welcome back cave students it's a sociology time and we will be continuing last week's topic of culture i am your teacher georgia crawford williams so let's get started yes so last week we started talking about culture in general and i tell you culture is a part of module one i keep referring to your syllabus because we are also preparing for exams so you need to know how you will be examined yes if it is that you have not yet gotten an opportunity to look at the syllabus then we are a weird pun where you are with pun you need to go online and download the syllabus it is free right so we looked at culture we gave you all the key terms and so you should know the definition of culture you should know the different categories of culture material versus non-material you should know the characteristics of culture you should know subculture and the difference between sob and counter culture you should know the difference between real and ideal culture you should know what's a cultural universal and you should also know what a structural universal these are the key terms i made mention to you last week that culture is a topic that features the most on your multiple choice exam yeah and of course we are here to pass the exam i will not take no dbdb pass we're not a technotrione of four we want ones and twos so we have to ensure that we have all the knowledge necessary good today we're going to get into the theories of culture so you know based on our conversation before that sociology is in general about the theories what the theorists have said to us about you know their understanding of different elements of society based on their research last week i gave you the definition of culture from ralph linton and i'm giving it to you again as annoyed as annoyed verbatim when you're going the exam and you get a culture essay to write you start with right linkedin definition and you look bright yeah and we want to convince the examiner that we have knowledge ralph linton says the culture of a society is the way of life of its members the collection of ideas and habits which they learn share and transmit from generation to generation we also say normative terms the culture is the norms and values of the society good now what are the theories of culture be reminded that your exam is called cave caribbean sociology so whereas sociology is a very general topic where it is researched by persons all across the world for your particular examination purposes you want to ensure that you know your caribbean theories as well so you're going to know your major perspectives you're going to know your durkheims yeah and when i say durkheim automatically you should be thinking about functionalism because you remember that someone would just start yeah so whenever you're going to know the durkheims you're going to know the marks you're going to know the child's school is etc but you want to ensure that you know your caribbean theorists because it is a caribbean exam now the theorists of culture they are trying to explain the caribbean culture they want to say to us okay fine this is the reason the norms and values that we share are the way they are right now this is where it come from this is what has shaped us and the first person we're going to look at is a man called george beckford george beckford is actually not just a caribbean theorist but a jamaican theorist george beckford was born somewhere in saint anne and was well known as a sociologist if you notice i've given george beckford because he's the main person but i've given some other persons that speak about the plantation society persons like hortswitz like best and leave it you want to know them name the toe because they're going to come on your multiple choice exam so when you're writing your essay you will be speaking about george beckford but when it is that you get to the multiple choice exam where they're testing your depth of knowledge and not just analysis you need to know that the other persons that speak about the plantation society are hort switz best and livid you understand what i'm saying good now what does george beckford say about the plantation society theory you need to know beckford's nail you need to know which theorem top boat yeah so george beckford in explaining the plantation society makes it makes it clearer that within the caribbean right now to this day he did his first study in 1972. a little bit later on he improved on it he wrote the book uh persistent poverty and he made it clear that within the caribbean right now all the citizens still live in what he calls a plantation society just the same societal structure that we had during slavery as a consequence of that you find that caribbean citizens still believe that whites are superior and blacks are inferior he says this is something that started in slavery and even though slavery done decades ago we still have this view that whites are superior and blacks are inferior consequently the norms and values of the white the norms and values that are associated with the caucasians those are the norms and values which we believe to be correct as a matter of fact within the caribbean we are forced to accept the norms and values of the whites who are seen as superior whereas the norms and values of the blacks the norms and valleys that are associated with africa and the africans they are stifled he says if you look at the caribbean societies right now we all speak the language of our caucasian ancestors not of the africans we speak for instance in jamaica standard english if you are colonized by the spanish then you speak spanish that sort of thing and that is because you're forced to embrace the language of the whites he says when you look at it those that speak the vernacular those that speak patwa which has a mixture of the black language and the white language so you have you know standard