Indus Valley Civilization Overview

[Music] hi students so we will continue about our last class and uh in the last class we have started with the first important civilization of India that is in this valley civilization and I have explained you about some of the Salient features of the civilization like how the town planning was made in that period and why it is called as the urban and bronze civil ization what was the social life of the Indus Valley Civilization people those things I have covered in the last class and I told you that there are still some more points left out and I will be covering in the next class so as a part of that we have to discuss about the important aspect of the IVC people that is the religious beliefs so that is the religious beliefs so before discussing the religious beliefs of Indus Valley Civilization people I would also like to add one more point that is related to this how the religious beliefs started for man and when exactly they started so that part also we will try to understand so before the Indus Valley Civilization when I discussed about the Stone Age I did not mention about I did not mention about the religious beliefs of that period because I wanted to explain it when when I do the Indus Valley culation part so that I can comparatively explain them together so with that view in the stone AG point I have kept it pending so purposefully in order to discuss that at this point of time so coming to the stone AG part if you see here again coming back the Paleolithic period misthic period and also Neolithic period isn't it so there are three things and okay chalcolithic is also there now we are in Indus Val solation actually comes under cholic so looking at the paleo miso and Neolithic ages coming to the religious beliefs ma the religious beliefs of man actually started from Mesolithic period onwards okay so we don't find any evidences that the Paleolithic man had got any religious belief so Paleolithic man mostly being the hunter hunter and gatherer he did not have any fixed type of religious beliefs we don't find any such kind of evidences also attached to that period that man believed some God or some religion but definitely we will find the religious beliefs seeing from the molic period so seeing from the Mesolithic period so what do we find about the Mesolithic period in religious beliefs is especially in the practice called as the burial practices so in the concept called as the burial practice burial practice means once a person dies once a person dies what the people will do to his dead body so what the people will do to his dead body so that is generally called as a burial practice so in Paleolithic period in Paleolithic period it is observed that whenever someone dies whenever someone dies in the Paleolithic period automatically the body was abandoned by the tribe that means the people whoever were there the remaining people whenever any person died in the Paleolithic period they would not do any burial practice to that body they will simply leave that body wherever it the person is dead and they will continue their nomadic life moving from place to place by vacating or abandoning the dead body at that place then what happens to the dead body if we abandon the dead body is open for natural decaying so if you leave some dead body in open place what happens in general uh that to in those days in Forest life either the wild animals would come and eat the dead body or the dead body would be open for the decaying so in the open place itself it would Decay and then it would get rotten and then maybe any other wild animal also will come and eat the flesh it means the Paleolithic man he did not practice any burial methods he just abandoned the dead body to the mercy of the nature so he just abandoned the dead body to the mercy of the nature whereas in Mesolithic period we find something interesting for the first time man started following some fixed burial practice so what is that burial practice so it is a practice where it we call it as the pit burial system so where we call it as the pit burial system what do you mean by pit burial pit is nothing but whenever someone dies whenever someone dies so we dig a pit so isn't it so we dig a pit and inside the pit we keep the dead body so inside the pit we keep the dead body and then again put the soil over the body and cover it so this is called as the pit burial system pit means digging a pit and then placing the dead body and closing again with the M this is called as the pit burial so for the first time in our Indian history we find that it was from the Mesolithic period for the first time people started practicing a system of burial called as the pit burial pit burial and not only that another added feature also we have to discuss about the Mesolithic period so whenever the dead body is buried inside the pit we also find one extra interesting Factor attached to that what is that interesting factor in sense along with the dead body even certain grave goods were also buried certain grave goods were also buried grave means uh the uh graveyard so grave means samadhi we call it as right so grave Goods along with the dead person some important goods tools and equipments belonging to him and also the cattle some cattle was also buried along with him so his stones and his toools and equipments whatever he he had used in his lifetime and also the cattle because in Mesolithic period pastoralism was practiced and so man had some cattle under his ownership so his cattle and all his tools and equipments were together buried along with him when the person died how do you interpret this incident so how what can you tell that if a person is buried along with some grave Goods that included his tools and equipments and also his cattle you can understand that you can understand that the Mesolithic man must have believed must have believed on the principle of life after death isn't it it means he must have believed that this dead man must be reborn so he must have expected that this dead man will be reborn so when he is reborn he needs again the same tools and equipments and also the cattle in his next life so for that purpose in this life whatever he had earned so they used to bury in that uh grave and then close the grave so expecting that in future again he may be reborn and when he is again reborn he requires these things once again so the concept of belief in life after death in life after death is one peculiar feature in the first generation burial beliefs that man had believed at that time so this we find during the Mesolithic period so this we find during the Mesolithic period And even in neolithic period if you see there is some small update about the uh burial practice in neolithic period what happened in neolithic period was that in neolithic period I told you that man constructed houses isn't it so man constructed a house to stay why because he followed agriculture as main profession so he had a sedentary life so he had to stay at one place so he constructed the house so in neolithic period when houses were constructed what these people they did was that whenever someone died in this house whenever someone died in his house they used to dig the pit under the same house in which that person lived and then they will bury that person in the pit itself so inside the pit along with the grave Goods here also the concept of grave Goods is found as in misthic period you don't find any houses you will find individual Graves but in neolithic period we find that inside the houses itself under the house itself they used to dig a pit and inside the pit they will the dead body along with the grave Goods again there also he is given the some tools and equipment some cattle and even the dogs the pet dogs of that particular man the pet dogs they were also buried along with him it means if Master dies by default the cattle and his dogs also are deemed to die because they also they must be buried along with the dead body so like that in neolithic period the people were buried beneath their own houses while in case of Mesolithic period the normal pit burial was practiced the normal pit burial was practiced but in case of indas valley civilization so now we will look in in case of Indus Valley Civilization in Indus Valley Civilization also we will as a part of religious beliefs okay as a part of our religious beliefs I'm discussing about the Indus Valley Civilization burial practices so first we will discuss about the burial practices so in Indus Valley Civilization also we find different modes of burial practices okay so we will understand different modes of the burial practices are also seen during the time of the Indus Valley Civilization so what are they so first important thing is that no doubt these people also they have practiced the concept called as pit burial pit burial means what pit burial means digging a pit and then uh keeping the dead body inside that and closing the pit it is called as pit burial second important thing is that these people also have done pot bual so they also have done pot burial pot bual especially it was done in case of children so in case of children the Indus Valley Civilization people they have followed a system called as the pot burial what do you mean by pot is that so they will actually select a pot so they will take a pot so inside the pot the dead body is kept so inside the pot the dead body is kept along with that some grave goods are also provided and then the pot is sealed and this whole pot structure is kept it is dug inside the pit and then buried this system we call it as the pot burial system so while pit burial was commonly practiced so the commonly practiced system was the commonly practiced system was pit burial but po burial also is found in case of children whenever children died so they have followed a system that they would select a large