Automated and Emerging Technologies

Overview

• Course: IGCSE Computer Science (Cambridge)
• Topic: Automated Systems
• Sections:
  • Automated Systems
  • Robotics
  • Artificial Intelligence

Automated Systems

• Definition: Combination of software and hardware (sensors, microprocessors, actuators) designed to operate automatically without human intervention.
• Examples: Self-driving trains, Tesla factory robots.
• Applications:
  • Industry
  • Weather Monitoring
  • Transport
  • Agriculture
  • Lighting
  • Science
  • Gaming

Key Components

• Sensors: Input devices that take readings from the environment and convert data to digital format using ADC (Analog to Digital Converter).
• Microprocessors: Process data collected from sensors.
• Actuators: Devices (e.g., motors) control objects or perform actions based on microprocessor instructions.

Real-World Applications

1. Manufacturing of Painkillers (e.g., Paracetamol)

• Processes:
  • Mixing of ingredients (powder form).
  • Formation of solid tablets.
• System Components: Sensors, actuators, software, central computer.
• Advantages:
  • Faster and safer than humans.
  • Consistent optimum conditions.
  • Higher productivity, efficient material use.
  • Long-term cost savings.
• Disadvantages:
  • Expensive initial setup.
  • Requires rigorous testing.
  • Potential safety implications from unforeseen conditions.
  • Needs specialist maintenance.
  • Vulnerable to cyber attacks.

2. Fizzy Drinks Factory

• Process:
  • Ingredients mixed and stirred.
  • Bottling with added CO2, capping, and labeling.
• Automation Process:
  • Sensors and actuators monitor and control the production line.
  • Continuous process capable of operating 24/7.
• Advantages:
  • Faster and more consistent than human operators.
  • Higher productivity, cost-effective.
  • Reduced wastage.
• Disadvantages:
  • Initial cost and need for testing.
  • Maintenance needs and cyber security risks.

3. Automated Weather Stations

• Purpose: Gather data from remote regions, e.g., near airports.
• Components: Microprocessor, storage, database, sensors, solar power.
• Process:
  • Data from sensors processed for daylight, rainfall, wind direction.
  • Automatic updates for pilots.
• Unique Feature: Tipping bucket rain gauge activated by actuators.

Summary Statements

• Automated systems result in consistent and reliable products.
• Higher setup cost compared to manual systems but cost-effective long term.
• Automated systems handle large amounts of data efficiently.
• Generally safer and maintain optimal operating conditions.
• Require enhanced maintenance and are prone to cyber threats.
• React quickly to unusual conditions compared to manual systems.

Conclusion

• Automated systems offer significant advantages in efficiency, consistency, and safety.
• Despite initial costs, they provide long-term benefits and productivity improvements.
• Continued development in this area is crucial for technological advancement.