Pestaña 10
§ Punic Wars (264-146 B.C.)
· Carthage vs. Rome
· 1st Punic War started over the control of Sicily
· Carthaginians – major sea power
· Romans – major land power
· First Punic War
o Roman victory (won Sicily)
· Second Punic War
o Largest and most devastating war of antiquity
o Hannibal – Greatest general of antiquity (Carthaginian)
o Fabius – Roman general who developed delaying tactics
§ The Romans did not like that
§ Senators did not approve
o Cannae – most catastrophic military loss in Roman history
§ 60,000 Roman casualties
· 80 senators among them
o Hannibal wants Rome
§ Spent 15 years wondering around the Italian countryside
o Scipio (Zama)
§ Council
§ Takes the battle to Carthaginian soil (Zama)
· Roman victory
· Roughly 30,000 Carthaginian casualties
o Roman Victory
· Third Punic War
o Cato the Elder
§ “Carthage must be destroyed.”
o Burned and salted
o No Carthaginian records survived Roman destruction
IV. chatgpt
I. Alexander the Great’s Empire
o A. The Macedonian Conquest
§ Macedonians
· Greeks viewed them as barbarians
§ Phillip II
· Cultured, ambitious
· Military reform
§ Panhellenism
· Proposed unified Greece
· Supported and pushed by Isocrates
· Demosthenes
o Opposed the Panhellenism
o Greatest orator in antiquity
o Despised Phillip II
o B. Alexander’s Empire
§ he was shorter than me
§ His motives were unclear
· “Empire was his destiny” – romanticized view
§ Does not doubt himself
§ 1. Asia Minor
§ 2. Tyre
§ 3. Egypt – “Love at first sight’
§ 4. missed it
o C. The Empire after Alexander
§ No heir or institutions
· Did have a son who was born after his death
§ Hellenistic Age
· Begins because of Alexander
· Spreading of Greek culture
· Alexander’s greatest contribution to civilization
§ Division of Age
· Ptolemies - Egypt
o Cousin of Alexander
· Seleucids – Syria, Mesopotamia
· Antigonids – Macedonia, Greece
· Attalids – Asia Minor
o Last king wills the kingdom to the Romans (instead of admit conquest)
· Are all conquered by Rome
1. Civil Wars
* First Triumvirate
* Julios Caesar (general), M.L. Crassus (rich guy)bG. pompey (general),
* Second civil war
* G. Pompey ( General) vs caesar
* caesar dictator for life
* Second Triumvirate
* Third Civil War
* Octavian vs Anthony and THAT Wonan “Cleopatra?
* Actium - a turning point
1. AUGUSTUS AND THE EARLY EMPIRE
1. Age of Augustus
* Restoration?
* Titles
* Augustus
* Princeps
* Maintain Institutions
* Reforms
* Weakened assemblies
* Civil Wars
* Professional army
* Marius
* 1st Civil War
* Interlude
* Spartacus
* First Triumvirate
* Julios Caesar (general), M.L. Crassus (rich guy)bG. pompey (general),
* Second civil war
* G. Pompey ( General) vs caesar
* caesar dictator for life
* Second Triumvirate
* Third Civil War
* Octavian vs Anthony and THAT Wonan “Cleopatra?
* Actium - a turning point
* Why?
* Expansion
* Ambition
The three major Roman Civil Wars of the late Republic were:
1. Caesar vs. Pompey (49–45 BCE)
* Who fought? Julius Caesar (supported by his Populares faction) vs. Pompey the Great (supported by the Optimates and the Senate).
* Who won? Julius Caesar. After his decisive victory at the Battle of Pharsalus (48 BCE), Pompey fled to Egypt, where he was assassinated. Caesar continued to defeat remaining opposition forces until 45 BCE, consolidating power as dictator.
2. Liberators' Civil War (43–42 BCE)
* Who fought? The Second Triumvirate (Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus) vs. the Liberators (Brutus and Cassius, who assassinated Julius Caesar).
* Who won? The Second Triumvirate. They defeated Brutus and Cassius at the Battle of Philippi (42 BCE), leading to the deaths of both conspirators and solidifying Octavian and Antony's control.
3. Antony vs. Octavian (32–30 BCE)
* Who fought? Octavian (future Augustus) vs. Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII of Egypt.
* Who won? Octavian. The decisive Battle of Actium (31 BCE) led to Antony and Cleopatra’s eventual suicides in 30 BCE. Octavian became the sole ruler of Rome, marking the end of the Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire under Augustus.
