Overview
Karen Stevenson, number two cello with the Philharmonia Orchestra, introduces the cello and its parts, demonstrates playing techniques, and shares insights about the instrument’s role in orchestras, travel experiences, and unique performance tricks.
Anatomy and Features of the Cello
- The cello’s body is made from maple or spruce and acts as an amplifier for sound.
- It has four metal strings (A, D, G, C) increasing in thickness from top to bottom.
- Strings are attached to the scroll with pegs and anchored at the tailpiece and spike.
- Tuning is achieved via both pegs and fine adjusters on the tailpiece.
Sound Production and Basic Techniques
- Sound is produced by either plucking (pizzicato) or using a bow made from wood and horsehair.
- Bow tension is adjusted with a screw; bowing creates string vibrations transmitted through the bridge and sound post.
- Different bow placements and pressures produce varying dynamics and articulations.
Left Hand Techniques and Range
- The left hand uses four fingers, numbered 1–4, to change pitches and positions.
- The cello’s range is similar to the human voice, often exploited by composers.
Vibrato and Expressiveness
- Vibrato involves rotating the left hand fingers to color the sound, with various speeds for different effects.
- Vibrato is applied selectively for musical style and group balance.
Specialized Techniques
- Pizzicato uses various fingers for plucking; can include aggressive effects like “Bop pits.”
- Chords and double stops enable playing multiple strings at once.
- Harmonics are produced by lightly touching strings; natural and stopped harmonics offer diverse sounds.
- Techniques like tremolando, sul ponticello, ricochet, spiccato, and up-bow spiccato provide unique textures in orchestral music.
Performance, Practicalities, and Anecdotes
- Cellists play both melodic and harmonic roles, demanding versatility.
- Physical challenges include finger calluses, spike stability, and clothing considerations.
- Traveling with a cello involves securing it by various methods on planes; a lightweight carbon fiber case helps with mobility.
- The cello can be played in unconventional ways, including twirling and using fruit like an orange as a bow.
Recommendations / Advice
- When flying, an extension belt is sufficient for securing a cello seat; elaborate strapping is often unnecessary.
Demonstrations and Resources
- Musical examples include excerpts from Verdi’s Requiem, Saint-Saëns’ “The Swan,” Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony, Stravinsky’s Firebird, and Elgar’s Cello Concerto.
- Listeners are encouraged to explore the Philharmonia Orchestra’s interactive iPad app for further learning.