Cellular Networks and Mobile Communication

Introduction

• Mobile phones use cellular networks.
• Term 'cellular' refers to geographic division into cells.
• Antennas at cell edges maintain connectivity.

Generations of Cellular Networks

2G Networks

• Standards:
  • GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)
  • CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
• GSM:
  • Dominated 90% of the world market.
  • Standard in the European Union.
  • Used by AT&T and T-Mobile in the US.
  • SIM card feature allows easy transfer of phone configurations.
• CDMA:
  • Used by Verizon and Sprint in the US.
  • Involves code filtering for communication.
  • Less popular globally.

3G Networks

• Introduced in 1998.
• Enhanced data capabilities and speed.
• Support for GPS, mobile TV, and video/audio streaming.

4G/LTE Networks

• LTE (Long Term Evolution):
  • Converged GSM and CDMA standards.
  • Based on GSM and EDGE technology.
  • Speeds up to 150 Mbps.
• LTE Advanced (LTE-A):
  • Speeds up to 300 Mbps.

5G Networks

• Introduced in 2020.
• Potential speeds up to 10 Gbps.
• Current speeds between 100-900 Mbps.
• Benefits IoT devices with enhanced connectivity.
• Allows larger file transfers and improved app capabilities.

Mobile Device Updates

• Operating System Updates:
  • PRL (Preferred Roaming List) updates via OTA (Over-The-Air).
• Wi-Fi Hotspot:
  • Phones can act as data routers using cellular networks.
  • Wi-Fi hotspot capability may have additional provider costs.

Conclusion

• Advances in cellular technology have significantly increased mobile device capabilities.
• Understanding network types and updates is crucial for optimizing mobile phone use.