okay so i was just talking about uh technological innovations which allowed for the agricultural revolution the first one was a heavy plow and the second was the horse of course and then i said that the horse in addition had some inventions that is going to allow it to be used much easier the horse collar so that you can pull one of those heavy plows without choking it and also horseshoes which are not looking like shoes because they don't have feet but anyway uh which allows you to as a horse to walk on places you won't normally do it because uh you know in the winter time my feet crack imagine if you're a horse most definitely uh so you need to have shoes on before this they didn't need them because they were in the nice climates of the mediterranean at least that's what i hear i've never tried to walk around barefoot in the mediterranean but someday so here's a great tapestry of the horse with the collar and i presume but don't know if they have the horseshoes on pulling a heavy plow i'm not exactly sure why they decided to just throw the seeds out there don't they ever learn that you should actually dig a little hold and put the seeds in but that's beside the point anyway here's a magazine that's interesting and the magazines trying to argue like so many people do is politically correct to do so that we should not call the dark ages the dark ages we should call them the medieval age uh that and that is because they had some great technological inventions such as their argument uh the heavy plow and the um the use of the horse of course they also have this thing on the picture which i don't know much about but it seems pretty awesome i mean i wish i knew more about this one so anyway how's it going there we go and that's what this article from the national geographic history is i really like those i stopped subscribing to it because i found that they were piling up and i was getting a little bit behind and i always feel guilty that way okay so the third invention is actually more scientific and less technological and that is dividing the fields into three different fields and then eventually four different fields a rotational system which allows you to uh let one of them go fallow but in this case you let it let animals graze on it so that you can add nutrients into the soil now another part of this is putting uh food in that adds nitrogen into the soil did i say that right nitrogen i didn't do very good my botany class in college right things like peas and beans and stuff will add good nutrients to the soil and i read an article about or did i or watch a video on it about why that is and it still didn't make sense to me but i know it does it's very good i already talked about this how it moves to shift to the north right okay one of the problems is that they're very expensive now if you are a farmer and you're like well i'd like to buy a tractor you're like how much does it cost like 75 000 i don't know how much they cost i know they're a lot right you might not be able to afford it uh so you're like well what could we do you have two options number one is you could have communal property you could say we'll all pull our resources and we'll all share it i don't know if this is the beginnings but it could be coincidental that europe began to hold things in common common property uh in in spanish it's gonna be called ajidos uh in um i don't know what it's called the rest of europe common property right uh and so everybody owns it together and then 200 years goes by and you're like well why does this whole village share this plow i don't know we just always have all right then another uh option would be a minority system you might have a lord of the matter that says well i can afford one i will allow you to use it in exchange for something or i will use it in exchange for something usually your loyalty and then pretty soon 100 years 200 years goes by and you're like how did it become serfs to this guy i don't know you just did a new research in history is trying to figure out the beginnings of serfdom and they're finding that it was different everywhere right you can't just lump them into one but anyway my point of course is that systems develop in addition to more food such as a manner system up a manor house up here here's a pasture it's a workshop owned by the lord of the manor watermelon owned by the lord of the manor church owned by the lord of the manor here's the serf's houses and in this case it's kind of unique now this is not necessarily accurate this particular one here i stole from somewhere you have a one field two field and then a third field but then you also have a pasture and so this is even more advanced so of course the lord of the matter is going to have to protect you in exchange for whatever so then you begin to be lunchers you may or may not know that we are the lancers at usc lancaster yay uh and in this case here uh you're gonna have a lancer that's going to go and protect you if any bad guys come this is not a historically accurate 100 this little toy here because this right here the horn right here holding on it might not have been like that because you have so many clothes you're gonna have to have a back a back on this one like my atv so that if i fall backwards then i don't fall off the atv thank goodness that would not be good uh but anyway in order to use this you're going to have to have the stirrup you know why because you got to stir up a lot of trouble that's true it was invented by the chinese in 5th century i don't know how it got here but it got here and so then they begin to use a stirrup well this means that they can use more and more armor and then they can go and fight and you go to where you need to and you can stay on the horse if you need to you fall get off the horse or whatever ah this is pretty awesome so in other words the way warfare was fought is you had a few knights and shining armors that will protect you with all this new technological gizmos they have here you don't have a huge army no you got a group of knights fighting against another group of knights and that's the way you're gonna fight wars i'm gonna skip this part all the way this is very interesting one of the things that those knights are going to decide to do now that they have a little bit more money i say you know what i want to do jerusalem used to be a christian kingdom and then i was taken over by islam let's take it back okay fine i don't know if i would say that it used to be a christian kingdom but there were christians there and there still were at this time christians but anyway so they went on crusades through the 11th and 12th centuries 13th centuries it's interesting the first one