english which is the european version but you might drop in a few black words i call kuno muno and things like that those persons are frowned upon and so if you go to and your exam or you go to an interview you try to speak in standard english i say to you if you're being interviewed on television you're trying to speak in standard english as well because you believe that the accepted language is standard english and he says that's because we still live in a plantation society where the norms and values of the whites the language of the caucasian english standard english is seen as correct and anything else is stifled and so if you should go to your cxe exam and you're asked to write an essay you can't actually write in the vernacular if you're going to write patrol you put it in quotations and no matter how correct the information is then you lose marks because they say your grammar wrong because you are being forced to not only learn but to accept and practice the language of the caucasians if you look at religion because it is similar the religion that is practiced in the majority of caribbean countries is actually christianity which is the religion of our european ancestors the religions that that actually come from africa that have any sort of african elements to it is frowned upon so christianity is legal but obia is illegal because obia has some of the african religion they call them pagan you know religious practices and so it is frowned upon so the things that the caucasians do you know if it is that you are a christian you can pray you can pray you can have your rituals yeah you can have your consecrated olive oil and them can rub it upon you and things like that everybody know about that yeah and which is fine because it is a christian ritual you can pray as a wife you can say god bind us together with chords that cannot be broken and that is seen as fine but if your biological oil and volume then is a problem yeah and that is because it is associated with the africans if your a valid guard ring is a problem if you have a rosary to protect you a little bible in your top pocket that is fine but if you're ever over on a girl ring then it's a problem and george beckford says that is because we still live in a plantation society where the white norms and values are seen as correct and the black norms and values are seen as incorrect and so largely in the caribbean or culture is eurocentric we still practice the european norms and values the way we dress is still european the sort of dance that is accepted is european if it is that you see the ballet no matter how sexually ballet looking up when it is that you're doing a ballet you can split nobody have a problem you can't jump up and spread your legs you're in your tights nobody have a problem but make it start widen your waist and then you jump and split hey there goes that that is because according to beckford we still live in a plantation society so the key point that bedford is trying to make is that our culture is european the norms and values we practice are those of our european ancestors to this day why because we still live in the plantation structure the same structure we had during slavery where the norms and valleys of the white are seen as superior and they are forced not the term forced it is not that you just accept it you are forced to accept the norms and values of the whites that is why you find that the norms and values of the blacks are illegal that is why when you get to school you have to speak standard english yeah that is why if you go to a restaurant they give you the full knife and fork if you take off your meat no with your hand people ask about wait how are going so yeah that is all a part of the plantation society wonderful good and who spoke about the plantation society george beckford main person good all right we move from george beckford and we go to the plural society theory we got to the plural society theory now the plural society theory was given to us by mg smith he is also a jamaican many persons argue that he is the father of jamaican sociology some persons disagree but mg smith is a known sociologist within the caribbean now if you notice i have mg smith's name as the person who speaks about plural societies in the caribbean but are also a fernival because fernival is a person who first introduced the term plural society and then mg smith borrow it and expand on it now we want to know them things you know because when you're gonna multiple choice exam again they're going to ask which of the following theories are associated with the plural society and then because it's advanced level exam and examiner know your friend the answers are going to be one mg smith two fernival three george beckford and then another one and two are one only and because you only know mg smith you're getting wrong yeah so you need to know that even though mg smith is credited with the theory the plural society theory within the caribbean he actually adopted the term from fernival so you need to know fernival name as well and you can't be a sociologist or a student of sociology and you know no no name yeah yeah go feel and we're not in enough feeling are you following what i'm saying good so let's get into what mg smith says mg smith disagreed with beckford that there is one culture within the caribbean that all citizens within a caribbean country would share mg spitzer nagoso sorry instead mg smith says within the caribbean we have various racial groups and each racial group has its own norms and values same say if you look at the caribbean look at a place they call trinidad that has a large indian citizenship only for indian people live there they have different norms and values from the blacks that live there from the negros instead whites have different norms and values so when you look at the society if you should look