The Early Empire
* Julio - Claudian emperors
* Tiberius
* Caligula (nephew)
* Claudius (becomes caesar) (health problems)
* Nero
* Agrippina
* burning of rome (christians were blame)
* Flavian Emperors
Tiberius (r. 14–37 CE)
* Who was he? Stepson of Augustus and second emperor of Rome.
* Major events:
* Strengthened the empire’s finances and administration.
* Became increasingly paranoid, relying on the notorious Sejanus, who led purges of perceived enemies before being executed himself in 31 CE.
* Retreated to Capri in 26 CE, ruling remotely and leaving Rome in fear of treason trials.
* Died in 37 CE, possibly assassinated to make way for Caligula.
________________
Caligula (r. 37–41 CE)
* Who was he? Grandnephew and adopted grandson of Tiberius, initially loved but later infamous for his erratic behavior.
* Major events:
* Started as a popular ruler but became increasingly unstable—some believe due to illness.
* Lavish spending and extravagant games bankrupted Rome.
* Declared himself a god and allegedly planned to make his horse a consul.
* Assassinated by the Praetorian Guard in 41 CE, ending his reign of terror.
________________
Claudius (r. 41–54 CE)
* Who was he? Uncle of Caligula, unexpectedly made emperor despite being considered weak due to physical disabilities.
* Major events:
* Conquered Britain in 43 CE, expanding the empire significantly.
* Improved Rome’s infrastructure, including aqueducts and roads.
* Strengthened the bureaucracy but was heavily influenced by his wives and freedmen.
* Married Agrippina the Younger, who likely poisoned him in 54 CE to place her son Nero on the throne.
________________
Nero (r. 54–68 CE)
* Who was he? Son of Agrippina, last of the Julio-Claudian emperors.
* Major events:
* Began as a promising ruler but descended into extravagance and tyranny.
* Allegedly responsible for the Great Fire of Rome (64 CE) (though this is debated).
* Persecuted Christians and executed numerous rivals, including his mother Agrippina in 59 CE.
* Overindulged in artistic and theatrical performances, neglecting governance.
* Faced multiple revolts, declared a public enemy by the Senate, and committed suicide in 68 CE.
________________
Agrippina the Younger ("Shadow Emperor")
* Who was she? Mother of Nero, wife of Claudius, and one of the most politically powerful women in Roman history.
* Major influence:
* Orchestrated Claudius’ poisoning in 54 CE to install Nero as emperor.
* Initially controlled Nero, but he later resented her influence.
* Nero had her murdered in 59 CE, consolidating his independence but losing his best political advisor.
Gravitas (Seriousness, Responsibility, and Duty)
* Definition: A sense of solemnity, self-control, and moral weight in one’s actions.
* Importance in Roman Society:
* Valued in leaders and soldiers, signifying discipline and emotional restraint.
* Expected in public officials to maintain order and stability.
* A man with gravitas did not act impulsively but with thoughtfulness and purpose.
________________
2. Dignitas (Reputation, Prestige, and Personal Influence)
* Definition: A combination of honor, personal integrity, and social standing.
* Importance in Roman Society:
* Determined a man’s authority and legacy.
* Built through military victories, political achievements, and noble lineage.
* Senators and generals fiercely guarded their dignitas, often leading to political rivalries and even civil wars (e.g., Caesar vs. Pompey).
________________
3. Pietas (Duty, Loyalty, and Religious Devotion)
* Definition: Deep respect for the gods, family, and Rome itself.
* Importance in Roman Society:
* A model Roman citizen honored the gods, obeyed traditions, and put Rome above personal interests.
* Reflected in military service and devotion to family, particularly in figures like Aeneas (Rome’s mythological founder).
* Violations of pietas, like neglecting religious rites or betraying Rome, were seen as disgraceful.
________________
How These Virtues Shaped Rome
* Roman leaders were expected to embody all three virtues. Augustus, for example, promoted himself as the ideal ruler by emphasizing his pietas (devotion to Rome), dignitas (unquestionable authority), and gravitas (calm and measured rule).
* The decline of these virtues in later emperors, such as Nero’s disregard for gravitas and dignitas, was seen as a sign of Rome’s moral decay.
Foundations of Rome
o A. Early Rome
§ Founded 753 B.C.