sized pot inside the pot the dead body is kept along with that some Goods some Jeweler all the items are kept then the pot mouth is sealed and then the whole pot is kept in the soil so this is also one specific practice we find in the Indus Valley Civilization next the third one it is called as the earn burial system so the third one is called as the earn burial system what do you mean by earn bual is that earn burial is also nowadays followed see these are all the same burial practices even we follow also today we also either dig the dig the pit and then put the dead body or we do cremation we have a concept called as cremation what do you mean by cremation cremation means burning the dead body burning the dead body so after you burn the dead body you will get some leftover Parts remnants we call them as the remnants and in general we call them as the relics we call them as the relics relics means after a person dies and if his body is burnt if it is cremated whatever the other unburned things that means some small solid things like bones and all whatever are left out they are generally called as the relics relics and in common usage we call them as the N so they we also call them as the NS that means the ashes so what these people IVC people did was that in some cases they have burnt the dead bodies they have burnt the dead bodies and then collected the ashes ashes are called as earns then they will put the these earns in a pot again here also again they will put these ears in a pot and then the pot is sealed and then again it is put in a pit then it is put in a pit so this type of burial system is called as the ear burial system so it is called as the ear burial so they have practiced pit burial pot burial third one is the earn burial so this also they have practiced and fourth one so we also find in some places in some places there is an interesting fact that we understand that these people they also practiced a system called as double burial system so they also practiced a system called as the double burial system what do you mean by double burial in one graveyard so in one grave when you when excavations were done two skeletons were found in the same grave so two skeletons were found in the same grave so that concept of having two skeletons in one pit we call that as double barrial it means two people at a time were buried so what is this concept so historians they have certain doubts so did these people did these people have the concept of Sati as a tradition Sati means what Sati sahag you must have heard it was a superstitious practice it was a superstitious practice that was followed in ancient and Medieval Times in our country whenever husband dies automatically the wife was also forced to sit on the funeral P of the husband and she was also burnt live along with the dead body of the husband that we call it as Sati so it means in general Sati means wife also accommodating the husband even in his death because uh the better half the concept of better half such superstitions we have believed in that case if double burial observing the double burial of IVC can we say that they might had followed the idea of Sati when husband died he even the wife also had to sacrifice and she was also killed and then buried along with the husband so probability probability is that some historians they predict that maybe the double burial system of Hindus Valley Civilization indicates that probably wife and husband together were buried at a time if any one of them died the other also accompanied this particular person so that is one interpretation but not at confirmed it is not at confirmed okay so like that if you see here these are all the different burial practices we find in the Hindus Valley Civilization okay different burial practices we find in the Indus Valley Civilization next after that in the religious beliefs what were the other religious beliefs with related to the Indus Valley Civilization people so what were the other religious beliefs related to the Indus Valley Civilization people the first important religious belief is that in the houses of IVC so if you go and once look at the houses of IVC you will find that you will find that there are certain objects of worship so we find certain objects of worship certain objects of worship were found in the houses of IVC and these objects of worship they were belonging to the mother goddesses so we call them as the mother goddesses so mother goddesses means female goddess okay mother goddesses so indirectly you can tell that they are all none other than the female Gods so in this Valley Civilization if you go to the houses and then if you search what were the objects of worship we will find the terracota figurines terracota terracota objects you can call it as the last time itself I told you what is terracota okay the terracota objects of mother goddesses many female figure objects were found in the houses of IVC which were woried by the people it means the IC people woried woman goddesses so they preferred to worship while the later time when Arians came dur in vic religion it is the domination of the male Gods but in IVC worship we will find that these people they have woried some of the objects that were in the shapes of the mother goddesses and they were found in the houses of Indus Valley Civilization okay they were found in the houses of the Indus Valley Civilization next second important thing is that second important thing is that there is an important location called as moeno daro today it is in Pakistan okay so there is an important site of Indus Valley Civilization called as what moeno daro so in this moeno daro in this moeno daro so there is a seal found belonging to IVC people there is a Seal Seal means nothing but it is a square object it is a small square shaped object on which the Indus Val ation script was inscribed that we call it as a Seal Seal means a small objects Square circular shaped objects that were made up of a soft stone called as a stite so the in this Valley cation people they have prepared some small handy objects some small handy objects so which we call them as the seals we call them as the seals so like that among such handy objects in moeno site we find one specific seal and this seal this seal is called as there is a important archaeologist related to IVC Sir John Marshall so we call him as s John Marshall so this man Sir John Marshall he calls one seal that is found in the mohenjodaro that is found in the moeno daro he calls that as pasupati seal so he calls that as what pashupati seal so what does it mean in this seal that is found at maheno daro we find that a person we so the mohenjodaro seal I'm writing here so that you can write the points easily moeno pasupati SE what is the speciality of mohenjodaro pashupati SE so in mohenjodaro pashupati SE we find that we find that there is a people tree there is a people tree so there is a people tree I will just draw here see for example there is a depiction on the seal that there is a people tree and attached to the people tree there is a brick platform so the tree nowadays we find like such kind of structure right so there is a brick platform and at the center there is a people tree under this people tree under this people tree there is a man sitting there is a man sitting so and the two this man is sitting in meditation pose so this man is sitting where in meditation pose on a seal found in maheno daro If You observe that seal you can even check in Google also you can find the image I'm just trying to explain that first after listening to this explanation you check it in the Google so what happens is you will find the image of a man sitting on a platform brick platform under a people tree and he's sitting in meditation pose so he's sitting in meditation pose and you will find that this man is triphilic this man is triphilic tricalc means a three-headed person so he is thuka that means three heads are there to him so he's having three heads okay three heads and second important point is so already I told so he's in meditation for so you can take this as the second Point next after that then the third point so coming to the third point is so he has a crown so he has been horned over the head he has a horned head so over his head there are two hands so you can find that the man whoever is sitting so he has two hands over his head so like Buffalo Hans will be there right so two Hans are there and fourth point is that this man this man he has full of ornaments over his body so his body is covered with full of jewelry items Bangles necklaces full body is covered with ornaments and fifth important point is that he is surrounded by animals on all sides he is surrounded by animals on all sides what are the animals the animals include an elephant and a tiger towards his right side so towards his right side there is an elephant and tiger and towards his left side there is a rhinoceros okay there is a rhinoceros and a buffalo so rhinoceros and a buffalo are there at the left and then there are two deers At His Feet there are two deers at his feet so the man who is who is seen in the pasupati seal he is triphilic he is having a horned head and his body is covered with full of jelery and he is fully surrounded by animals on all sides Like Elephant tiger rhinoceros Buffalo and also deers so after observing this particular seal after observing this particular seal Sir John Marshall tells that all these features whatever we find in this particular man projected in the madil he almost resembles the Vic God Lord Shiva so he resembles the Vic God Shiva Shiva is also called as pasupati that means he is the god of the cattle so something like God of the cattle so because this man the man whoever is projected in the Indus Valley Civilization seal since he looks mostly like the Vic God Shiva this person Sir John Marshall calls this seal as pasupati