AP Human Geography Review

Introduction

Summary of all seven units of AP Human Geography.
Goal: Review highlights, understand main concepts.
Recommended resource: Ultimate Review Packet (videos, study guides, quizzes, practice tests).
Community support: Misterson Discord server.

Maps:
- Thematic maps, reference maps, map projections.
- Understanding map distortion (shape, area, distance, direction).
- Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for spatial relationships.
Research Types:
- Quantitative: Census data.
- Qualitative: Attitudes, beliefs, feelings.
Spatial Concepts:
- Technology reducing distance decay.
- Cultural landscape, environmental sustainability.
- Environmental determinism vs. possibilism.
Scale and Scale of Analysis:
- Scale: Viewing Earth's surface (small vs. large scale maps).
- Scale of Analysis: Organization of data (national, local).
Types of Regions:
- Functional/Nodal, Perceptual/Vernacular, Formal/Uniform.

Population Concepts:
- Distribution, density (arithmetic, physiological, agricultural).
- Key vocabulary: CBR, CDR, NIR, sex ratios, doubling time, dependency ratios.
Population Pyramids and DTM (Demographic Transition Model):
- Stages of DTM and their characteristics.
- Understanding population data and implications.
Migration:
- Push and pull factors (economic, political, social, environmental).
- Forced vs. voluntary migration.
- Types of migration and their effects (diffusion, acculturation, assimilation).
Population Theories:
- Malthus and Neo-Malthusians: Theories on population growth and resource limits.

Cultural Understanding:
- Cultural relativism vs. ethnocentrism.
- Cultural landscape and its components.
Diffusion:
- Types: Relocation, expansion (hierarchical, contagious, stimulus).
- Historical diffusion through colonialism, imperialism.
Religions:
- Universalizing vs. ethnic religions.
- Impact on cultural landscapes.
Language:
- Language families, dialects, diffusion.

Nations and States:
- Differences between nation, state, nation-state, multi-state nation.
- Concepts of self-determination, colonialism, imperialism.
Boundaries:
- Types: Relic, antecedent, subsequent, consequent, superimposed, geometric.
- Maritime boundaries (Law of the Sea).
Gerrymandering and Voting Districts:
- Redistricting practices and implications.
Political Power:
- Unitary vs. federal states.
- Centripetal vs. centrifugal forces.
- Devolution and state sovereignty.

Agricultural Practices:
- Intensive vs. extensive agriculture.
- Examples: plantation, mixed crop and livestock, market gardening, shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, ranching.
Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods:
- Clustered, dispersed, linear settlements.
- Survey methods: Metes and bounds, long lots, township and range.
Agricultural Revolutions:
- First, Second, Green Revolution.
- Impact on food production and societal changes.
Modern Agriculture Concerns:
- Ethical debates, organic farming, local food movements.
- Women's roles in agriculture.

Urban Models:
- Concentric Zone, Sector, Multiple Nuclei, Galactic models.
- Models for LDCs: Latin American, African, Southeast Asian.
Urban Issues:
- Infrastructure and public transportation.
- Sustainable urban planning (smart growth, new urbanism).
- Challenges like redlining, gentrification.

Globalization and Economy:
- Formal vs. informal economies.
- Economic sectors (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary).
International Trade and Development:
- Neoliberal policies, comparative advantage, trade agreements.
- Economic indicators: GDP, GNP, GNI, HDI.
Development Theories:
- Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth.
- Wallerstein's World System Theory.
Global Challenges and Solutions:
- Women's roles in global economy.
- Environmental concerns, commodity dependence.