at jamaica there is no one culture that all jamaicans share em say no no instead you have the caucasians who are whites and them of them white norms and values you have the indians and them have them indian norms and values you have the chinese they have their own norms and values you have the blacks and they have their own norms and values to the extent that mg smith says that the caribbean society is heterogeneous key term caribbean society is heterogeneous heterogeneous means that the basic institutions are not shared so he says we are so plural we have become heterogeneous so that the basic institutions are not shared the family is not the same type of family affair with the whites with the blacks with the indians and the chinese different education system not shared instead of whites have their own school indians have their own school blacks have their own school yeah were religion different yeah indians are hindus you find that overall the whites tend to be christians but they might more than likely be catholic yeah or anglican then you find the blacks who are more likely to be protestants if say if you look within the society the basic institutions are not shared i remember the first time i went up to aisk which was years ago so it might change now but aisk when i went there was a predominantly white school when i visited mainly white children similarly if you go to a primary school especially in a rural area if you see a white child there you're wondering what you have today because it's a predominantly black school your color like come here like a girl where your mother can't y'all wonder why is she there yeah when love he a white pokemon person take multi when last year's you a revival service and he's a white person mg smith says there is a difference in the culture and the cultural practices to the extent that the basic institutions are not shared consequently do we live in what is called a plural society where there is no one culture to which we all ascribe instead each racial group have their own norms and values so there is a plurality of cultures i'm going to stop for a moment because you're advanced level students and therefore analysis becomes important when it is that you're going to write your essays now you need to be able to identify the differences between beckford and mg smith whereas beckford said there is only one culture mg smith said there is more than one whereas beckford says that the culture is eurocentric so whether you're black white brown or blue you all have to accept the european culture mg smiths are rubbish we all have different ancestors and each send on them all norms and values so the indians practice something totally different from the whites and so whereas mg schmitt will say the culture is heterogeneous beckford will say it is not heterogeneous the opposite of heterogeneous is homogeneous meaning one culture oh now we have it good wonderful now mg smith is criticized by one of the boss man professor carl stone notice oh mr professor professor carlstone when he was alive like was one of the real boss yeah he's from jamaica as well he's well known for the stone poles like chemo proper sociologists like he loved the discipline and carl stone when it was that he read mg smith theory and many other theories of culture he agreed that we do live in a plural society meaning that there are more than one cultures that exist within one society however karlstone argues that the plurality of culture does not come from racial groups instead carl stone said come from social class so for carstone it if the belief is that we have not a white culture and a black culture and a chinese culture in say you have a upper-class culture and a lower-class culture and so if you look within the jamaican society there are distinct differences between the behaviors of the upper class and the lower class disorder activities that they participate in their norms and values even just their general beliefs about what is right and wrong how they speak what they do for pastime is different yeah same say if you look at our society there's a lower class culture and upper class culture what you eat is different how you eat it is different how you entertain yourself is different so when it is that you think about netball for the most part is a lower class entertainment activity yeah you have never really heard of a quote unquote upper class area never yet here say you know beverly hills netball club to call on walt grovian's a or to contivally be and you know you're not sports because more than likely there's no beverly hills netball club similarly there is no lower class golf club either because golf is something that is predominantly participated in by the upper class instead if they look at simple things like even how we do partying all jamaicans party but whereas upper class persons will go to a session lower class persons will go to a dance i say to you i remember my first upper class session i remember that because i grew lower class yeah and i am i'm a party fan i'm a dance fan that sort of thing so as soon as my mother let me ultimately start goat road yeah and when i started working i was working at red stripe and it was christmas and a friend of mine told me that there was this event and she has a big party and what i forgot now you know when i party big big i went at christmas it bigger you understand and she said that we have to go and we got we got tickets because we were working at red stripe and red stripe had sponsored it through one of its you know echelon brands yeah so i'm so excited you know because she tell me that she has gone before the part of the name utopia i'm still i'll remember the name now for this party when she told me i said all right i'm going to get my friends and we're all going to go she said no no no one of them party today i forget an invitation for