seal and he calls that person also as Proto Shiva he also calls that person as Proto Shiva so like like that if you look at the religious beliefs of these people at first in their General houses they have worshiped the objects of the mother goddesses whereas in the seals we find that in the seals we find that these people they have worshiped a male God they have worshiped a male God whom we can refer him and call him as the pashupati we can call him as the pashupati next there is also another important third feature we find with them so another third important feature also we find with them so these people they were called as the fallace worshippers so these Indus Valley Civilization people they are also called as fallace worshippers what do you mean by fallace worshippers fallace worshipping is an ancient tribal worship tradition present across all the ancient tribes of the world mostly it is seen in African tribes fallace means nothing but ma fallace means they are nothing but the objects resembling sex organs of human beings okay objects that resemble the sex organs of human beings are called as fallace objects the Indus Valley Civilization people the Indus Valley Civilization people they have woried certain objects that resembled the sex organs of male and female the sex organs of the male and female so in general the male sex organ object is called as the linga so it is called as the linga the female sex organ is called as the Yoni so it is called as the Yoni so in indas valley civilization sites in the Indus Valley Civilization sites we find one peculiar feature of their religious belief such that these people they have woried the fallace objects what do you mean by fallace objects fallace objects means the objects that resemble the sex organs of human beings are called so the male sex organ called as the linga and the female sex organ called as Yi these shape objects were made by IC people and they were woried so why did these people worship these thing is the fallace worship indicates that the Indus Valley Civilization people they woried these objects as objects of fertility or you can tell that they have woried them in order to have children so childless couple so childless couple so these people they have woried so they have woried the fallace objects believing that worshipping these objects can get them children so can get them children so this is also one important feature we find with the Indus Valley Civilization okay Ma so these are all the important these are all the important religious beliefs religious beliefs that are related to Indus Valley Civilization and last thing to discuss about that is an important thing is the decline of IVC so when this civilization had many great features so but this civiliz ization I Told You So from 2,600 BC onwards 1750 BC this is called as the Glorious period of Indus Valley Civilization but after 1750 onwards okay after 1750 after 1750 BC onwards IND this Valley Civilization it started declining so it started declining so why did Indus Valley Civilization decline is still a big debate so this is a debated topic debated topic means still no one able no one is able to tell clearly why the IVC suddenly declined after 1750 why the civilization which flourished greatly it had declined so this is still a mystery for us we don't know why this great civilization had declined but there are certain reasons that are predicted by several historians in order to give the reasons so what are the different reasons so the first important reason what the people tell is about the decline of IVC is that IVC declined because of a major earthquake event so major earthquake event a major earthquake that had happened in the northwest region of India the major earthquake that happened in the northwest region of India it might it must had collapsed the towns and cities okay it must had collapsed the towns and cities as you all know one earthquake comes a big civilization ation can collapse isn't it earthquake means the land will get cracks and many buildings and any things may be submited so it can kill large number of people at in one instance so like that a major earthquake is considered as one of the reasons to explain for the collapse of the towns and cities of the Indus Valley Civilization okay next second important reason that is predicted is that the decline in the trade and commerce the decline in the trade and commerce as you know in last class I have told you the IVC people the IVC people they have done external trade and commerce with the Egyptians with the Egypt civilization and also with the Mesopotamian civilization both with Mesopotamia means Iraq in Iraq there was a contemporary civilization called as Mesopotamian civilization similarly even in Egypt also there was a civilization called as Egypt so our IVC people they had trade Lings with Egypt and Mesopotamia so in that case when Egypt civilization when Egypt civilization and Mesopotamian civilization when they declined when they declined they are the major customers for IVC products IVC people exported food grains Ivory products Jeweler products burnt brick all such terracota toys bronze utensils many products manufactured in IVC they were exported to Egypt and Mesopotamian civilization so in that case IVC people made a lot of benefits from this trade but when the Egypt civilization and Mesopotamian civilizations declined because of their own reasons automatically this also fell as a pressure on IVC people because of the decline in the trade and commerce that happened with Egypt and Mesopotamian civilization even IVC also collabed their major trading partner when that Civilization collapsed automatically indas Valley Civilization also collapsed Indus Valley civilation also collapsed so this is also one reason that is predicted by the historians one reason that is predicted by the historians next the third important reason it is that some historians they predict that so the Arian Invasion the Arian Invasion it must have been one of the reasons for the decline of IVC so because during the time of 1500 BC so during the time of 1500 BC a new group of people appeared in Indian subcontinent a new group of people appeared in Indian subcontinent called as the Arians called as the Arians who came from Central Asia the Arians came from Central Asia the Arians came from Central Asia and they appeared in our country around 1500 BC so some historians sir Mortimer wheeler is a British excavator who proposes that who proposes that probably because of these Arians coming to India these Arians they must have attacked the IVC people and then they must have demolished the civilization and then they must have demolished the civilization so but still the Arian Invasion but still the Arian Invasion has no specific confirmity the Arian Invasion has no specific confirmity with this it is only just a theory it is only just a theory because as I told the Indus Valley Civilization almost started declining from 1750 BC itself so Arians came in 1500 BC there is a difference of nearly 200 years it means even before the Arians came to India nearly 250 years before itself the IVC started declining so how can you blame the Arians for the decline of Indus Valley Civilization is again a doubt raised by the historian so even this also you cannot confirm for that you cannot confirm with that okay this is one particular reason so fourth important reason fourth important reason that is predicted to let tell about the decline of ivanc is that so some historians they predict the change in Monsoon pattern so they tell the reason called as the change in Monsoon pattern change in Monsoon pattern as you all know Ma in India what is the pattern of monsoon if you look at our Indian subcontinent Indian subcontinent actually the rains that come to us they are because of they are because of a monsoon who what we call it as the Southwest Monsoon so we call it as the Southwest Monsoon what do you mean by Southwest Monsoon so the Southwest Monsoon that carries lot of water from Arabian Sea it flows into our India and then it showers lot of rain so it it swallows the water from the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea and then when it passes through the Indian Land it precipitates it cools and then produces the rain so it seems originally this southwest Monsoon mostly flow through to the Northwest area creating lot of rainfall there but because slowly it had shifted towards the South it had shifted towards the South the Northwest part of India it got dried and turned into desert okay it got dried and turned into desert and because of the rising of the desert conditions in Northwest because of the rising of the desert conditions in the Northwest the IND this Valley Civilization must have collapsed it must have become Water Crisis and this water must have declined the Indus Valley civilation so this is also one particular prediction we give to the IVC okay so like that these are all the some important reasons so a major earthquake event or the decline of the Egypt and Mesopotamian civilizations that impacted the trade of IVC people the Arian Invasion and also the change in the monsoon pattern so that means the change in the direction and position of the Southwest monsoon it must had dried the Northwest area creating desert conditions and so only ivcp must have been declined so this is one particular reason okay fine so next after that I would also like to tell you about some of the important points with regarding to the nomenclature of Indus Valley Civilization so nomenclature nomenclature means how did this civilization get the name how did it get the name if you look first thing I will write the names Indus Valley Civilization is basically called as the harapan civilization okay Indus Valley Civilization is called as the harapan civilization this is one point next the second is that this civilization