Ascaris lumbricoides and filarial worms are parasites in the same phylum. Discuss the biology of each, emphasizing their different types of parasitism Ascaris lumbricoides are gut parasites. They live in the respiratory system as juveniles and live in the intestines as adults. They are most common in children as they are contracted by ingesting feces contaminated surfaces. Filarial worms live in lymph nodes and can cause elephantiasis. They are vectored by blood-feeding flies.
Coleoptera, Lidoptera, Diptera, and the Hymenoptera are four orders of which of the following? Apterous, holometabolous, most primitive, aquatic. Holometabolous
Compare and contrast the urinary and reproductive anatomy of male amphibians and reptiles The urinary and reproductive systems in amphibians are more integrated with each other. Urine and sperm both travel along the mesonephric duct. The urinary and reproductive system of reptiles are more separated. Urine travels to the bladder through the metanephric duct and the vas deferens is used for sperm.
Define Acoelomate Lacks a coelom/body cavity. Eucoelomates have a lined body cavity. Pseudocoelomates have a body cavity that is not lined.
Define alternate leaves Leaves alternate left and right on stem. Forms spiral pattern, one leaf per node.
Define axillary bud Has potential to develop into a branch, flower, or leaf shoot.
Define bottleneck Near extinction event for a population or species. Founders are survivors and their genetics will shape the future population.
Define cephalothorax Body part found in phylum Arthropoda. Spider body divided into cephalothorax and abdomen .
Define chelicerae Mouthparts in subphylum Chelicerata. Act as fangs in spiders.
Define dikaryotic Cell contains two nuclei. Mushrooms in basidiomycota are formed by dikaryotic cells. Eukaryotes have one nucleus in each cell.
Define gastrocoel Primitive gut cavity. First internal cavity that forms in embryo. Eventually develops into the digestive tract
Define hemimetabolous Incomplete metamorphosis in phylum Arthropoda. Do not have a pupal stage.
Define intermediate host Typically houses juveniles. Typical intermediate hosts for flukes are snails. The definitive host ones after the intermediate host and houses adults that are able to reproduce.
Define mantle Structure in bivalves, creates layers, located inside of the shell.
Define Medusa Free-swimming jellyfish in phylum Cnidaria use sexual reproduction.
Define meristematic Tissue where cell division and growth occurs. Apical meristems increase length of plant. Lateral meristem increase girth of plant.
Define motor neuron One of the neuron types in the peripheral nervous system. Provide voluntary control of skeletal muscle. The other types are sensory and autonomic.
Define mycosis Fungal infection. Pathogen. Individuals with weakened immune systems are susceptible.
Define pentadactyl Five fingers or toes on a limb. Characteristic of all tetrapods.
Define phylogeny Studies the evolutionary history of a species or group based of common ancestors. Phylogenetic trees show connections.
Define sarcomere Formed by alternating layers of actin and myosin. A part of the muscular system. Sliding of actin and myosin creates contraction of muscle fibers.
Define specific epithet The second Latin word of binomen in a species' scientific name following the genus name.
Define Sporophyte Diploid generation, dominant generation in seedless vascular plants. Gametophyte is haploid generation.
Define stamen Male reproductive part of a flower. Composed of anther and filament.
Define stobilus Cone-like structure. Hold seeds of pollen in gymnosperms.
Define systematics Taxonomy based on phylogeny. Taxa must be monophyletic. Examines morphology and evolutionary history.
Define thallus Leaf-like structure in bryophytes. Lack vascular tissue.
Define water potential Osmotic potential and pressure create water potential. Determines if and where water will flow.
Describe and give three examples of causes of reproductive isolation that can lead to speciation. Mechanical isolation occurs when there is incompatible reproductive anatomy across species (fleas have genitalia that only fit with members of their own species). Behavioral isolation is caused by differences in mating behaviors (some birds only respond to their own species' song). Temporal isolation occurs when species reproduce at different times (example periodical cicadas)
Describe the chronological order of three major methods of cell metabolism during the pre-Paleozoic. Why did they occur in that particular order? What was the environmental impact of each? Anaerobic fermentation occurred first because there was no oxygen in the atmosphere. Photosynthesis came after, sunlight was the energy source which created oxygen in the atmosphere. Aerobic respiration took place next because there was now oxygen which allowed for diversification.