uh they were victorious for a little while yay uh but the second and the third and the fourth and the fifth and the sixth and the seventh and the eighth and the ninth they all lost well that sucks they finally gave up they should have given up after the first couple but who am i don't give up all right well when they went on crusades the reason why i'm emphasizing this is that they're going to trade uh with the people that they're fighting and what i mean by this is um when you go down there to the middle east anywhere in the middle east right and then you try to conquer an area you might conquer a village and then you take everything you see has booties of war or however you say it right and then you bring it home and books are super expensive so they stole a lot of things such as books and they brought them back imagine come back to say england and they're like hey pastor kim i don't know why it's pastor kim but you know anyway uh what did you bring back from the holy land i brought by this book well what is this book i don't know it's written in arabic i don't read this but i know it's valuable so i brought it back oh that's great i have a friend that reads arabic i'll find him so the friend comes by he might be a convert from islam or something and it's like oh that is a person named aristotle oh my goodness can you translate it for me i'll pay you sure so you translate then all of a sudden you have aristotle you don't have the original they've been lost but now you have translation of very famous important books so the crusades cause a sharing of technologies and ideas such as knowledge of ancient greek and roman texts that's my point oh that's a good point to kill him thank you thank you very good point all right here is the point again increase of agriculture has now led to an increase of population including the population that decided to commit slaughter by going on the crusades but anyway they brought back knowledge that was beneficial many of those people decide they don't want to live in the countryside they moved to the city and you might remember that i'm stealing this slide from when we talked about china they moved to the cities that create large urban centers and in the urban centers they can't all be farmers anymore they're going to engage in trade and manufacturing getting new jobs which is always good for example just an example paris in 1400 had a population of done 280 000 people which was an enormous city for the time okay if you're going to build a city are you going to have to build uh the religious structures especially called churches you know there were churches be previously made out of wood but they were all destroyed thanks to the vikings the magyars and the islamic invasions mostly the vikings and the magyars but uh so they started rebuilding cities the cities are gonna be built there's a big spree great book to read for fun is called the pillars of the earth it's also been made into a mini series but i haven't looked to see if it's still available from netflix or not i never watched the miniseries but i did like the book uh i don't know anyway and the whole book is about a family that comes to uh mytho uh made up town in england and in england they um build cathedrals that's that that's the whole thing it's all about building cathedrals you're like how could you make a book that if somebody reads it is 40 hours of reading and make it interesting they did very interesting and these cathedrals are going to be built in a style called gothic so write down the architectural styles called gothic called gothic because remember the roman empire was invaded by goths so later on people said this style is ugly like the goths that invaded the roman empire okay whatever uh i like gothic uh architecture i don't think it's ugly at all and it's beautiful i love it between 1180 and 1270 in france alone the following were built 80 cathedrals 500 abbey churches tens of thousands of parish churches in other words which you are down they're built in gothic style the gothic style is very influential great technology uh for example remember how important the roman arch was how about you double it if one was good two is better in case this case the roman arch comes straight down into a pointed arch now that's awesome now this particular image you see in front of you is not historically accurate 100 because of two reasons number one uh the um um wallpaper was put on after much later that is not a gothic style that's some pretty ugly wallpaper in my humble opinion and light bulbs were added to this structure afterwards but the building structure is gothic and deep super important um on the sides of them to keep the walls up because they're now made out of brick and i used to think that brick they're never going to burn but one of these great gothic structures the cathedral of notre dame did indeed burn so darn it but flying buttresses to hold them up and you can see in this image the washington cathedral is um a type of gothic it's not truly gothic though and that is because in this case they use cement and rebar and in this case they might have used a form of cement but not rebar so it's a little bit different but these flying buttresses to keep them up which i think is cool this image is not showing up uh so if you went wanted to see some type of gothic structure go to dc and they have the smithsonian castle this is actually right across the mall from the smithsonian museum it's a beautiful castle and it's also fyi a great place to a little cafeteria in here if you want to get away from the hubbub of everybody else it's pretty awesome it's called gothic revival right so it's not truly gothic as you can see because they use different technologies in the modern period than they did a thousand years ago not quite a thousand but a long time ago one of the things they have on the sides this great piece of gothic structure is a ribbed vault on these sites and that's because you have the high mass that's going to be in the middle but then you have low masses so this goes to an area for low masses but it's also the use of the pointed arches here but also it's very good i'm very bad at it i tried to draw this or or paint it i try to i like using who cares why anyway i couldn't do it right i just mine looked terrible but it's a really good look of another idea that's coming about called ah what is that already anyway um one point perspective right so that you can uh figure out uh how everything goes to the middle like a road disappear so and here's a church that i used to go to in sao paulo here the cathedral of sao paulo built in that that structure okay let's hold on a second and pause this and we'll come back