is also called as as we frequently use the word it is called as Indus Valley Civilization okay it is called as the Indus Valley Civilization next the third important the third important name is also there to it it is also referred in Indian Circle as the Saraswati civilization so it is also referred to as what sarasvati civilization so why does this civilization it has so many names it has three names what are them the nomen creature of IVC has first important name is harapan civilization second name is indas valley civilization and third one is called as Saraswati civilization so we will try to understand why these names came to this civil civilization okay so the first important thing harapan civilization so this Indus Valley Civilization this Indus Valley Civilization as I told youa it spread to different parts in Northwest part isn't it it covered the Pakistan and also our India it means the towns and cities the settlements of the IVC people they are scattered across large area they are scattered across large area and as on date as on date according to the estimate according to the estimate we find that we find that nearly 1022 sites have been identified related to indust Valley Civilization so how many sites 1022 sites have been identified in which nearly 616 sites are located today in our country India whereas 46 sites they are located in Pakistan okay out of the total th22 sites identified related to Indus Valley Civilization so nearly 6 16 major number of places are located in our country India and 46 places are located in today's Pakistan okay and among them as on date only 98 sites have been excavated till date so we could excavate excavate means removing the mounts and then bringing out it into Limelight that is called as excavation only 98 have been excavated so why I'm telling this concept is that for the first time in 1921 ad in the year 192 21 ad the first site among the various sites identified of the civilization the first site that is excavated is the haraa the town of haraa was the first place in 1921 there was an Indian archaeologist there was an Indian Indian archaeologist called as Rd benergy so there is an Indian archaeologist called as Rd benergy who was the first person who was the first person to excavate the first site of this civilization and that is in the haraa that is in the haraa so in archaeological Survey of India in the archaeological Survey of India there is a tradition followed in archaeological Survey of India there is a tradition followed what is the tradition the tradition is that whenever any civilization is discovered whenever any civilization is discovered the first site the first site which the archaeologist will go and do the excavation will go and go do the excavation that name of that site whatever the existing name will be there for that site in the Contemporary times that name is given to the whole civilization okay that name is given to the whole civilization so only it is because in 1921 in 1921 when Rd benergy excavated the first Indus Valley Civilization site that is haraa which is there today in Pakistan because harappa is the first town that is excavated the total civilization the archaeological Survey of India people they call it as harapan civilization they call it as what harapan civilization and second thing after that subsequently in 1922 in 1922 year in 1922 year so what happened is the second site of in the harapan civilization was excavated so that is called as moeno daro so that is called as what Ma moeno daro that is called as moeno okay and so this particular moeno daro was excavated in 1922 it is excavated in 19 I'm very sorry M Small correction I'm trying to make here so the thing is that the first site is not excavated by Rd benerji the first site is excavated by Dam sahani a small correction please make it in your notes if you are writing so diaram sahani was the first Indian archaeologist to excavate the of hara whereas moeno daro was excavated whereas moeno daro was excavated by Rd benergy so just know I have written Rd benergy for that so small correction you make so Rd benergy was the Indian archaeologist who excavated moeno daro site 1922 same it is also located in Pakistan whereas dam sahani was the Indian archaeologist who excavated haraa so because Dam sahani excavated harappa as the first site we call the civiliz ization as harapan civilization so later on it was found that many sites of Indus Valley Civilization they were found across the indas region so in all the indas valley region as many sites were scattered in and around indas Valley region we also call it as the Indus Valley Civilization okay we also call it as the Indus Valley Civilization so this is the second name so first is harapan as many sites are scattered in and around the Indus Valley that means indas and the rivers most of the sides of IVC they are located on the banks of the indas and its tributaries so like Ravi sat Bas that is the reason we call this civilization also as Indus Valley Civilization next coming to the third name this is very crucial recently updated concept is the Saraswati civilization so if you look if you look into our Vic literature in our Riga I can specifically sell that in our rig in our Riga there is mention about a river called as sarasti so in the later time in Riga period there is a river name mentioned called as the sarasti river so recently what happened is the IIT kakur people so I'm writing here the IAT kakur people IAT kakur people along with students from physics research laboratory of India so IIT kakur students and physics research laboratory students of India these two people so these two people they have done one research in 2020 so that means just four years back a research was conducted by the students of IIT kakur and physics research laboratory of India in 2020 so these people they have gone to Gujarat so they have gone to Gujarat and in Gujarat there is an Indus Valley Civilization site called as DAV areia so in Gujarat there is a site called as the DAV area so these people I kakur and physics research laboratory people in 2020 visited DAV area which is there in Gujarat state in Gujarat State and they have done certain research to find out why this Gujarat dharia site has become extinct in Indus at the end of the Indus Valley Civilization at the time they have found one interesting Factor they have found one interesting factor that long back a river flowed in the Gujarat regions that means today if you look at the Gujarat State through the Gulf of cambay so the sorry theh yes Gulf of cambay the people told that a river flowed and this River this River it has become it has become extinct so as DAV area site is located on the banks of the on the banks of this particular River and when this River got submerged into the desert of Rajasthan and Gujarat in Gujarat region you have desert so when this River became extinct because it was submerged into the desert region that is why this doav area Town became Water Crisis Water Crisis was suffered by the people and so the doav areia site got extinct it means long back it means long back there must have been a river that flowed through this and this river is identified as the sarasti river mentioned in Riga mentioned in the Riga and the two in Indian context if you see in India most of the Indus Valley that means here I told you in India itself we find how many sites 616 sites are located in India about the civilization among the 616 majority of the IVC sites majority of the IVC sites they are located on the banks of this river called as sarasti long back so only in recent times after this research was done and confirmed that the sarasvati river as mentioned in r existed and flowed through Gujarat Gulf of camb and then joined the Arabian Sea from then onwards the historians and the archaeologist the historians and the archaeologist they also have started giving the name of sarasti civilization sarasti civilization to indas Valley Civilization actually one of the tributaries so sarasti River as a whole of course does not exist it it used to flow through Gujarat and join the Arabian Sea but now is there there any branch of river related to this sarasti River yes there is a river available now also called as the gagar hakra river channel so called as the gagar hakra river Channel what do you mean by that so gagar hakra River channel is a river that originates in Pakistan and also flows through India in India we call it as the river gagar in India we call it as River gagar whereas hakra it is the word used in Pakistan in Pakistan they call it as River hakra in India we call it as River gagar so this River that is common to both India and Pakistan known as the gagar hakra river it is a branch of the bigger sarasti river that existed in that period now the that means the main river sarasti does not exist but one of its small channel one of its small channel that used to contribute water to that sarasa river which is called as the gagar hakra River still exists now still exists now so only we also call the IBC civilization as gagar hakra civilization also see how many names I have told you so first one I have told you that it is called harapan civilization second it is called indas Valley Civilization Third it is called sarasti civilization and also it is called as the gagar hakra civilization so like that this great civilization that scattered across the large area large area covering today's Pakistan and India but still this civilization it had got declined after 1750 BC after 1750 BC okay so these are all the various important aspects that are related to Indus Valley Civilization hope you must have understood and enjoyed the topic and in the next video we will be discussing about the next topic of our ancient India okay okay Ma thank you [Music]

