Overview
This lecture covers the major periods of ancient Chinese history, highlighting key dynasties, cultural advancements, and significant historical events.
Prehistoric and Early Civilizations
- Human remains in China date back as far as 1.7 million years ago, with early use of tools and fire.
- Banpo Village, from circa 4500 BCE, shows early agriculture, drainage systems, and pottery.
- Early people demonstrated advanced societal organization and technological skills.
Xia, Shang, and Zhou Dynasties
- The Xia Dynasty (ca. 2070–1600 BCE) is considered the first Chinese dynasty, founded by Yu the Great.
- Shang Dynasty (ca. 1600–1046 BCE) saw the development of writing, bronze work, and ancestor worship.
- Zhou Dynasty (1046–256 BCE) introduced the Mandate of Heaven, justifying rule by divine approval.
- Philosophers like Confucius, Lao-Tzu, and Sun-Tzu lived during the Zhou period.
Period of Decentralization and Unification
- The Spring and Autumn (ca. 772–476 BCE) and Warring States (ca. 481–221 BCE) periods saw decentralization and conflict among states.
- The Qin state unified China in 221 BCE under Ying Zheng (Shi Huangdi), starting the imperial era.
- Shi Huangdi built the first Great Wall and suppressed rival philosophies.
Han Dynasty and Prosperity
- Han Dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) was founded by Liu-Bang (Emperor Gaozu).
- The Han era saw advances in technology, paper-making, and the opening of the Silk Road for trade.
- Wu Ti (Wu the Great) expanded China's territory and improved infrastructure.
Later Dynasties and Turmoil
- The Xin Dynasty briefly interrupted Han rule before the Eastern Han period restored stability.
- Rebellions and corruption weakened the Han, leading to the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 CE).
- Sui Dynasty (589–618 CE) reunited China with efficient bureaucracy.
Tang, Song, and Beyond
- Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE) marked a "Golden Age," with cultural and economic prosperity, but ended after major rebellions.
- Song Dynasty (960–1279 CE) restored stability and promoted Neo-Confucianism.
- Mongol Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368 CE) followed by the culturally rich Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 CE).
- Qing Dynasty (1644–1911 CE) was the last imperial dynasty.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Mandate of Heaven — divine approval believed necessary for a ruler's legitimacy.
- Ancestor Worship — practice of honoring deceased family members, common in early China.
- Silk Road — trade route connecting China to the West, established under the Han.
- Neo-Confucianism — philosophy blending Confucianism with other ideas, influential in Song China.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review the chronological order and main achievements of each major dynasty.
- Study the significance of the Mandate of Heaven and its impact on Chinese political thought.