Something you see a lot when doing thermodynamics, especially problems involving the first law, are what are called PV diagrams. Now the P stands for pressure, and the V stands for volume, and this gives you a diagram of what the pressure and volume are at any given instant. So what does this mean?
Well imagine you had a container full of a gas, and there's a movable piston on top. Piston can move up or down. changing the amount of volume, right?
This is the volume we're talking about, is the volume within here. So that movable piston can change that amount of volume, and that would change the amount of pressure inside, depending on what heat is added, how much work is done. So let's say we started with a certain amount of volume. Right, let's say we start with that much volume, and the pressure inside is probably not zero. If there's any gas inside, it can't be zero.
And so we come over to here. Let's say we start at this point right here. Now what do we do? I know if I push the piston down, my volume decreases.
And if I pull the piston up, my volume increases. So if I push the piston down, I know volume goes down. That means on this graph, I'm going that way. Piston going down means decreasing volume.
What about piston going up? Well, if the piston goes up, then my volume's increasing. and I know on my graph, I'd better be going to the right.
Now, maybe I'm going up and right, maybe I'm going down and right. All I know is my volume better be increasing, so this is increasing volume, that's increasing volume, that's increasing volume, this is not increasing volume. So I know if my piston goes up, my volume increases, I gotta be going to the rightward in some way on this graph, and if my piston goes down, I better be going to the left on this graph somehow.
Now what happens to the pressure? You gotta know a little more detail about it, but. but just knowing the direction of the piston, that lets you know which way you go on this graph. So say I push the piston down.
Say I push it down really fast, what do you think's gonna happen to the pressure? Pressure's probably gonna go up. How would I represent that? Well, volume's gotta go down, pressure would have to go up, so I might take a path that looks something like this. Volume's gotta go down to the left, pressure's gotta go up, so maybe it does something like that.
There's really infinitely many ways the gas could get from one state to another. It could take any possible range. and unless you know the exact details, it's hard to say exactly what's gonna happen. So there's infinitely many possibilities on this diagram.
You can loop around, it's not like a function. You can do something like this. This gas can take some crazy path through this PV diagram. There's infinitely many ways it can take.
But there are four thermodynamic processes that are most commonly represented on a PV diagram. Again, these are not the only four possibilities. These are just the four that are Kind of the simplest to deal with mathematically, and they're often a good representation, an accurate approximation to a lot of processes. So, the math's good, they work pretty well, we talk about them a lot. The first one is called an isobaric process.
Iso means constant, so whenever you see iso before something, it means constant, whatever follows next. And this one's isobaric. Baric? Well, bar, that's a unit of pressure. So, baric is talking about pressure.
Isobaric. means constant pressure. So how do you represent this on a PV diagram?
Well, if you want to maintain constant pressure, you can't go up or down, because if I were to go up, my pressure would be increasing. If I were to go down, my pressure would be decreasing. The only option available is to go along a horizontal line.
So this would be an iso, well sometimes they're called isobars. an isobar for short. This is an isobar.
This is an isobaric expansion if I go to the right because I know volume's increasing. And if I go to the left, it'd be an isobaric compression because volume would be decreasing. But it doesn't have to be in this particular spot. It could be anywhere on this PV diagram.
Any horizontal line is gonna be an isobar, an isobaric process. Now I bring up the isobaric process first because it allows me to show something important that's true of every process that's just easier to see for the isobaric process. In physics, the area under the curve often represents something significant. And that's gonna be true here as well.
Let's try to figure out what the area under this curve represents. So first of all, to find the area of this rectangle, we know it's gonna be the height times the width. What's the height? The height's just the pressure.
Right, the value of this pressure over here is gonna be the height, and the width is the change in volume. So if I started with V initial and I end with V final, let's say it was the expansion instead of the compression, this V final minus V initial, this delta V, is going to represent the width of this rectangle. So we know area is going to be the value of the pressure times the change in the volume.
Well, what does that mean? We know that pressure, we know the definition of pressure, pressure's just the force per area. So, on this gas, the amount of Force exerted on it per area and the change in volume.
What do we know is the volume? What how could I represent the volume in here? I know this piston has some area so there's some area that this piston has, and then there's a certain height. This inner cylinder of volume in here has a certain height and then a certain area, so we know the volume is just height times area, so it'd be height times the area of the piston.
Which of these is changing in this process? Well, the area's not changing. If the area of this piston changed, it either let some of the gas out or it would bust through the sides of the cylinder, both of which we're assuming is not happening. so I can pull area out of this delta sign since the area's constant.