Describe the primary means of defense used by sponges Spicules made of silica or calcium carbonate protect sponges from being eaten.
Discuss at least two mechanisms of evolution other than natural selection. Define each and give examples. Genetic drift is completely random and occurs when genes in the gene pool are removed due to unpredicted events like bugs being run over. Gene flow happens when alleles from an individual in one population are transferred to another individual in another population through immigration or emigration or hybridization (example: black capped chickadee mates with a Carolina chickadee)
Discuss symplastic and apoplastic transport in plants. What are these and where do they occur? Symplastic transport goes from cell to cell through cytoplasm. Cells are connected by channels called plasmodesmata. Symplastic transport is slow and more selective. Apoplastic transport travels through cell walls and is faster but less selective. Tracheids are used to transport large amounts of water.
Discuss the anatomy and biology of members of the Ctenophora. What have recent studies of DNA suggested regarding this organisms? Comb jellies have radial symmetry and have triploblastic embryo. They have comb plates for locomotion and use colloblast cells to capture prey. Recent studies have suggested that members of the Ctenophora could have diverged before sponges.
Discuss the characteristics and major groups of the Bilateria. Give examples and features of each of those major groups. Members of the Bilateria have bilateral symmetry and 3 germ layers. Members of Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa are protostomes so the mouth forms before the anus during embryonic development. Members of Deuterostomia are deuterostomes so the anus forms before the mouth during embryonic development (humans). Ecdysozoa is characterized by shedding/molting their skin (insects). Lophotrochozoa is characterized by trochophore larval stage and lophophore feeding structure (earthworms).
Discuss the general characteristics and biology of angiosperms, focusing on how they are different than members of other major plant groups. Angiosperms are flowering plants that are unique in having an endosperm formed from double fertilization. They are the most diverse major plant group. Flowers are used for reproduction, leaves used for photosynthesis, true roots are used for water absorption and anchoring. They can be pollinated by wind and animals. Gymnosperms, bryophytes, and seedless vascular plants do not produce flowers or have double fertilization. Bryophytes do not have true leaves or roots. Seedless vascular plants reproduce using spores. The sporophyte generation in angiosperms is dominant.
Discuss the major types of blood vessels of the human body, including the characteristics and functions of each. Arteries take blood away from the heart and have thick walls of smooth tissue. Veins take blood back to the heart and have thin walls of smooth muscles. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels that exchange gas with tissues, they do not have smooth tissue.
Discuss the mammalian Infraclasses Prototheria and Metatheria. What are the features (especially reproductive) of each? Infraclass Prototheria are oviparous mammals that includes the order Monotremata. Order Monotremata consists of Echidna, platypus, and spiny anteater. Infraclass Metatheria viviparous mammals and include several orders of marsupials (opossums, kangaroos, and wombats).
Discuss the periods and biological and geological events of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras, in chronological order. Mesozoic: Triassic period characterized by early dinosaurs and the earliest mammals. Jurassic Period characterized by the first birds and was a period dominated by dinosaurs. Cretaceous period: Pangaea began to break up, species became. Isolated, ended with mass extinctions. Cenozoic era tertiary period: no more dinosaurs, rapid diversification of mammals. Quaternary period: human evolution and mass extinctions
Discuss two relationships that fungi have with other organisms. How does each member of those symbiotic partnerships benefit? Fungi have a symbiotic relationship with plant roots (Mycorrhizae) The fungus provides roots with water and nutrients and the fungus receives sugar in return. Leaf cutter ants and fungi also have a symbiotic relationship. Leaf cutter ants bring plant material to the fungi to consume and digest the cellulose and then the ants eat the fungi
How do allopatric and sympatric speciation differ? What is each? Sympatric speciation occurs within the same environment and allopatric speciation occurs when members of the same species become isolated from the rest due to a physical barrier. In both cases the separation creates divergence.
