages Since the time modified leader system has come It is the most acceptable training system The question is asked which training method is most acceptable for fruit crops So it's modified leader system It is a mixture of both Central leader and open center How? In this, the central leader is allowed to grow for the first 4-5 years and the After that, we cut it at a height of 2-3 meters. First, we let it grow for 4-5 years and then we cut it.

So, we are cutting it like an open branch and we are not letting it grow much. Like a central leader. So, both are intermediate.

In this, height is moderate. Light interception is also good. Lower branches are also not unproductive. All disadvantages are covered here. It is done in apple, pear, plum and sweet cherry.

It means that it is used more in temperate crops. I told you that there will be good interception. So see, the center leader means that the leader will be allowed to grow uninterruptedly. As much as it has to grow, it should grow. So what will happen because of that?

There will be no fruiting, there will be no interception of sunlight. Modify. Both the mixtures have no central leader. Now special methods, as I told you that some special methods have been adopted later.

First is bush system. What is bush? A bush. So what is in this? See this These branches are grown and then secondary branches are added on top of it.

So many branches are added on top of it that a bush type structure is formed. That is bush system. Pyramid. What is pyramid?

Lower branches are big and then small and small. This is what pyramid is. This is big and then small and small.

This is the shape of pyramid. After that, Espelier. Espelier is a French word which means fencing. How is fencing done? When you put fencing around, you must have seen that three wires are put.

One, two, three. So, what is there in this? 3 wires are attached parallel to the ground at different heights.

For example, 3 wires, first we will attach from here to here of 60 to 70 cm. Then, From here to here, 130, 140 and here to here, 200 meters. We have put three wires and then we will trail your stems and branches on it.

Now, see this. Here, you put the wire of fencing like this. You put it like this. The stem is trained on this. Cordon system.

Cordon system is mostly used for single stem trees. The same stem is grown on the other side. In the espalier, we were growing multiple multi stems on different wires.

In the cordon, we were growing only one multi stem. stem or one stem from this side also. One stem from this side also and one stem from this side also. We will call it double and one stem from one side only. So, it is single cordon.

Okay. Its advantage is that it bears early crop. See. Okay.

Like this all the fruits will grow from this side only. We will grow this side only. This is cordon.

So, we will ask cordon. What is cordon? It is single stemmed training system. Okay.

So, today we will learn what is cordon? stem training system now the Tertullus Tertullus means this like a net this net is called trellis now see this is made of Y shape from pole to wire wire is of 12.5 gauge it is spread till 7 feet then pole and in between that, one question arises the orientation of trellis is from north to south and the main branches are this and this the main branch makes the Y or V angle because the crotch angle between them is like this the crotch angle between them is 60 to 70 degree 70 degree so diagram say some joy school here they go you just go ahead main branches milky we been our year or as they think of the why we're not here ticket and this structure is called trellis so Tatura trellis Some training methods are used for grapes vines. The first question is, which commercial grape vines are used most?

It is the boar system. But there are different systems for different cultivars. For example, head system. In head system, understand from diagram, head means upper portion, only the branches are grown at the terminal portion.

And for what is this done? Which is less vigorous, those curled grapes do not spread much. head system is for cultivars which are not spread much where shoots are grown on the terminal portion like delight, beauty seedless and most important head system is used for perlite there is easy method, better interception what is nipin system?

First of all, the niffin system which is moderate vigorous means not less vigorous, not very vigorous, it is used for those who are in between. What was there in it? There were 3 to 4 wires. Which one was there?

Tell me. Tell me, I am giving you time. It is a very good thing. In the Aspelier, what is Aspelier? Fence Aspelier is a French word which is called Fence How many wires were there?

There are only two wires in it And on those two wires, the grape vines are trained in such a way that they look like four arms One, two, three, four What happens from this? The upper branches have more interception of sunlight Okay So, they are more productive and look how small they are, they are less productive. It is used in early muscat. What is NIFE? Two wires are used in it.

Two wires are stretched and on top of that, the two lines of wire are trained with the four arm system. And for whom is it used? For moderate, those who are of moderate vigour. Now, Boer system. Why is this Boer system adopted commercially?

First, because the grapes are very vigorous. So, this is for vigorous cultivation like Anabesahi. Very important, very famous variety.

It is expensive because it is like going from a mandap. See this. You must have seen for cucurbits also, they make such a structure. So, there is a criss-cross network of wires.

Question can be asked, what is in the board system? Roof light structure, criss-cross network, we can call it pergola or mandap. What happens with this? The birds scar the grapes, that is also prevented by this.