· More of a village
· Remus and Romulus
§ Etruscans
· Mysterious people
· Romans hate them [but not enough to not take their ideas]
· Violent
· Had a monarchy
§ Social Divide
· Patricians – “well-fathered ones”
o About a hundred families
· Plebeians – not patrician
The Culture of the Roman Republic
§ Paterfamilias – head of the house
· Oldest and most dominant male member of the family
· Exercised life and death over entire household
· Virtues passed from father to son (very important)
o Pietas – Loyalty and honor
o Gravitas – Seriousness of purpose
o Dignitas – Personal pride, self-worth
o Stories used to illustrate these virtues
Values
· Conservative people; hated change
· Great respect for traditions
· Experience a shift away from the virtues
· Rush towards individualism
Archimedes (c. 287–212 BCE) – Mathematician, Engineer, and Inventor
* Contributions:
* Mathematics: Developed principles of geometry, calculus, and the concept of pi (π).
* Physics: Discovered the principle of buoyancy (Archimedes’ Principle), which explains how objects float.
* Engineering: Designed war machines, such as the claw of Archimedes and mirrors to burn enemy ships.
* Simple Machines: Developed the lever and pulley system, famously saying, “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the Earth.”
* Historical Impact: His discoveries influenced physics and engineering for centuries, laying the groundwork for modern science.
________________
Hippocrates (c. 460–370 BCE) – Father of Medicine
* Contributions:
* Hippocratic Oath: A code of medical ethics still referenced today.
* Disease Study: Rejected superstitions and believed diseases had natural causes rather than being punishments from the gods.
* Clinical Observation: Emphasized careful patient examination and medical records.
* Historical Impact: Revolutionized medicine by advocating for rational diagnosis and treatment rather than religious or supernatural explanations.
________________
Zeno of Citium (c. 334–262 BCE) – Founder of Stoicism
* Contributions:
* Stoicism: A philosophy teaching self-control, logic, and virtue as the key to happiness.
* Ethics: Believed in accepting fate and maintaining inner peace, regardless of external hardships.
* Logos (Reason): Argued that the universe is governed by rational order and that humans should align their will with it.
* Historical Impact: Stoicism influenced Roman thinkers like Seneca, Marcus Aurelius, and later modern psychology (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy).
________________
Epicurus (c. 341–270 BCE) – Founder of Epicureanism
* Contributions:
* Epicureanism: Taught that the goal of life is pleasure and the absence of pain, but through moderation and wisdom.
* Materialism: Believed that everything, including the soul, is made of atoms, making him an early proponent of atomic theory.
* Rejection of Superstition: Argued that the gods do not intervene in human affairs, challenging religious fear.
* Historical Impact: His ideas influenced later secular philosophy and the development of modern scientific thought.
Pestaña 1
HISTORY
DATES AND MAPS!!!!
II. CIVILIZATION IN MESOPOTAMIA (SUMER)
B. The history of summer
* Early Cities (Ur, Uruk, Er…
* Creativitgy
* writing (cuneiform)
* Foreign invasion
* Sargon
* cultural diffusion
* 3rd Dynasty of Ur (Abraham, 2000 B.C)
C. Sumerian Culture and Civilization (cont)
* Law
* Ur-Nammu and Hammurabi
* Religion (polytheistic and syncretistic)
* Pessimistic
* Literature
*
Sargon was adopted by a king, his mother give him away throught the river. ⅛ population would live ther, ssome people not call it an empire but it was huge for the time
they were devoted to the god asure
enkidu, they fight till realize they can unite and be friends
he wanted to live forever and find about Utnapishtim (Noah)
tgey told him that he had to find a plant, when he find it and thought we was cheating death, they take the plant a3way from him, and they cheated him
“the lord kullah will not rise again” gives the teaching that when dye there not comiming back
job 19:25-27 teaches hope that when dying there is a resurrection, and life after death.
Pestaña 2
III. EGYPT: THE GIFT OF THE NILE
1. The Nile
* Nomes (accelerated population)
* Narmer (Menes)
2. History of Egypt
1. The old Kindom
* prosperity, safety
* Pharaoh + Pyramids
2. The middle kingdom
* Mentu- hotep II
* Hyksos
* Joseph
3. The new Kingdom
* Expanding empire
* War with Hittites
Hatshepsut (greatest female rulers,built temples, when she dyes people forgot about it because of thutmose, who erase her from thye records of rulers. )
Thutmose III (he extend egypt burders)
Ramesses 11 (ramesse of great, egypt most outstanding ruler, he was 14 when he became a ferror) many people wanted his statu even thought it was in bad state, also inspired poems about it. percy Bysshe shelley wrote a popular poem about it.