If the allele frequency for allele f is 25% or 1/4 of all copies, then what proportion of individuals ff, assuming there are only two alleles (F and f) present? 1/4 x 1/4 = 1/16
In what ways are annelids like arthropods and in what ways are they different? They are both Eucoelomates and protostomes. They both have segmented body parts. Annelida do not have an exoskeleton like arthropods. Arthropods have jointed appendeges, annelids do not. Annelids have a closed circulatory system while arthropods have an open circulatory system.
In what ways are natural selection and evolution not the same thing? Natural selection is a mechanism of evolution and occurs on an individual level. Evolution is change over time within a population or group.
List two of the three classes of crustaceans we discussed in class Class malacostraca and class Maxillopoda.
Marchantia Liverwort belonging to bryophyte group. Require water for reproduction. Has no vascular tissue.
Number each of the following events (2-6) of the cardiac cycle in correct order.
Blood enters via the vena cavae, blood leaves the right atrium, blood enters left atrium, blood gets fully oxygenated, blood passes through the pulmonary veins, blood passes the tricuspid valve. 1. Blood enters via the vena cavae
2. Blood leaves the right atrium
3. Blood passes the tricuspid valve
4. Blood gets fully oxygenated
5.Blood passes through the pulmonary veins.
6. Blood enters left atrium
Permian extinctions Worst extinction event. 90% extinction rate. Happened before Mesozoic era.
Reptiles first became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates during the Permian period
Shrimp and lobster belong to which of the following groups? Hexapods, pentapods, decapods, or tetrapods. Decapods
Stamens and carpels are modified: Leaves
The age of the mammals is called the: Cenozoic era
The contraction of what muscle results in inhalation Diaphragm
The supercontinent Pangaea formed during the: Permian period
Theory of natural selection Mechanism of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace. Individuals with genes that make them better suited to their environment will survive and pass those genes to their offspring.
What are alveoli and how does their anatomy improve their performance They are air sacs that branch off of bronchioles in the lungs. Their thin walls allow O2 to pass through easier.
What is the attractive force between water and certain solids, such as cellulose and glass? Adhesion
What is the connection between nitrogen deficiency in soybean plants and the presence of Soybean Cyst Nematodes. Soybean cyst nematodes leech nutrients from nitrogen fixing bacteria in soybean roots.
What is the difference between simple and complex tissue? Simple tissue is made up of one cell type. Complex tissue is made up of two or more types of cell
What is the function of colloblasts in comb jellies? Capture prey
What is the function of trichomes on the surface of a plant leaf? Protect leaves from being eaten
What is the spermatheca? Part of the female reproductive system that stores sperm.
What types of fungi traditionally have been placed in the Phylum Deuteromycota? Fungi with unknown reproductive characteristics/ unidentifiable fungi.
When do arthropods first appear in the fossil record? Paleozoic era, Cambrian period
Which of the following is a phylum consisting of only one known species? Protozoa, Anthozoa, Placozoa, Annelida. Phylum Placozoa
Which of the following is NOT a major region of the trilobite body: head, thorax, abdomen, pygidium. Abdomen
Which of the following is the most primitive phylum? Annelida, Poifera, Tardigrada, Ctenophora. Porifera (sponges)
Which of the following is true about the transport of auxins? Through the stomata, through the phloem, through the xylem, through the pith ground tissue. Through the phloem
Which of the following is true regarding osmotic potential in plants? Plants manipulate osmotic potential to deliver carbon dioxide to cells, solutes decrease the osmotic potential below zero, it is a major contributor to cohesion in stem tissues, gravity increases the osmotic potential. Solutes decrease the osmotic potential below zero.
Which of the following species is a freshwater jellyfish? Craspedacusta sowerbii, Parus major, clonorchis sinensis, latrodectus mactans Craspedacusta sowerbii.
Which of the following was NOT part of the Theory of Catastrophism credited to Georges Cuvier? Mass extinction occurring periodically through geologic time, species change through time, fossils represent remains of prehistoric life, original divine creation of all species. Species change through time