buy a ticket for gold so anybody can go i said all right you know you couldn't understand that coming over your mother yet yes so she said no man and then not only that you don't know what the party i keep you have to actually offer your get the ticket then you go a place and then carry your goodies but still i'm so excited because i'm a big party and a christmas and i'm young and happy and you know flighty somebody spending will be atoned i look close when mr old dear there is no arcade when i saw my face because at christmas i meant for art no i should have gotten the message when she called me at about ten o'clock and said should i come pick me up mess at ten o'clock i work in a party this you know and a christmas so party started early she said no come at them tell me you have to get the shuttle timer close i'ma go and i'm so excited to be at the party when i get into the party first of all the venue is immaculate it's pretty my opponent man i said we're tafarine you know that is how i'm looking at it but then with the other party i don't know many persons there apart from the few that i went to wilmer's with and they weren't really my friends you know you have people at your school by your friend and then they're not saying no i just tell them to hi like hi and i thought you know nothing else and then people there you know someone sit there i'm gonna say hi and we're done then where did i wait for the party start we noticed first and foremost that the music lure somebody i saw the music saloon you know me i wait for the castle when we gonna dance me wonder what the backstage the one feel you know everybody's talking everybody's smoking everybody's enjoying themselves i mean they are wait for the music and the party and the dance start it would never start when it is that you know them here a big two them literally lick too blank like it just comes so and don't make us all yesterday yeah and i remember when a particular song came on in my head i remember it as a song i said take off something fling it from the wrong now them time to that's a big deal did it so when the song said take off something you know when we come right you see when i look at that nobody else me wanna let me have a drawback like oh my god i'm like you know i've looked for my friend she's dying because he's dying with laughter me he said oh i'm already i'm ready because i'm almost one o'clock i know girl and i climbed my box yet not now what no i am ready and that is because how they entertain themselves and they were having a good time you know i know that i'm older i can understand that it was really a good event but in my head and for what i was used to and what it is that i was expecting at the event it was very different because as carl stone says there is a difference between the upper class culture and the lower class culture yeah no selector now carlo nobody messing all the dance agonizing selected video light come on video like comment subscribe yeah so they say overall for carl stone it is true that the culture is plural but for him instead of saying there is a white culture and there is a chinese culture or an indian culture and a black culture and negro culture he says instead that we live in a society that is plural due to social class and so there is an upper-class culture and there is a lower-class culture cardstone said there is no middle-class culture the middle class either upper-class or act lower-class the middle class down a real identity as yet for the most part they choose one of the either the lower class or the upper class now it is important to note that cardstown is different from beckford because karlstone is saying one that the culture is not homogeneous there is no one culture that we all share that's what beckford said so carl stone and mg smith differ from beckford because they both believe that there is no one culture that we all share however the analysis and the use of knowledge can't just have the knowledge and don't know how to use it yeah but carl stone is also different though similar from mg smith right those similar story to mg smith carl stone is similar to mg smith because he believes that there is a plurality of cultures more than one yeah but he says the plurality is not from racial heritage instead it is from social class so if you're white and you're rich you act like rich people and if you're black and you're rich guess all your arc like rich people and if you're chinese and you're rich guess where are you golf course rich people that's how we see it overall right now many persons have argued that the actual assessment of culture that is done by child studies a little bit too simplistic because even within the racial or the social class you still have racial segmentations so if it is that you are white caucasian there is still a liquid sorry caucasian rich there is still a little bit of a difference between the black rich that's what some person said but carstone says that there's no evidence of that in his research in his research is either rich upper class culture or poor lower class culture good all right we move along to the creole society theory which was given to us by edward cameron brett waite you should know brett wait as well because he was a wonderful poet as well someone in a reading a poetry are not like that again you know if i know you know if you know the power one tweet you don't know it but come on brat bratwite had a way with words but he was also a sociologist and brett waite is from barbados yes caribbean sociologist as well and he says to us that caribbean societies are homogeneous are stopping there so who have we done already that has said that the societies are homogeneous think about it because if you can't answer that i mean i'll learn nothing yeah come on so beckford has already said that the caribbean societies are homogeneous so here it is we