in this section we're going to look at how the nature of warfare changed between 1500 to 1700 so the early modern period of English History there are big changes partly to do with the fact that armies became more trained full-time and more expensive but also big change in Weaponry in the development of cannons and muskets and that changed the tactics and strategies of different armies so we start off by looking at the size and composition of armies in this time the size of armies increased massively from 1650 onwards with the size of the wars for rather than individual battles at the Battle of Landon 1693 there were 130,000 soldiers fighting but that only made up 25% of the people involved in this war in what is now Belgium the composition of the armies changed regularly depending on types of battles for commanders still look for a ratio of roughly two to one of infantry to Cavalry but it depended on whether there were sieges or attacking towns and the types of battles being fought the armies now included artillery and Pioneers to support them but as I said it was roughly still 2:1 infantry to Cavalry in general now as we saw before cannons had been invented before this period but was in this period they start to become used more and more in battle at first they were still unused in sieges as they were large and unwieldy and difficult to transport around however gradually field artillery got lighter and was developed and used to fight in actual Battles by the 1630s armies in Europe were used in Cannon and these armies included some British mercenaries or British regiments sometimes up to 90 cannon in one battle although these British soldiers came back to England they're not able to use them in Britain at first as a technology had not developed to build high quality Cannon and the roads were not good enough to move them around however during the English Civil War both things developed and Cannon began to be used we also see the continuing trend of the dominance of the Pike in battle and in the English armies there's a change from Billman to Pikeman so the English government decided to replace their Billman with armored Pikeman and if you remember a bill was a sort of spear which was up to 2 m long with a hook on the end for hooking Cavalry off their horses whereas a pike was sometimes twice as long that up to 4.5 M long with a spear on the end Pikeman began to be better equipped they would have a metal helmet and back and breast so metal front bit of armor and back bit of armor and be armed with a pike 4.5 M long and actually they were copying the considered Invincible Swiss pipeman who won many battles from the 1470s onwards however at the Battle of baka in 1522 Swiss Pik men were defeated by muskets so units of Pikeman were interspersed with Musketeers as well to defend them they have a big change in weapons particularly for the English was moving from long bows to muskets now development of the matchlock musket start to take over from the longbo in the English army in many ways this was quite surprising because the muskets were still very heavy in fact they needed a rest to hold up the end of the gun when they shot they were slow to load firing once only once every 2 minutes and their range was still only 100 m so in some way surprising that they started to take over from the very successful Longbow and the replacement did not happen immediately from the 1520s English units started to be armed with muskets but the government only stopped training new arches in 1595 then therefore the switch from bows to muskets is more of a trend than a single turning point so why did the musket end up replace the Longbow there's a whole variety of reasons to do with Society technology cost and and just new ideas but the main reasons were the changes in farming methods meant less strong laborers who were strong enough to fire the Longbow what happened was Farmers went over to having enclosed Fields with much more land given over to grazing sheep rather than crops so less people needed to work the land meaning less people were strong enough to use the Longbow similarly there was a growth in Towns at this time which were not places where archery was practiced so there were less people in farming who would be practicing archery and could be called upon as longbowman prices had gone up as well due to inflation so people had to work longer hours um and had less time to practice archery technology had developed and guns got better and actually a musket bullet could Pierce most armor um and armor was now high carbon steel which was almost Arrow proof there were new ideas from Europe so the Invincible Swiss pikan were defeated with large groups of muskets so people started to see the benefits of muskets and move over to them and lastly the the cost of musk balls was cheaper than arrows thousands of musket balls could be carried in a barrel whereas a Archer could normally carry up to 24 arrows and each Arrow had to be created by Craftsmen unlike the very simple musket balls the development of firearms also changed the use of Cavalry in the 1540s the pistol was developed to be used by Cavalry on Horseback basically muskets were too difficult to use from horseback so they developed a short range pistol with a wheel lock to spark the gunpowder now cavalary were now lightly armored with pistols and swords and only wore back and breast armor of a helmet by the 1640s and no armor by 1700 and these pistols were very short guns only 30 to 60 cm long and they could be from one hand from the 1540s onward Cavalry were trying to ride close to the enemy shoot their pistols and then ride back to reload so you start to see the continued decline of the mass cavalry charge particularly because of the effectiveness of Pikeman in repelling it you also see the development of the droon or the mounted infantry they were mounted infantry with arubus or Musk cheap horses and no armor and they dismounted to fight now in the 100 Years War the English had used armies completely mounted on Horseback to move around and the Jon was simply a development of that so it wasn't really a new idea but it became very popular in the 16th and 17th century to give you mobile forces they were used to Harry and Skirmish the front lines of the enemy and attack the flanks so they would often ride up come off their horse shoot their guns and then ride away again to hurry in and upset the Enemy by the 1700s this tactic was largely done and they've been turned into standard Cavalry units armored with pistols and swords but the name was still used for these units another development was in artery artillery and fortifications effectively the power of Cannon changed medieval Warfare and meant that armies were able to smash down traditional walls so castle and town walls were no longer good protection so in the early 1500s Italian military engineers developed new walls and worked out how to use cannons for defense so this included the walls being thicker