And the berries get desiccated due to wind, that is also not there in this. So, first of all, it is suited for vigorous cultivation, because is trained on criss-cross network of wire. It is used commercially.

Now, telephone and overhead trellis system is also called modified board system. Why? See in the picture.

It is like a board system. See, it is made like a roof. But, it does not have criss-cross network. It has spacing.

Interculture operations are similar to a board system except that every 2 meter spacing is kept so that it is easy to walk and cultural operations can also be performed well. With this our training methods are over. What is training?

Shape making, giving proper shape and form. A practice where we are directing the tree growth. Giving proper shape to the growth.

How we are giving? I have told you that there are different methods. How we are giving shape in open?

Giving vast shape like a bowl by cutting the center leader. Second, central leader. How we are giving shape in that? Long shape. We are giving shape in the center leader and then branches are attached.

Third, modify central. In that, there is a mixture of both. Let it grow for 4-5 years, then cut it. After that, in different special pade, head system, espalier, in all of them, some different shapes are being made. Now, shapes are made.

The shape you want to make, that shape is made. Now, we have to maintain that shape with pruning. So, what is pruning?

Removal or cutting away of portion of the plant to improve its shape. The shape which is already there, it has to be improved and maintained. Pruning is started in later part of the plant. What was that?

Early. It was started in nursery stage. In later part, when it starts bearing flowers and fruit. So, this is a simple vanda. To make a shape is training, to maintain or improve it is pruning.

Like this, the shape was already made in this, but we did not maintain that shape, so see what happened. Then what did we do? We cut these intermingling, thinning, heading back, now what happens, we will know that later. So see how much proper shape is maintained.

Ok. So, maintenance is pruning. Objective is same. You have maintained the shape, but what happens is, there is a disease in the middle. or some shoe gets damaged due to strong wind so it is good but due to wind it is drooping so cut it and thin out it pruning is there, pruning is done under it so for this I made a trick that the puru is there to protect the relationship from getting damaged and then To keep the relationship balanced, rose used to give light to the flower.

So, puru is pruning. To save the damage, remove the damage that is happening through insects and diseases. Make balance between vegetative and reproductive. Rose means regular.

Regular bearing. What is regular bearing? What is regular bearing and alternate bearing? It means to get stuck in one season and not in other.

It is alternate bearing. And to get stuck in every season of fruits is called regular bearing. Okay?

After that, flower was given. To control and to thin out flowering and fruiting. Objective is of pruning. Roshni means sunlight. Pruning's work is to ensure proper sunlight.

To make the plant strong, more productive, maintain the longevity of the tree and even if the tree is in a dead state, rejuvenate it. All these are the work of pruning. Principles First of all, you have to take care of the bark injury during pruning.

What will you do for that? As soon as you do pruning, pruning means like this and this is drooping drooping is your branch, cut it from here now if you cut it from here, so that infection does not happen we have to take care of this so what we can do is apply vodex paste after pruning here, so that infection will not spread, even if injury happens by chance, it will be removed it will be improved, overcome then pruning is to see that before flowering because once flowering is done then cutting it is like reducing the yield of the plant so maintain the shape before flowering then do it before winter or in late winter so that chilling injury doesn't happen methods of pruning are thinning out, heading back, wringing and girdling, dehorning notching and Now, this same definition is asked in the proper line What is the complete removal of branch? What is the definition of heading back?

What is the ringing? What is the girdling? So, today we will learn about all these methods See, first of all is thinning out When the shoot is entirely removed from the base It is called thinning.

Why we will do this? If there is a tree with good branches, and there is a branch in between, it is coming out like this. It means drooping is happening.

So we have to cut this whole branch. We can't do anything about it. It can't be corrected. So we will perform thinning out in this. When there is no chance of improvement, then we will remove the whole shoot.

This is called thinning out. What is heading back? Head is this portion. Terminal portion. We will remove only the terminal portion.

Not the whole branch. What we have to do is Suppose this is the whole branch But here is some disease. Now this disease will spread. Before that you cut it from here.

When we don't remove the whole branch The basal portion which is connected to the head is called heading back. You are removing only the terminal portion. Ring and girdling.

Ring is a ring of bark. Removing of 1 to 2 cm. Girdling is one and the same thing but it is a milder treatment than ring. How can we do it? Either we use it nicely.

or you can tie a wire around it then what will happen? when the stem will grow then obviously it will break if you tie a wire what is dehorning? When horns are very big, they start getting into each other. So we don't want that. When such a condition occurs, intermingling, all the branches are getting into each other, so we don't want that.

