foreign hi it's Mr Andersen and welcome to biology Essentials video 43 in this chapter or in this podcast I'm going to talk about major cellular organelles what they are and what's the most important things that you should remember about them but what we tend to do is we oversimplify the cell in other words you've learned since you're in seventh grade about all the parts of a cell but what you don't understand is how complicated and how amazing it is and so I'm recommending this video it's called inner life of the cell it's like five minutes long I'll put a link to it on YouTube here but what it is is a group at Harvard who tried to use computer modeling to show you what a cell really looks on the inside and so this right here is a motor protein that will literally walk transport vesicles around in the cell on a it's amazing to see how active it is inside a cell and we tend to not do service to that so please watch that video and then come back um so in in this concept map it's a little bit different than the other ones that I've done I decided to start right here at the nucleus which is kind of the control center of the cell in other words it's got the information the blueprints and it's also Gene control it's telling other parts of the cell what to do so if we work outward from that on the right on the outside of that we have the ER endoplasmic reticulum we have both smooth and rough ER now the rough ER is rough because it has little ribosomes on it so what are ribosomes do those are going to be where we produce proteins that's the cytoprotein synthesis the rough ER gives us a lattice where we can actually do that and we can make different constituents of the cell parts and chemicals that are going to be used throughout the cell before we keep going with the rough ER the smooth ER is really responsible for making lipids it's also responsible for breakdown of toxins but it's going to make lipids and remember almost all the parts of the cell are going to be made up of lipids so smooth ER super important so some of the ribosomes float around out here but some of them are going to be found right on the rough ER and so they're going to make proteins now those proteins will be trapped in transport vesicles brought to the Golgi complex from there they can go to different parts of the cell or outside the cell it's also where we produce lysosomes and lysosomes are important in breaking down material when it's not used another portion of especially plant cells is the vacuole vacuole its importance is in storage for example all plant cells have a central vacuole it's going to allow them to regulate their amount of water and then I put these two over here and and they both deal with energy so these are the mitochondria in the chloroplast remember mitochondria found in all eukaryotic cells and remember we're talking about eukaryotic cells the moment you ever hear me talked about uh eukaryotic attic missing to know the moment you hear me talk about organelles you know we're talking about eukaryotic cells so all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria it's how we make ATP but then plant cells are going to have or or producers are going to have chloroplasts and that's so they can make sugar so they can use it by their mitochondria so let's kind of get to each of those start with a ribosome so where is the ribosome made up of well maybe better yet to talk about what it's made up of so this right here is the ribosomes from a bacteria called thermos thermophilus and so the blue things in this picture right here are going to be proteins and the brown part is going to be a continuous piece of RNA called ribosomal RNA and so it's made up ribosomes are made up of two parts they're made up of proteins and then they're made up of RNA and so those two parts together are synthesized in the nucleolus which is going to be found in the nucleus and what you essentially get are two subunits so you're going to have a small subunit and then you're going to have a large subunit and then what goes through the middle is going to be messenger RNA and so what are we doing here we're doing translation We're translating the message of the messenger RNA to a protein and so where does this take place with ribosomes it could take place right in the cytoplasm or could take place on the ER so what is the er er is the endoplasmic reticulum it's usually attached right here to the outside of the uh of the nucleus so it's a membrane that folds upon itself it's going to have ribosomes that sit right on that so we can actually synthesize proteins and those proteins end up going to the inside so these little green dots here would be showing proteins or bits of proteins that are put together this is what it looks like under a microscope you'll find that there's also smooth ER smooth ER doesn't have ribosomes on the outside mostly is where we synthesize lipids inside the cell but function of the ER is to kind of give us a lattice so we can build things and so if we're talking about the cell as a factory this is kind of the factory floor with the workers fitting on on the top of it that's definitely going to be the endoplasmic reticulum if you go to the Golgi apparatus or the Golgi complex it was discovered by this man Camillo Golgi lived in the Austrian Empire died in like 1926 but he wasn't famous for Golgi complex it's how we all know him for but he was really good at staining cells and figuring out the parts of the cell using stain so you'd use silver silver nitrate a number of different stains to figure out how neurons work nerves work one the Nobel Prize but he's most famous for discovering this and he used staining features to discover the Golgi apparatus what's the Golgi apparatus do well in general it takes information that's produced in the endoplasmic reticulum and then it ships those different parts of the cell and so I like to think of it as like the UPS of your um yeah little Factory material is made in the endoplasmic reticulum it's moved to the cellular ups and then it's going to move on its way either to different parts of the cell or even outside this cell that's the Golgi apparatus lysosome is next and we could actually Trace that pathway again so what what is the lysosome do well lysosome right here has digestive material inside it so it's got a bunch of digestive enzymes in it and what it does is it digests material and so if we're infected for example let's say we catch a bunch of viruses inside of us that lysosome will fuse with those viruses and it creates something called the phagosome so we can break it down or this can dissolve a mitochondria that's not functioning or it can even kill cells and so lysosome I refer to as like the suicide Sac it has enzymes where did those enzymes come from well they came from the ER they eventually went through the Golgi apparatus and elizosome was produced and so lysosomes are really important in breaking down material when it's not needed anymore and the last two are going to be energy producing inside the cell so the mitochondria we've talked about as far as cellular respiration goes it's got an inner membrane which is going to be this red portion excuse me the outer membrane and then it's going to be the inner membrane which is going to be the yellow membrane here that membrane is folded over and over and over again and so we call this folding the cristae of a mitochondria these in inner folds the outside is really really smooth but what you get then is this inner membrane space which is this space right here so going back over cellular respiration where does everything occur remember glycolysis is going to take out take place outside the mitochondria the Krebs cycle is going to take place on on the inside and then this this electron transport chain is actually going to take place right along that inner membrane and that space is super important remember because we can build up those protons on the inside make as much ATP as we can and so the reason this is folded is to increase surface area if you ever see folding it's an increased surface area in this case is to make more ATP and then um last two I want to talk about are the vacuole and I lump that in with the plants vacuole is going to be mostly for storage this would be the vacuole and then the membrane around the outside of it is called the tonoplast but uh what does it do we store material inside that so every plant is going to have a central vacuole where they put water and they can regulate the amount of water that they have but if it's the petal of a plant they're going to have for example um colors inside here that give it the colors of the of the petal or they're going to have nasty chemicals inside their vacuole so if you eat it they've got toxins inside there it's also important vacuoles in in cell growth as well so vacuoles I like to think of them mostly As storage and then the last one is going to be the chloroplast here's a bunch of chloroplasts inside a typical plant cell and if we ever see a lot of chloroplasts that means we're doing photosynthesis the parts of it that you should know are going to be this membrane right here is called the thylakoid membrane so this would be the membrane right here if we have a bunch of stacks of these thylakoid membranes together we call that a guarana and then there's going to be a liquid portion on the inside that liquid portion is called the stroma and so again going back over photosynthesis the light reaction is going to take place on that thylakoid membrane and then that Calvin cycle is going to take place in the stroma and so the reason we have increased surface areas to absorb more light because the chlorophyll molecules remember will sit right in the thylakoid membrane but we're also increasing chemical reactions so those are the major parts of the cell they're clear there are more but those are the big ones and I hope that's helpful