And what I get is F times A over A times the change in the height. Well, the A cancel. A cancels A and I get F times the change in the height. But look it, this is just force times the distance.
Times the distance by which this height changes. So delta H will be the amount by which this piston goes up or down and we know force times the distance by which you apply that force is just the work. So now we know.
The area under this isobaric process represents the work done either on the gas or by the gas depending on which way you're going. So this area is the work. This area, the value of this area equals the amount of work done on the gas or by the gas.
How do you figure out which? Well, technically this area represents the work done by the gas because if we're talking about a positive area, mathematically, That means moving to the right, like on a graph in math class. The area, positive area, you're moving to the right. So if we want to be particular and precise, we'll say that this is a process moving to the right. And we know if the volume is going up, like this graph is going to the right, which means volume's increasing, we know the gas is doing work.
So technically, this area is the work done by the gas. You can see that as well, since this is P delta V. If your delta V comes out positive, Pressure's always positive. If your delta V comes out positive, the volume's increasing. That means work is being done by the gas.
So you have to be careful. If you calculate this P delta V and you go to your first law equation, which remember says delta U is Q plus W, well, you can't just plug in the value of P delta V. This is the work done by the gas, so you have to plug in negative that value for the work done. And also, correspondingly, if you were to go to the left, if you did have a process, that went to the left, that is to say, the volume was decreasing.
If you find this area and you're careful, then you'll get a negative delta V if you're going leftward because you'll end with a smaller value for the volume than you started with. So if you really treat the left one as the final, because that's where you end up if you're going left, and the rightward one is the initial, your leftward final point will be smaller. than your initial point, you will get a negative value here. So again, you plug in negative of that negative value, you'll get your positive work, because positive work's being done on the gas.
That sounds very complicated. Here's what I do, quite honestly. I just look at the shape, I find the area, I do the magnitude of the height, right, the size of it, no negatives, the size of the width, no negatives. I multiply the two, and then I just look.
Am I going to the left? If I'm going to the left, I know my work is positive. If I'm going to the right, I know my work is negative that I plug into here. So I just add the negative sign in.
Makes it easier for me to understand. So I said that this works for any process. How is that so?
If I take some random process, I'm not gonna get a nice rectangle. How is this true? Well, if I did take a random process from one point to another, Say I took this crazy path here, even though it's not a perfect rectangle, I can break it up into small rectangles. I can take this, break this portion up into, if I make the rectangle small enough, I can approximate any area as the summation of a whole bunch of little rectangles. And look at each one of these rectangles.
Well, P delta V, that's the area underneath for that one. Add them all up, I get the total area underneath. So even though it might be difficult to find this area, it's always true that if I could find this area under any process, this area does represent the work done, and again, it's by the gas. So in other words, using the formula, work done by the gas, that we had previously equals P times delta V. That works for one small little rectangle, and you can add all those up, but it won't work for the entire process. If you tried to use the, say, initial pressure times the total change in volume, that's not gonna give you an exact answer.
That's assuming you have one big rectangle. So this formula won't work for the whole. whole process, but we do know if you have an isobaric process, if it really is an isobaric process, Then we can rewrite the first law.
The first law says that delta U equals Q plus work done on the gas. Well, we know a formula for the work done by the gas. Work done by the gas is P delta V. So the work done on the gas is just negative P times delta V. Here's a formula for the first law if you happen to have an isobaric process.
So an isobaric process is pretty nice. It gives you an exact way to find the work done. since the area underneath is a perfect rectangle. But how would you physically set up an isobaric process in the lab? Well, imagine this.
Let's say you heat up this cylinder. You allow heat to flow in. That would tend to increase the pressure, so the only way we could maintain constant pressure, because an isobaric process maintains constant pressure, if I want the pressure to stay the same as heat flows in, I better let this piston move upwards. While I add heat, I can maintain constant pressure. In fact, you might think, that's complicated.
How are you gonna do that exactly? It's not so bad. Just allow the piston to come into equilibrium with whatever atmospheric pressure plus the weight of this piston is.
So there's a certain pressure down from the outside, and then there's the weight of the piston divided by the area gives another pressure. This heat will try to make the pressure increase, but if you just allow this system to come into equilibrium with the outside pressure, the inside pressure's always gonna equal the outside pressure, because if it's not equal, this piston will move up or down accordingly. So if this piston can move freely, it'll maintain a constant pressure, and that would be a way to physically ensure that the pressure remains constant and you have an isobaric process. I'll explain the next three thermodynamic processes in the next video.