So what is dehonding? Removal of overcrowding and intermingling of branches is known as dehonding. These are very small terms. As such, they come in the exam. Most important, Notching is when you remove a wedge shape on the bud.

Why do you remove? So that there is hormonal influence and growth is encouraged. Same thing I told you that where you get cut, there quickly all the cells start forming.

Growth is encouraged at this place. So, what will we do here? If we cut here, then there will be hormonal influence and growth will increase. What will happen in nicking?

In nicking, see this diagram. This is the bud, what we have done from below it, we have taken out the notch. Okay. Where have we put the notch?

Where is it? Under the bud. Nicking and below.

Remember it with a N. What does this do? Both are different terms and have different roles.

What does this do? The accumulation of carbohydrates will be taken from the leaves to the bud. Then what will happen? Reproductive growth will happen.

What was happening in the fruit bud? Vegetative growth was happening. What is happening in the nicking? Reproductive growth is increasing. Both are different.

According to the season, one important is dormant pruning and second is summer pruning. Which is best? Dormant pruning but late winter. Dormant pruning is when we do pruning in winter.

At that time, no flowering is coming, nothing is coming, so what can we do? We can do heavy pruning. We can also increase the vegetative vigour. We just have to do this in early or late winter. Why?

So that we can save the tree from winter injury. Summer is not very common, not used much but used in very specific places. When we do pruning in summer, it is called summer pruning.

It is specific and selective. Basically, if we want our tree to grow slowly, we do summer pruning. Because it reduces the tree's growth by eliminating energy and food producing portion of the tree.

Apart from that, there is root pruning. What do we do in root pruning? Obviously, we do root pruning.

How? We do root pruning. So, we will cut the roots 40 cm away This increases the dwarfness, flowering and fruitness This is most practiced in mandarin, citrus and orange Then there is a special practice called bending What is done in bending?

This lateral shoot is bent Why is it done? So that the production of the fruit is more. See, it will apply here and here too.

Where? The question comes, where is it practiced the most? So, the answer is Guava.

Where is bending practiced? In Guava. It is an important question. Keep this in mind too.

Now, the last one is smudging. It is more in mango. It is not very famous in India. It is asked where it is in mango. Why is it there?

See. What we have to do is, it is a practice of smoking the tree by allowing the smoke to pass through the center of the crown of the tree Like this smoke, what is basically happening in it? It is ethylene gas What happens with this? It is easily flowering and fruiting We do it in mango And we will continue this smoking till the terminal bud and it is known as smudging. So, what you have in your mind, what you don't have in your mind, for that we will do a quick revision.

Let's do it here. Let's do it here. Look.

Yes. Let's do it quickly. We have studied training and pruning which are two major operations in orchard.

Okay. We will study like this. Training and pruning. Keep always keep low training early stage may take a shape banana Kelly a or tuning later stage may shape go maintain gonna kill you okay What is in training?

In early stage, in tuning in later stage To make the shape, to improve or maintain the shape The main methods of training are open, center leader and modify center Modified leader After that, what is done in the pruning? What is done in it? Either heading back Either heading back is done Or what is done? Thinning out In heading back, we only remove the head portion Remove the terminal portion In thinning out, we remove the whole branch Basically the funda is It has objective to maintain the balance between the vegetative and reproductive phase We have to maintain proper shape The ultimate goal is good yield and good quality which will happen when the balance is maintained between the vegetative and reproductive phase Different types of So, with this your training and pruning topic also ends. These were the important operations of orchard.

After this we will do very important topics like how propagation happens. You have established the orchard. You have learnt to maintain the tree.

Now, the plant which we use for cuttings, with whom we do commercial propagation, it is very important to know all that. And with that these topics are very important. Horticulture is a very important topic in the overall horticulture.

Any exam will give a lot of questions from the system of planting, training pruning, so this is a very basic topic. You revise it well, read it well, and the questions come for sure, and your concepts should also be clear, why do you do it, how do you do it, only then you will tell the difference between training and pruning. Now open your mind and think that do you know now? Training is to make shape and maintaining it.

So, this is the end of our topic. See you in the next lecture. I hope you understood.

If you have any question, you can ask. When you will ask? When you will revise it. Otherwise, it will be clear.

So, revise it well and read it well. See you in the next topic. Till then, thank you so much.

Transcript for:Understanding Orchard Training and Pruning

Transcript for:
Understanding Orchard Training and Pruning