C. Egyptian culture
* pharaoh (
* religion ( optimistic) comparing to the mesopotemians (had no word for religions, for them i
the egyptian didnt have a problem of female being liders.
B3. he chooses to build a pyramid
B2. hyksos mean shepors King, the egyptian look down on being a hyksos
B1:
joseph one of the first people who build this type of piramet
King Snefru- not cmplited couse it get wet and the builders started to fall
the the did a second attend and end it up
A.
“Egypt is the gift of the Nile”
- Herodotus
Mizraim (the father of the…
Pestaña 3
D. Egypt's Legacy
* Architectural wonders
* Little else?
* Preservation
Pestaña 4
Chapter Two
The ancient Near East: Peoples
Succession of Empires
1. Old babylonian
2. Hitite
3. Assyrian
4. Neo/ New-Babylonian
5. Persian
1. The Hebrews
1. The history of Israel
* Abraham
* Moses
* Monarchs (urulachanin= City of chanin)
* Division conquest
* 721 affor the north kingdom of israel
526 affor the south
2. Culture + Religion
* Covenant
* Monotheism
* Ethics
II. A succession of empires
old babylonian empires
1. Hittite Empire (c. 1700-700 B.C.)
* A mystery
* Borrowers (borrow languages from different people, religions)
* Iron (first people who used iron extensively)
* battle of kadesh (after the fight both had weaqaken eachother so they stop fighting with each other)
then they disappear
* Hattusas (capital)
2. The Phoenicians
* Merchants
* Alphabet (greeks borrow it from them)
3. Assyrian Empire (1100-612 B.C.)
* Tiglath-pileser I
* Nineveh (become capital)
* steel (weapons)
* technology
* State terrorism (deportation)
* 721 B.C (
* Sennacherib + Hezekiah (hezekiah pray to god when danger was coming)
* Ashurbanipal ( he issued a “golden age”, he made the first great library) (we dont know what happened to him in the last 12 years, there wasnt much written about him.)
historians don't know what happened to them, but in single night they almost disappear.
theft train professionals as soldiers to succes on war
the lion on statues represent he cavaliers who were always causing problems to everyone
4. New B babylonian Empire (600-539 B.C.)
* Nabopolassar (son of the nobody)
* Nebuchadnezzar
- Babylonian Captivi
- City of babylon
- Hanging Gardens?
5. Medo-Persian Empire
* Cyrus the Great
* Immortals + Cavalry
* Bureaucracy
* zoroastrianism - Zoroaster/ Zarathustra (monotheistic?, polytheistic?(Yazata), Dualistic?(good and evil is equal, you choose the path that you follow))
Ahura Mazda - creating of creator, no beginning, no end.
Angra Mainyu - angry mind, bad guy, always existed
they believed in a mesia that would be born out of a virgin
* 3-Fold Path
Asha
6. 7. h
Supplement I
1. ASIA: Largest continent on earth
* ⅓ of surface area
* ⅗ of population
* Dead sea - lowest point of earth
* Mt. Everest - highest point on earth
* 3 river valleys
2. The subcontinent of India
1. Triangular Peninsula
2. Early Civilization
* Indus River Valley
(Harappan Civ)
* Dravidians
* Aryan Conquest
* 1500 B.C.
3. Hinduism & Caste System
* Polytheistic (monotheistic and henotheistic?)
* Brahman
* Goal? (break the circle of death)
* Reincarnation (you break the circle being reborn)
* how? (practicing yoga) (karma) (Jhana (Knowledge)) (Bhakti (devotion to a deity) (Dharma) (Moksha (liberation)).
3.
Cow were sagrat, and rats too
THE CASTLE SYSTEM
Brahmins- Priests and Scholars
Kshatriyas- Princes and warriors
Vaisyas- Land owners, merchants, commoners
Sudras- Farmers, Laborers, Servants
Outcasts (Pariahs)
II. THE SUBCONTINET OF INDIA
D. Takeover, Buddhism, and Empire
* Maurya Empire: 321- 184 B.C.