and lower and filled with Earth so that if a cannon did hit it the war could absorb the shock in the earth and would would not just be smashed they also had bastions as you can see in this picture here sticking out from the walls so the Defenders are flanking fire positions for Cannon and muskets to destroy the attackers and lastly they angled the walls so that if a cannon ball did strike it it was much more likely to strike off and these new designs helped fortifications last against cannon fire particularly in the English control towns of bolog bolog and Cal in France in 1530 to 50 they used these defenses to keep away the French of course these developments cost a huge amount of money to build so why did they spend this money these councils and towns made countries harder to invade and Conquer we saw in the 100 Years War how Henry VI F's success was partly based on conquering harlur and having the base in Cal actually controlling castles and towns was still a key tactic at this time the new technology also meant that a small Force could hold up armies for months until they gave up in winter so castles and towns helped a defending Nation fight off their attackers during the siege of grush in Holland in 1629 the Dutch Army of 50,000 took 6 months to defeat the Garrison of 3,000 men due to its modern defenses showing that castles and Siege Warfare were still an important part of battle similarly during the seed of sh of trada in 1649 Oliver Cromwell was not able to defeat the town for four months without Cannon but as soon as his Cannon came he was able to defeat it in six days as they only had old-fashioned medieval walls and they all to smash it down and in this battle it had been 3,000 men defending it against 12,000 men so clearly technology changed the development of fortifications and the use of castles and so most of the strategy in the 1500s and 1600s was still about the control of castles and towns however there were other changes as well the Cavalry still had a role to play but they're much more likely to be like armored Cavalry with pistols or mounted draon infantry rather than the heavy cavalry charge infantry became a combination of Musketeers and pikemen as you can see in this picture here this is because pikemen were very useful could to see off Cavalry and protect the muskets because Cavalry could still ride down Musketeers and Destroy them however Pikeman could be destroyed destroyed by eny enemy Musketeers or by lightly armored Cavalry riding up till they were in range and shooting their pistols so the Musketeers can ensure that Cavalry and Men enemy muskets could not pepper the pipeman from afar now what effectively normally happened was you'd have the muskets standing in front of the Pikes and shooting until the enemy became near then they would form back into the line and take up position along slide or slightly behind the Pikeman so they could shoot at the enemy while the pike kept them at distance technology still also had a large part to play in developing the use of guns in this picture here you can see a difference between a matchlock musket you used at the beginning of this period and the flint lock musket which developed towards the end now matchlock muskets had a slow burning cord which you can see in this picture here which lit the gunpowder and the priming pan when the trigger was pulled pulling it back this caused several problems it meant that they had something burning nearby which is dangerous with all the stocks of gunpowder they kept that the problem of rain rain could make the match go out effectively wiping out the power of your muskets and because they actually had a lit bit of cord on them it gave away their position at night and me they could not sneak up on on any enemies now the flint lock musket was a more effective way of firing a musket the Flint would again when you pull the trigger fall down onto um the steel and then the Sparks would then light in the pan light the gunpowder and fire the musket it was also quicker to load and a lot easier to use in general however they were more delicate more expensive and so only fully adopted in the 1690s as they became developed better and the technology improved the last significant invention was the invention of the bayonet now Musketeers and Pikeman had to be well trained to work together effectively but it's still quite an inefficient way of using your troops effectively at any one point half your Force would not be being used because either they did not have muskets and so they could not fire at the enemy when they were at a distance or they had muskets and so were not very effective in hand to hand fighting the solution was the invention of the baret to turn the musket into a short Pike so a baret is a a dagger or spear end which you attach to the end of your gun and you can use it like a short spear at first these were plug bear Nets which were put in the barrel of the gun after they had finished firing however this caused problems you could not shoot with the plug banet in so effectively they had to fire their guns until the enemy became near stop fit the baronet and then begin fighting now they're charged by Cavalry they might not have this time to put the plug B in so they were not too effective however later on the ring bear net which fixed the outside of the barrel by two rings and then even better the socket baret which would lock on the outside of the of the barrel meant it the baret could be fixed and they became much more widely used however it's interesting because it wasn't just technology that slowed down the use of bare Nets so there issues around the fact that the ring baret and the plug beet were not that easy to use or could slip off or affected the Musketeers but also because banet had to fit exactly it only became more widely used when muskets were all developed at the same time and had the same sizes but lastly certain generals were not happy about the use of beets and felt like muskets and Pikeman should be kept separate rather than having this musketeer with a baret so both technology and social attitudes slowed down the use of the baret so in summary the size of armies increased hugely in this period and composition varied they started to involve artillery and the men to work them so as artillery began to be used by armies both for sieges and later on in battle the improvements in artillery also led to improvements in fortifications as they tried to ensure they could with withstand Cannon and bman were replaced by pikemen and longbows were replaced by muskets during this time heavily army kored cavalry replaced by lightly armored Cavalry with pistols and joms armed with guns who would Dismount to fight and pikemen had to be trained to fight with Musketeers in their ranks so they could protect each other from enemy troops mus Musketeers became more efficient and useful with the invention of the more reliable flint lock masket and the use of the bayonet over time