[Music] hi students so we will continue about our last class and uh in the last class we have started with the first important civilization of India that is in this valley civilization and I have explained you about some of the Salient features of the civilization like how the town planning was made in that period and why it is called as the urban and bronze civil ization what was the social life of the Indus Valley Civilization people those things I have covered in the last class and I told you that there are still some more points left out and I will be covering in the next class so as a part of that we have to discuss about the important aspect of the IVC people that is the religious beliefs so that is the religious beliefs so before discussing the religious beliefs of Indus Valley Civilization people I would also like to add one more point that is related to this how the religious beliefs started for man and when exactly they started so that part also we will try to understand so before the Indus Valley Civilization when I discussed about the Stone Age I did not mention about I did not mention about the religious beliefs of that period because I wanted to explain it when when I do the Indus Valley culation part so that I can comparatively explain them together so with that view in the stone AG point I have kept it pending so purposefully in order to discuss that at this point of time so coming to the stone AG part if you see here again coming back the Paleolithic period misthic period and also Neolithic period isn&#39;t it so there are three things and okay chalcolithic is also there now we are in Indus Val solation actually comes under cholic so looking at the paleo miso and Neolithic ages coming to the religious beliefs ma the religious beliefs of man actually started from Mesolithic period onwards okay so we don&#39;t find any evidences that the Paleolithic man had got any religious belief so Paleolithic man mostly being the hunter hunter and gatherer he did not have any fixed type of religious beliefs we don&#39;t find any such kind of evidences also attached to that period that man believed some God or some religion but definitely we will find the religious beliefs seeing from the molic period so seeing from the Mesolithic period so what do we find about the Mesolithic period in religious beliefs is especially in the practice called as the burial practices so in the concept called as the burial practice burial practice means once a person dies once a person dies what the people will do to his dead body so what the people will do to his dead body so that is generally called as a burial practice so in Paleolithic period in Paleolithic period it is observed that whenever someone dies whenever someone dies in the Paleolithic period automatically the body was abandoned by the tribe that means the people whoever were there the remaining people whenever any person died in the Paleolithic period they would not do any burial practice to that body they will simply leave that body wherever it the person is dead and they will continue their nomadic life moving from place to place by vacating or abandoning the dead body at that place then what happens to the dead body if we abandon the dead body is open for natural decaying so if you leave some dead body in open place what happens in general uh that to in those days in Forest life either the wild animals would come and eat the dead body or the dead body would be open for the decaying so in the open place itself it would Decay and then it would get rotten and then maybe any other wild animal also will come and eat the flesh it means the Paleolithic man he did not practice any burial methods he just abandoned the dead body to the mercy of the nature so he just abandoned the dead body to the mercy of the nature whereas in Mesolithic period we find something interesting for the first time man started following some fixed burial practice so what is that burial practice so it is a practice where it we call it as the pit burial system so where we call it as the pit burial system what do you mean by pit burial pit is nothing but whenever someone dies whenever someone dies so we dig a pit so isn&#39;t it so we dig a pit and inside the pit we keep the dead body so inside the pit we keep the dead body and then again put the soil over the body and cover it so this is called as the pit burial system pit means digging a pit and then placing the dead body and closing again with the M this is called as the pit burial so for the first time in our Indian history we find that it was from the Mesolithic period for the first time people started practicing a system of burial called as the pit burial pit burial and not only that another added feature also we have to discuss about the Mesolithic period so whenever the dead body is buried inside the pit we also find one extra interesting Factor attached to that what is that interesting factor in sense along with the dead body even certain grave goods were also buried certain grave goods were also buried grave means uh the uh graveyard so grave means samadhi we call it as right so grave Goods along with the dead person some important goods tools and equipments belonging to him and also the cattle some cattle was also buried along with him so his stones and his toools and equipments whatever he he had used in his lifetime and also the cattle because in Mesolithic period pastoralism was practiced and so man had some cattle under his ownership so his cattle and all his tools and equipments were together buried along with him when the person died how do you interpret this incident so how what can you tell that if a person is buried along with some grave Goods that included his tools and equipments and also his cattle you can understand that you can understand that the Mesolithic man must have believed must have believed on the principle of life after death isn&#39;t it it means he must have believed that this dead man must be reborn so he must have expected that this dead man will be reborn so when he is reborn he needs again the same tools and equipments and also the cattle in his next life so for that purpose in this life whatever he had earned so they used to bury in that uh grave and then close the grave so expecting that in future again he may be reborn and when he is again reborn he requires these things once again so the concept of belief in life after death in life after death is one peculiar feature in the first generation burial beliefs that man had believed at that time so this we find during the Mesolithic period so this we find during the Mesolithic period And even in neolithic period if you see there is some small update about the uh burial practice in neolithic period what happened in neolithic period was that in neolithic period I told you that man constructed houses isn&#39;t it so man constructed a house to stay why because he followed agriculture as main profession so he had a sedentary life so he had to stay at one place so he constructed the house so in neolithic period when houses were constructed what these people they did was that whenever someone died in this house whenever someone died in his house they used to dig the pit under the same house in which that person lived and then they will bury that person in the pit itself so inside the pit along with the grave Goods here also the concept of grave Goods is found as in misthic period you don&#39;t find any houses you will find individual Graves but in neolithic period we find that inside the houses itself under the house itself they used to dig a pit and inside the pit they will the dead body along with the grave Goods again there also he is given the some tools and equipment some cattle and even the dogs the pet dogs of that particular man the pet dogs they were also buried along with him it means if Master dies by default the cattle and his dogs also are deemed to die because they also they must be buried along with the dead body so like that in neolithic period the people were buried beneath their own houses while in case of Mesolithic period the normal pit burial was practiced the normal pit burial was practiced but in case of indas valley civilization so now we will look in in case of Indus Valley Civilization in Indus Valley Civilization also we will as a part of religious beliefs okay as a part of our religious beliefs I&#39;m discussing about the Indus Valley Civilization burial practices so first we will discuss about the burial practices so in Indus Valley Civilization also we find different modes of burial practices okay so we will understand different modes of the burial practices are also seen during the time of the Indus Valley Civilization so what are they so first important thing is that no doubt these people also they have practiced the concept called as pit burial pit burial means what pit burial means digging a pit and then uh keeping the dead body inside that and closing the pit it is called as pit burial second important thing is that these people also have done pot bual so they also have done pot burial pot bual especially it was done in case of children so in case of children the Indus Valley Civilization people they have followed a system called as the pot burial what do you mean by pot is that so they will actually select a pot so they will take a pot so inside the pot the dead body is kept so inside the pot the dead body is kept along with that some grave goods are also provided and then the pot is sealed and this whole pot structure is kept it is dug inside the pit and then buried this system we call it as the pot burial system so while pit burial was commonly practiced so the commonly practiced system was the commonly practiced system was pit burial but po burial also is found in case of children whenever children died so they have followed a system that they would select a large sized pot inside the pot the dead body is kept along with that some Goods some Jeweler