* Ashoka
* Buddhism - there is no God (there are many learnings that contradic eachother) you want to get to nirvana (the … of anythings) we have to regets wishes or desires so there vis no sufriment.
the goal of buddhism is How to deal your suffering
* Siddhartha Guatama
* Nirvana
* Eight Folt Path
.Gupta- “Golden age of india”
. Mughal Rule (Islam)
* Taj Majal (best of buldings)
E. Contributions to Civ
* Arabic Numerals + zero
* Steel
* Algebra
* Spices and perfumes
* St. Thomas Apostle
III. CHINA: AN ASIAN GIANT
1. World’s Oldest Living Civilization
2. 3rd largest country in the world
3. Chung-Kuo (believed that they swerve the centre of the world)
4. Yangtze - Huang He = Rivers of importants
5. Important Chines Dynasties
* Shang (1500 B.C) Righteousness= Sheep + me
* Writing
* Bronze
* Silk
* Zhou/ Chou (122-256 B.C.) (way) (longest chinese dynasty ruling
* Laozi - Daoism
* Confucius - Confucianism
* purpose: create the ideal society
* five virtues
* filial Piety
* Relationships
* Ideal Person (Junzi)
* “IS WEALTH A GOOD THING”?
* Qin/ Ch’in (221-206 .B.C.)
* Shih Huang Ti (Quin shi huang)
* Great Wall
* Terra Cotta Army
* HAN (202 B.C.-A.D. 9; 25-A.S. 220)
* Great silk Road (chinese clay pod, has to be handmade)
* calendar
* paper
* Tang (A.D. 618-690, 705-907)
* Wu Zetian
* Jingjiao (Luminous Religion)
* Xi’am Stele
* Nestorian Pillar at Louyang
“Da Qui Hymn od perfection of the three majesty”
* yoan/ Mongols (largest empire)
* ride horses
* Genghis Khan (temujin)
* china
* Middle East
* Russia
* Europe
* Marco polo
* Ming (1368 - 1644)
* Zheng He
C. Contributions to Civilization
* paper
* printing
* compass
* gunpowder
IV. JAPAN: LAND O THE RISING SUN
1. A NATION OF ISLANDS
* Nipon
* Mt fuji
2. Early history
* the Ainu
* Shinto (oldest surviving religion in japan) (shinto= the way of the Kami)
* Prince of shotoku ( founder of japanese civilization) (
3. Medieval Japan
* Mikado (jamado, longest ruling of japan)
* Shogun (futer lawers)
* Daimios (local, would be of constant conflict with the shogun)
* Samurai
V. KOREA: “LAND OF THE MORNING CALM”
1. The korean Peninsula
2. Early History of Korea
* 108 B.C. (recorded history)
* Buddhism (seondeok help with the spread of buddhism in korea)
* Three Kingdoms
* Taejo of Goryeo
* Gwangjong (take away power of oppenians) taking slavering back
* Joseon (last dynasty in korea) (peaceful time)
Pestaña 5
SUPPLEMENT II: OTHER AFRICAN CULTURES
1. The African Landscape
* Phut (descendants are called) (establish lidia)
* Cush (Nubia/ Sudan)
* Ethiopian eunuch
* Sheba (Ethiopia?) (descendants of the son of cush) (Ethiopia could mean stealers of a hard) (queen of sheba is potentially real)
2. Early Christianity in North Africa
Flight to Egypt
* Alexandria
* Carthage
* Church Fathers
* Anthony, Athanasius
* Augustine
3. Centers of trade
* Ghana
* Mali
* Mansa Musa
* Timbuktu (capital of the mali empire)
* Songha
* Askia the Great
* Animism
CHAPTER 3:
THE CIVILIZATION OF THE GREEKS
1. EARLY GREECE (Balkan Peninsula) (they broke rules)
1. Geography
2. Minoans and Mycenaeans
* Minoans (200 B.C)
* Commerce
* Knossos
* Moko
3. Dark Ages and homer
* Late Bronze age Collapse
“Sea peoples”
* Dorians (1200-1100 BC)
* Greek dark Ages
* Athens and Sparta
* Ionian Greeks
Homer
- Iliad an odyssey
- Basis for greek values
Pestaña 6
II. DEVELOPENT OF CITY STATES
1. The Polis
* Basic unit of Greek world
* City + Farm Land
* Agora
* Community
* Warfare
* Hoplite Phalanx
2. Sparta
* Conquest
* Helots
* A military state
* Eugenics
* No “extras” (they don't contribute anything to civilization.)
