A&P Semester 2 Final Study Guide

Final Exam Overview

• Format: All multiple choice.
• Content:
  • 5-7 questions from Units 5, 6, 7, 8, and 10. Questions are derived from previous tests.
  • Half of the exam questions will be from Unit 9.
  • Important: Review homework questions, discussion questions (DQs), and quiz questions.

Unit 5: Nervous System

1. Major Divisions of the Nervous System
   • Central Nervous System (CNS)
   • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
2. Anatomy of a Neuron
   • Include structures such as dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, and synapse. Sketching is recommended.
3. Function of Myelin Sheath
   • Increases speed of nerve impulse transmission and provides protection.
4. Physiology of Nerve Impulse
   • Signal transmission at synapses.
5. Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Systems
   • Compare effects on the body.

Unit 6: Sensory Systems

Sight

1. Rods vs. Cones
   • Function differences.
2. Pathway of Light Through Eye
   • Trace light from cornea to retina.

Hearing

3. Ear Structure Identification
   • External, middle, and internal ear components: auricle/pinna, ear canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals, auditory/eustachian tube, vestibulocochlear nerve.

Smell/Taste

6. Olfactory and Taste Receptors
   • Location, structure, and function.
7. Five Basic Taste Sensations

Unit 7: Cardiovascular System

1. Heart Anatomy
   • Label the parts.
2. Blood Flow Through the Heart
   • Description and tracing required.
3. Heart Imbalances
   • Define tachycardia, bradycardia, myocardial infarction.
   • Leading cause of death in the US.
4. Blood Pressure
   • Definition and factors affecting it.

Unit 8: Respiratory System

1. Respiratory Passageways
   • From nasal cavity to alveoli. Include function and labeling.
2. Breathing Rate and Depth
   • Importance of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
3. Mechanics of Breathing
   • Inspiration and expiration processes.
   • Volume and pressure changes, diaphragm role.
4. Conditions: COPD, Emphysema, Asthma
   • Impact of smoking/vaping, effects on cilia.

Unit 9: Reproductive System

1. Common Purpose of Reproductive Organs

Male Reproductive System

2. Structure Identification
   • Organs and their functions.
   • Endocrine and exocrine products of the testes.
   • Definitions: spermatogenesis, sperm structure, acrosome role.
   • Effects of FSH and LH.

Female Reproductive System

3. Structure Identification
   • Function of each organ.
   • Definitions: endometrium, myometrium, ovulation, implantation.
   • Definitions: oogenesis, influence of FSH and LH.
   • Menstrual cycle phases and hormonal control.

Pregnancy and Embryonic Development

4. Definitions
   • Fertilization, implantation.
   • Labor initiation and stages.
   • Pregnancy duration and parturition.
5. Pregnancy and STI Prevention

Unit 10: Digestive System (Juniors only)

1. Digestion Definition
2. Steps of Digestion
3. Chemical and Mechanical Digestion Examples
4. Organ Functions
   • Pathway and functions.
5. Accessory Organs
   • Salivary gland, gallbladder, liver.
6. Macromolecule Digestion
   • Enzymes: lipase, amylase, protease.