all the items are kept then the pot mouth is sealed and then the whole pot is kept in the soil so this is also one specific practice we find in the Indus Valley Civilization next the third one it is called as the earn burial system so the third one is called as the earn burial system what do you mean by earn bual is that earn burial is also nowadays followed see these are all the same burial practices even we follow also today we also either dig the dig the pit and then put the dead body or we do cremation we have a concept called as cremation what do you mean by cremation cremation means burning the dead body burning the dead body so after you burn the dead body you will get some leftover Parts remnants we call them as the remnants and in general we call them as the relics we call them as the relics relics means after a person dies and if his body is burnt if it is cremated whatever the other unburned things that means some small solid things like bones and all whatever are left out they are generally called as the relics relics and in common usage we call them as the N so they we also call them as the NS that means the ashes so what these people IVC people did was that in some cases they have burnt the dead bodies they have burnt the dead bodies and then collected the ashes ashes are called as earns then they will put the these earns in a pot again here also again they will put these ears in a pot and then the pot is sealed and then again it is put in a pit then it is put in a pit so this type of burial system is called as the ear burial system so it is called as the ear burial so they have practiced pit burial pot burial third one is the earn burial so this also they have practiced and fourth one so we also find in some places in some places there is an interesting fact that we understand that these people they also practiced a system called as double burial system so they also practiced a system called as the double burial system what do you mean by double burial in one graveyard so in one grave when you when excavations were done two skeletons were found in the same grave so two skeletons were found in the same grave so that concept of having two skeletons in one pit we call that as double barrial it means two people at a time were buried so what is this concept so historians they have certain doubts so did these people did these people have the concept of Sati as a tradition Sati means what Sati sahag you must have heard it was a superstitious practice it was a superstitious practice that was followed in ancient and Medieval Times in our country whenever husband dies automatically the wife was also forced to sit on the funeral P of the husband and she was also burnt live along with the dead body of the husband that we call it as Sati so it means in general Sati means wife also accommodating the husband even in his death because uh the better half the concept of better half such superstitions we have believed in that case if double burial observing the double burial of IVC can we say that they might had followed the idea of Sati when husband died he even the wife also had to sacrifice and she was also killed and then buried along with the husband so probability probability is that some historians they predict that maybe the double burial system of Hindus Valley Civilization indicates that probably wife and husband together were buried at a time if any one of them died the other also accompanied this particular person so that is one interpretation but not at confirmed it is not at confirmed okay so like that if you see here these are all the different burial practices we find in the Hindus Valley Civilization okay different burial practices we find in the Indus Valley Civilization next after that in the religious beliefs what were the other religious beliefs with related to the Indus Valley Civilization people so what were the other religious beliefs related to the Indus Valley Civilization people the first important religious belief is that in the houses of IVC so if you go and once look at the houses of IVC you will find that you will find that there are certain objects of worship so we find certain objects of worship certain objects of worship were found in the houses of IVC and these objects of worship they were belonging to the mother goddesses so we call them as the mother goddesses so mother goddesses means female goddess okay mother goddesses so indirectly you can tell that they are all none other than the female Gods so in this Valley Civilization if you go to the houses and then if you search what were the objects of worship we will find the terracota figurines terracota terracota objects you can call it as the last time itself I told you what is terracota okay the terracota objects of mother goddesses many female figure objects were found in the houses of IVC which were woried by the people it means the IC people woried woman goddesses so they preferred to worship while the later time when Arians came dur in vic religion it is the domination of the male Gods but in IVC worship we will find that these people they have woried some of the objects that were in the shapes of the mother goddesses and they were found in the houses of Indus Valley Civilization okay they were found in the houses of the Indus Valley Civilization next second important thing is that second important thing is that there is an important location called as moeno daro today it is in Pakistan okay so there is an important site of Indus Valley Civilization called as what moeno daro so in this moeno daro in this moeno daro so there is a seal found belonging to IVC people there is a Seal Seal means nothing but it is a square object it is a small square shaped object on which the Indus Val ation script was inscribed that we call it as a Seal Seal means a small objects Square circular shaped objects that were made up of a soft stone called as a stite so the in this Valley cation people they have prepared some small handy objects some small handy objects so which we call them as the seals we call them as the seals so like that among such handy objects in moeno site we find one specific seal and this seal this seal is called as there is a important archaeologist related to IVC Sir John Marshall so we call him as s John Marshall so this man Sir John Marshall he calls one seal that is found in the mohenjodaro that is found in the moeno daro he calls that as pasupati seal so he calls that as what pashupati seal so what does it mean in this seal that is found at maheno daro we find that a person we so the mohenjodaro seal I&#39;m writing here so that you can write the points easily moeno pasupati SE what is the speciality of mohenjodaro pashupati SE so in mohenjodaro pashupati SE we find that we find that there is a people tree there is a people tree so there is a people tree I will just draw here see for example there is a depiction on the seal that there is a people tree and attached to the people tree there is a brick platform so the tree nowadays we find like such kind of structure right so there is a brick platform and at the center there is a people tree under this people tree under this people tree there is a man sitting there is a man sitting so and the two this man is sitting in meditation pose so this man is sitting where in meditation pose on a seal found in maheno daro If You observe that seal you can even check in Google also you can find the image I&#39;m just trying to explain that first after listening to this explanation you check it in the Google so what happens is you will find the image of a man sitting on a platform brick platform under a people tree and he&#39;s sitting in meditation pose so he&#39;s sitting in meditation pose and you will find that this man is triphilic this man is triphilic tricalc means a three-headed person so he is thuka that means three heads are there to him so he&#39;s having three heads okay three heads and second important point is so already I told so he&#39;s in meditation for so you can take this as the second Point next after that then the third point so coming to the third point is so he has a crown so he has been horned over the head he has a horned head so over his head there are two hands so you can find that the man whoever is sitting so he has two hands over his head so like Buffalo Hans will be there right so two Hans are there and fourth point is that this man this man he has full of ornaments over his body so his body is covered with full of jewelry items Bangles necklaces full body is covered with ornaments and fifth important point is that he is surrounded by animals on all sides he is surrounded by animals on all sides what are the animals the animals include an elephant and a tiger towards his right side so towards his right side there is an elephant and tiger and towards his left side there is a rhinoceros okay there is a rhinoceros and a buffalo so rhinoceros and a buffalo are there at the left and then there are two deers At His Feet there are two deers at his feet so the man who is who is seen in the pasupati seal he is triphilic he is having a horned head and his body is covered with full of jelery and he is fully surrounded by animals on all sides Like Elephant tiger rhinoceros Buffalo and also deers so after observing this particular seal after observing this particular seal Sir John Marshall tells that all these features whatever we find in this particular man projected in the madil he almost resembles the Vic God Lord Shiva so he resembles the Vic God Shiva Shiva is also called as pasupati that means he is the god of the cattle so something like God of the cattle so because this man the man whoever is projected in the Indus Valley Civilization seal since he looks mostly like the Vic God Shiva this person Sir John Marshall calls this seal as pasupati seal and he calls that person also as Proto Shiva he also