know that brett waite agrees with beckford but disagree with carlstone and disagree with mg smith all of a sudden i can't start right it's already know yeah from your of them basic understanding then you can use the knowledge that you have gained yeah use of knowledge gear will be marks so just by his assertion that caribbean societies are homogeneous you know already that he disagrees with mg smith and he disagrees with carl stone now brett white says i am not saying that different cultures don't exist within the society if you look in jamaica right now we have chinese we have indians and so forth and we can say that these things come from the indians and these things come from the chinese but for us to believe that within this society everybody just staying at their own little corner that everybody just hold on to their own norms and values and then don't mix up so that is incorrect instead he says within the society we have a creole culture we have a blended culture that all the citizens of the country share this blended culture is actually an amalgamation of the norms and values of our various ancestors so we have some things from the caucasians and we have some things from you know the blacks and we have some from the chinese and we have some from the indians and we put them all together and it just become the jamaican culture that is why we have out of many we are one yeah since if you look in jamaica for instance we eat curry goat the use of curry for the most part came from the indians yeah the eating of goats came from the africans nobody don't call it a indo-african meal you just say a jamaican curry goat it is the blended culture if you look at the language they like the vernacular the pathway that the majority of us speak it is once again blended the language of the europeans with some elements of the black language with some elements of you know what the indians would say and so you find that the culture overall is a blended culture yeah the culture instead is creole that's why people use a term like all melting pot of cultures bratwut says within the society due to acculturation and interculturation key terms again terms where most compare examiner asks no question look through ten years of paper you seat eight time acculturation and interculturation because of those two processes you'll find that the culture is cruel it's mixed is blended now let's talk about what acculturation is acculturation is the means through which a dominant culture or a dominant society forced the norms and values on a subordinate or inferior society so when it was that europeans came here and they forced us to accept their norms and values during slavery during the seasoning process when the historic picnic them they talked to me during the seasoning process where they forced you to take on their language and take on their religion that is called acculturation so for those of us who have watched roots and if you know what root certainly if you google it and download it and watch it that's you know you can actually experience something because roots is a wonderful show now when i was younger my father used to have cassette you know my name is mccoy sidong i'm in videotape especially when a black is tremont and tia papade my office long and watch roots and in route there was the african this african guy that was brought over by a sleigh as a slave and a nickname kunta kinte that was his right african name but when he was brought on the plantation they gave him a new name they called him toby now when it is that you just get to a plantation you go through what's called a seasoning process where they try to get to rid of all your african norms and values and really indoctrinate you into the white norms and values so when kunta kinte came on they said what's your name kunta kinder interesting my name is kunta king to that time him up the voice you know my name is kunta quinte let me say all right meeting menu i think that but from now on your name toby i'm going to imagine them say what's your name look my name my name is kunta kinte them get the lash what's your name i'm saying my name is kunta kinte more alex bam bam what's your name my name is kunta kinte boom boom what's your name sarah let me again my name toby don't let me again miss emily i'm toby no when it is that he accepts that his name is toby that is evidence of the acculturation process because of acculturation many of the negroes accepted the culture of the whites but when they accepted the norms and the values of the white it never take the place of the norms and values that they had they still held on to many of the things that they're believed in so for instance you're still plating you're here and you see them wear them use a plat here and cornrow here from africa we call them olamp on it yeah and so what happened was that they accepted the white culture and then started mixing more with the black culture another process that they went through was interculturation now interculturation is the voluntary borrowing of norms and values from persons who live in close proximity so while i'm on the plantation the white people start live beside the blacks the planters lived with the slaves and the slaves used to drink bush tea when they're not feel good so some of the whites know them sit and start drinking bush tea too because they start borrow some of the norms and values become a cinema do it nobody gonna force them acculturation is force interculturation is where you adopt it because you live in close proximity interculturation right now if you're the woman one person from the avenue all over so they see other people on the avenue start paint yeah you're just seeing me about what it's like oh do that all your green looks so nice yeah oh that work that's interculturation but because we were living in close proximity to indians and we were living