calls that person as Proto Shiva so like like that if you look at the religious beliefs of these people at first in their General houses they have worshiped the objects of the mother goddesses whereas in the seals we find that in the seals we find that these people they have worshiped a male God they have worshiped a male God whom we can refer him and call him as the pashupati we can call him as the pashupati next there is also another important third feature we find with them so another third important feature also we find with them so these people they were called as the fallace worshippers so these Indus Valley Civilization people they are also called as fallace worshippers what do you mean by fallace worshippers fallace worshipping is an ancient tribal worship tradition present across all the ancient tribes of the world mostly it is seen in African tribes fallace means nothing but ma fallace means they are nothing but the objects resembling sex organs of human beings okay objects that resemble the sex organs of human beings are called as fallace objects the Indus Valley Civilization people the Indus Valley Civilization people they have woried certain objects that resembled the sex organs of male and female the sex organs of the male and female so in general the male sex organ object is called as the linga so it is called as the linga the female sex organ is called as the Yoni so it is called as the Yoni so in indas valley civilization sites in the Indus Valley Civilization sites we find one peculiar feature of their religious belief such that these people they have woried the fallace objects what do you mean by fallace objects fallace objects means the objects that resemble the sex organs of human beings are called so the male sex organ called as the linga and the female sex organ called as Yi these shape objects were made by IC people and they were woried so why did these people worship these thing is the fallace worship indicates that the Indus Valley Civilization people they woried these objects as objects of fertility or you can tell that they have woried them in order to have children so childless couple so childless couple so these people they have woried so they have woried the fallace objects believing that worshipping these objects can get them children so can get them children so this is also one important feature we find with the Indus Valley Civilization okay Ma so these are all the important these are all the important religious beliefs religious beliefs that are related to Indus Valley Civilization and last thing to discuss about that is an important thing is the decline of IVC so when this civilization had many great features so but this civiliz ization I Told You So from 2,600 BC onwards 1750 BC this is called as the Glorious period of Indus Valley Civilization but after 1750 onwards okay after 1750 after 1750 BC onwards IND this Valley Civilization it started declining so it started declining so why did Indus Valley Civilization decline is still a big debate so this is a debated topic debated topic means still no one able no one is able to tell clearly why the IVC suddenly declined after 1750 why the civilization which flourished greatly it had declined so this is still a mystery for us we don&#39;t know why this great civilization had declined but there are certain reasons that are predicted by several historians in order to give the reasons so what are the different reasons so the first important reason what the people tell is about the decline of IVC is that IVC declined because of a major earthquake event so major earthquake event a major earthquake that had happened in the northwest region of India the major earthquake that happened in the northwest region of India it might it must had collapsed the towns and cities okay it must had collapsed the towns and cities as you all know one earthquake comes a big civilization ation can collapse isn&#39;t it earthquake means the land will get cracks and many buildings and any things may be submited so it can kill large number of people at in one instance so like that a major earthquake is considered as one of the reasons to explain for the collapse of the towns and cities of the Indus Valley Civilization okay next second important reason that is predicted is that the decline in the trade and commerce the decline in the trade and commerce as you know in last class I have told you the IVC people the IVC people they have done external trade and commerce with the Egyptians with the Egypt civilization and also with the Mesopotamian civilization both with Mesopotamia means Iraq in Iraq there was a contemporary civilization called as Mesopotamian civilization similarly even in Egypt also there was a civilization called as Egypt so our IVC people they had trade Lings with Egypt and Mesopotamia so in that case when Egypt civilization when Egypt civilization and Mesopotamian civilization when they declined when they declined they are the major customers for IVC products IVC people exported food grains Ivory products Jeweler products burnt brick all such terracota toys bronze utensils many products manufactured in IVC they were exported to Egypt and Mesopotamian civilization so in that case IVC people made a lot of benefits from this trade but when the Egypt civilization and Mesopotamian civilizations declined because of their own reasons automatically this also fell as a pressure on IVC people because of the decline in the trade and commerce that happened with Egypt and Mesopotamian civilization even IVC also collabed their major trading partner when that Civilization collapsed automatically indas Valley Civilization also collapsed Indus Valley civilation also collapsed so this is also one reason that is predicted by the historians one reason that is predicted by the historians next the third important reason it is that some historians they predict that so the Arian Invasion the Arian Invasion it must have been one of the reasons for the decline of IVC so because during the time of 1500 BC so during the time of 1500 BC a new group of people appeared in Indian subcontinent a new group of people appeared in Indian subcontinent called as the Arians called as the Arians who came from Central Asia the Arians came from Central Asia the Arians came from Central Asia and they appeared in our country around 1500 BC so some historians sir Mortimer wheeler is a British excavator who proposes that who proposes that probably because of these Arians coming to India these Arians they must have attacked the IVC people and then they must have demolished the civilization and then they must have demolished the civilization so but still the Arian Invasion but still the Arian Invasion has no specific confirmity the Arian Invasion has no specific confirmity with this it is only just a theory it is only just a theory because as I told the Indus Valley Civilization almost started declining from 1750 BC itself so Arians came in 1500 BC there is a difference of nearly 200 years it means even before the Arians came to India nearly 250 years before itself the IVC started declining so how can you blame the Arians for the decline of Indus Valley Civilization is again a doubt raised by the historian so even this also you cannot confirm for that you cannot confirm with that okay this is one particular reason so fourth important reason fourth important reason that is predicted to let tell about the decline of ivanc is that so some historians they predict the change in Monsoon pattern so they tell the reason called as the change in Monsoon pattern change in Monsoon pattern as you all know Ma in India what is the pattern of monsoon if you look at our Indian subcontinent Indian subcontinent actually the rains that come to us they are because of they are because of a monsoon who what we call it as the Southwest Monsoon so we call it as the Southwest Monsoon what do you mean by Southwest Monsoon so the Southwest Monsoon that carries lot of water from Arabian Sea it flows into our India and then it showers lot of rain so it it swallows the water from the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea and then when it passes through the Indian Land it precipitates it cools and then produces the rain so it seems originally this southwest Monsoon mostly flow through to the Northwest area creating lot of rainfall there but because slowly it had shifted towards the South it had shifted towards the South the Northwest part of India it got dried and turned into desert okay it got dried and turned into desert and because of the rising of the desert conditions in Northwest because of the rising of the desert conditions in the Northwest the IND this Valley Civilization must have collapsed it must have become Water Crisis and this water must have declined the Indus Valley civilation so this is also one particular prediction we give to the IVC okay so like that these are all the some important reasons so a major earthquake event or the decline of the Egypt and Mesopotamian civilizations that impacted the trade of IVC people the Arian Invasion and also the change in the monsoon pattern so that means the change in the direction and position of the Southwest monsoon it must had dried the Northwest area creating desert conditions and so only ivcp must have been declined so this is one particular reason okay fine so next after that I would also like to tell you about some of the important points with regarding to the nomenclature of Indus Valley Civilization so nomenclature nomenclature means how did this civilization get the name how did it get the name if you look first thing I will write the names Indus Valley Civilization is basically called as the harapan civilization okay Indus Valley Civilization is called as the harapan civilization this is one point next the second is that this civilization is also called as as we frequently use the word it is called as Indus Valley Civilization okay it is called as the Indus Valley Civilization next the third important the third important name is also there to it it is also referred in Indian Circle as the Saraswati civilization so it is also referred to as what sarasvati civilization so why does this civilization it has so many names it has three names what are them the nomen creature of IVC has first important name is harapan civilization second name is indas valley civilization and third one is called as Saraswati civilization so we will try to understand why these names came to this civil civilization okay so the first important thing harapan civilization so this Indus Valley Civilization this Indus Valley Civilization as I told youa it spread to different parts in Northwest part isn&#39;t it it covered the Pakistan and also our India it means the towns and cities the settlements of the IVC people they are scattered across large area they are scattered across large area and as on date as on date according to the estimate according to the estimate we find that we find that nearly 1022 sites have been identified related to indust Valley Civilization so how many sites 1022 sites have been identified in which nearly 616 sites are located today in our country India whereas 46 sites they are located in Pakistan okay out of the total th22 sites identified related to Indus Valley Civilization so nearly 6 16 major number of places are located in our country India and 46 places are located in today&#39;s Pakistan okay and among them as on date only 98 sites have been excavated till date so we could excavate excavate means removing the mounts and then bringing out it into Limelight that is called as excavation only 98 have been excavated so why I&#39;m telling this concept is that for the first time in 1921 ad in the year 192 21 ad the first site among the various sites identified of the civilization the first site that is excavated is the haraa the town of haraa was the first place in 1921 there was an Indian archaeologist there was an Indian Indian archaeologist called as Rd benergy so there is an Indian archaeologist called as Rd benergy who was the first person who was the first person to excavate the first site of this civilization and that is in the haraa that is in the haraa so in archaeological Survey of India in the archaeological Survey of India there is a tradition followed in archaeological Survey of India there is a tradition followed what is the tradition the tradition is that whenever any civilization is discovered whenever any civilization is discovered the first site the first site which the archaeologist will go and do the excavation will go and go do the excavation that name of that site whatever the existing name will be there for that site in the Contemporary times that name is given to the whole civilization okay that name is given to the whole civilization so only it is because in 1921 in 1921 when Rd benergy excavated the first Indus Valley Civilization site that is haraa which is there today in Pakistan because harappa is the first town that is excavated the total civilization the archaeological Survey of India people they call it as harapan civilization they call it as what harapan civilization and second thing after that subsequently in 1922 in 1922 year in 1922 year so what happened is the second site of in the harapan civilization was excavated so that is called as moeno daro so that is called as what Ma moeno daro that is called as moeno okay and so this particular moeno daro was excavated in 1922 it is excavated in 19 I&#39;m very sorry M Small correction I&#39;m trying to make here so the thing is that the first site is not excavated by Rd benerji the first site is excavated by Dam sahani a small correction please make it in your notes if you are writing so diaram sahani was the first Indian archaeologist to excavate the of hara whereas moeno daro was excavated whereas moeno daro was excavated by Rd benergy so just know I have written Rd benergy for that so small correction you make so Rd benergy was the Indian archaeologist who excavated moeno daro site 1922 same it is also located in Pakistan whereas dam sahani was the Indian archaeologist who excavated haraa so because Dam sahani excavated harappa as the first site we call the civiliz ization as harapan civilization so later on it was found that many sites of Indus Valley Civilization they were found across the indas region so in all the indas valley region as many sites were scattered in and around indas Valley region we also call it as the Indus Valley Civilization okay we also call it as the Indus Valley Civilization so this is the second name so first is harapan as many sites are scattered in and around the Indus Valley that means indas and the rivers most of the sides of IVC they are located on the banks of the indas and its tributaries so like Ravi sat Bas that is the reason we call this civilization also as Indus Valley Civilization next coming to the third name this is very crucial recently updated concept is the Saraswati civilization so if you look if you look into our Vic literature in our Riga I can specifically sell that in our rig in our Riga there is mention about a river called as sarasti so in the later time in Riga period there is a river name mentioned called as the sarasti river so recently what happened is the IIT kakur people so I&#39;m writing here the IAT kakur people IAT kakur people along with students from physics research laboratory of India so IIT kakur students and physics research laboratory students of India these two people so these two people they have done one research in 2020 so that means just four years back a research was conducted by the students of IIT kakur and physics research laboratory of India in 2020 so these people they have gone to Gujarat so they have gone to Gujarat and in Gujarat there is an Indus Valley Civilization site called as DAV areia so in Gujarat there is a site called as the DAV area so these people I kakur and physics research laboratory people in 2020 visited DAV area which is there in Gujarat state in Gujarat State and they have done certain research to find out why this Gujarat dharia site has become extinct in Indus at the end of the Indus Valley Civilization at the time they have found one interesting Factor they have found one interesting factor that long back a river flowed in the Gujarat regions that means today if you look at the Gujarat State through the Gulf of cambay so the sorry theh yes Gulf of cambay the people told that a river flowed and this River this River it has become it has become extinct so as DAV area site is located on the banks of the on the banks of this particular River and when this River got submerged into the desert of Rajasthan and Gujarat in Gujarat region you have desert so when this River became extinct because it was submerged into the desert region that is why this doav area Town became Water Crisis Water Crisis was suffered by the people and so the doav areia site got extinct it means long back it means long back there must have been a river that flowed through this and this river is identified as the sarasti river mentioned in Riga mentioned in the Riga and the two in Indian context if you see in India most of the Indus Valley that means here I told you in India itself we find how many sites 616 sites are located in India about the civilization among the 616 majority of the IVC sites majority of the IVC sites they are located on the banks of this river called as sarasti long back so only in recent times after this research was done and confirmed that the sarasvati river as mentioned in r existed and flowed through Gujarat Gulf of camb and then joined the Arabian Sea from then onwards the historians and the archaeologist the historians and the archaeologist they also have started giving the name of sarasti civilization sarasti civilization to indas Valley Civilization actually one of the tributaries so sarasti River as a whole of course does not exist it it used to flow through Gujarat and join the Arabian Sea but now is there there any branch of river related to this sarasti River yes there is a river available now also called as the gagar hakra river channel so called as the gagar hakra river Channel what do you mean by that so gagar hakra River channel is a river that originates in Pakistan and also flows through India in India we call it as the river gagar in India we call it as River gagar whereas hakra it is the word used in Pakistan in Pakistan they call it as River hakra in India we call it as River gagar so this River that is common to both India and Pakistan known as the gagar hakra river it is a branch of the bigger sarasti river that existed in that period now the that means the main river sarasti does not exist but one of its small channel one of its small channel that used to contribute water to that sarasa river which is called as the gagar hakra River still exists now still exists now so only we also call the IBC civilization as gagar hakra civilization also see how many names I have told you so first one I have told you that it is called harapan civilization second it is called indas Valley Civilization Third it is called sarasti civilization and also it is called as the gagar hakra civilization so like that this great civilization that scattered across the large area large area covering today&#39;s Pakistan and India but still this civilization it had got declined after 1750 BC after 1750 BC okay so these are all the various important aspects that are related to Indus Valley Civilization hope you must have understood and enjoyed the topic and in the next video we will be discussing about the next topic of our ancient India okay okay Ma thank you [Music]

Transcript for:Indus Valley Civilization Overview

Transcript for:
Indus Valley Civilization Overview