in close proximity to chinese etc you'll find that the black started adopting some of the things that the chinese and indians do the indians start adopting so many things that the blacks do the whites many of the white women started tying their hair tie in your head came from the africans nobody will force them but because they live in close proximity you start adopting the norms and values consequently we found that the culture of the caribbean societies became mixed and blended there is one culture that they all share it is either the jamaican culture or the trinidadian culture or the guyanese culture but it is a creole culture mixed blended so when you hear the term mixed and blended automatically you must think about brightweight and creole yeah when you hear terms like syncretic i mean i'll tell you what that mean oh see i write it down and y'all go check it out now syncretic just know that syncretic think more synchronized yeah also associated with the cruel society theory so the caribbean theorists and culture that we have looked at thus far george beckford's plantation society where beckford said that the culture is largely european or eurocentric and it is european or eurocentric because we are forced to accept the norms and values of the white yeah because we still live in a plantation society and so there's one european culture that we all share and then we looked at m g smith was a no no sir that wrong we live in a plural society because each racial group who will learn to them all norms and values plural so till we heterogeneous that not even the basic institutions are shared then we got to carl stone well it is true that it is plural but not plural because of racial heritage plural instead because of social class then we got to the creole society where say hey you all have it wrong you are forgetting the impact of the fact that we live close together of the fact that we have went through acculturation etc the impact of all that has led to one creole culture that creole culture that's a blended culture that's bright weight now of course there's no way you can get an exam that speaks the culture that no asks about globalization many persons argue that the theories of culture that we have just looked at are outdated are obsolete because of the impact of globalization on culture so because of things like global trade you find that our norms and values have differed have changed over time so even the things that we eat are no longer just jamaican or just african in terms of blacks or white we eat the things that we're exposed to i remember the first time my daughter when she was younger asked me for pancake for breakfast pancake is not seen as a jamaican breakfast yeah pancake is something was just on tv but because of communication global communication and global trade you want pancake yes and so we'll try find something new i never even know how to do it never research it you feed it up to me come here to them says pancake with syrup if you talk to me you may buy pure bulk because other syrup let me know yeah but then because of global trading also there is a different type of syrup where eat with pancake globalization is changing our culture yeah because of global communication i am in a class and student instead of laughing say lol or lol no it's not for nina and he said i love she said lol sir this happened very but that's because of global communication you're exposed to new things yeah everybody are watching on youtube and i try what they are doing you're following what i'm saying global travel has changed our norms as well people come and they expose us to what it is that they are doing or you go and you expose the other countries to what you are doing and so you find that your culture is no longer just european like beckford said or strictly indian you know or black like mg smith said or not are not just creole as a result of our ancestors but blended now because of what is happening across the world many argue that cultural leveling key term is taking place we're in the society now the world just have one global culture that we all share that every picnic or peppa pig have british accent peppa mommy yeah i know i remember my friend who was sending us a message that the daughter started calling daddy pig i must say no i'm torn arrested oh today i called my daddy pig that sort of thing i must say but that's because she'll watch peppa pig and everybody get the same accent yeah and avitana talk about it when it is that we watched maradona died the other day maradona is not jamaican but if you're an argentinean fan like me you'll feel it you'll remember marina yeah talk about it like yo that sort of thing because of the global culture so you'll find that because of globalization and the things that it has introduced us to how you guys just other people like our mother invent invented i saw you eat it yeah like a free one that's not something that is jamaican yeah but you do it just the same so many argue that globalization has really changed culture and therefore the theories of culture from the caribbean are obsolete because they don't look at how globalization is impacting the generation that we live in now still it should be said and you know that sociology is always a debate argument for and arguments are that there are certain things within a culture that will remain distinct the jamaican culture for one is very unique the words that we use that have transcended generations even globalization don't impact we as much we are more likely to impact the rest of the world than for the world to impact us they might use our mud whatever like oh that is so great yeah so you'll find that so ah yes we have come yes we just did a recap so you know we have come to the end of another lesson and indeed another week be sure to join us again next week for more learning until then stay safe you