3. Athens
* Aristocracy
* Demos + Kratos (democracy) (power to the people)
* Draco
* Solon
* Peisistratus
* Cleisthenes
* Council of 500
* Direct Democracy
* Reflections
* Assembly= Key
* How democratic?
* Guardrails?
III. A CENTURY OF CONFICT
1. The Greco- Persian Wars
* Battle of Marathon (490 B.C)
* Pheidippides
* Xernes’ Revenge (480BC)
* Thermopylae
* Leonidas
* Salamis
2. The peloponnesian war (431 - 404 BC)
* Delian League
* Pericles
IV. GREEK CULTURE
1. The arts and religion
* History
* Herodotus
* Thucydides
* Drama
* Tragedy, Comedy
- Architecture
-Art
- Religion (amplified humanity)
* Parthenon
* 1204: Crusaders take Athens
* 1458:Ottomans take Athens
* 1687: Venetians attack, explodes, becomes ruin
2. Sciebnce and Philosophy
* Pythagoras
* Hippocrates (father of ocean)
* Ancients - Chaos
* Greeks - knowable
* Socrates (fsught in the wars of peloponisioan
* Plato?
* reality? (ideas)
* Theory of the form
* Allegory of the Cave
* The Republic
* Guardians and Rulers
* Aristotle
* reality? (observable)
* Science/ Technology
* politics (indiv)
* Descriptive v Prescriptive
Pestaña 9
Chapter 4: The Hellenistic World
· I. Alexander the Great’s Empire
o A. The Macedonian Conquest
§ Macedonians
· Greeks viewed them as barbarians
§ Phillip II
· Cultured, ambitious
· Military reform
§ Panhellenism
· Proposed unified Greece
· Supported and pushed by Isocrates
· Demosthenes
o Opposed the Panhellenism
o Greatest orator in antiquity
o Despised Phillip II
o B. Alexander’s Empire
§ he was shorter than me
§ His motives were unclear
· “Empire was his destiny” – romanticized view
§ Does not doubt himself
§ 1. Asia Minor
§ 2. Tyre
§ 3. Egypt – “Love at first sight’
§ 4. missed it
o C. The Empire after Alexander
§ No heir or institutions
· Did have a son who was born after his death
§ Hellenistic Age
· Begins because of Alexander
· Spreading of Greek culture
· Alexander’s greatest contribution to civilization
§ Division of Age
· Ptolemies - Egypt
o Cousin of Alexander
· Seleucids – Syria, Mesopotamia
· Antigonids – Macedonia, Greece
· Attalids – Asia Minor
o Last king wills the kingdom to the Romans (instead of admit conquest)
· Are all conquered by Rome
· II. Hellenistic Age
o A. Culture (323-30 B.C.)
§ New cities
· Alexandria
o Most important Alexandria was in Egypt
§ Greek exodus
§ Exports
· Greek values
· Koine Greek (common man’s Greek language)
§ Science
· Euclid – Formulates the rules for Geometry
· Eratosthenes – Calculates the circumference of the Earth [off by 200 miles]
· Archimedes – Determines the value of pi
o B. Philosophy (323-30 B.C.)
§ Therapeutic
§ Stoicism (Zeno)
· Zeno – Primary teacher of Stoicism
· Rejects Platonian philosophy
· Logos (The Word) – rational principle that creates the universe
· Don’t fear what you cannot control
· Four Virtues
o Provide liberation from fear
o 1. Wisdom
o 2. Courage
o 3. Temperance – moderation
§ Don’t desire more
o 4. Justice
· The goal was rational virtue
§ Epicureanism (Epicurus)
· Epicurus – Primary teacher of epicureanism
· Seek pleasure; avoid pain
· Renounce the world; withdraw from excess
· Go for what is attainable
Chapter 5: The Roman Republic
· I. Foundations of Rome
o A. Early Rome
§ Founded 753 B.C.
· More of a village
· Remus and Romulus
§ Etruscans
· Mysterious people
· Romans hate them [but not enough to not take their ideas]
· Violent
· Had a monarchy
§ Social Divide
· Patricians – “well-fathered ones”
o About a hundred families
· Plebeians – not patrician
o B. Roman Republic
§ 509 B.C.
§ Republic
· Res Publica – “The public thing”
· Safer than democracy
· Usual a mixing of different systems
§ Aristotle (one, few, many)
§ Consuls (rule by one)
· 2 elected annually
· Alternate responsibility
· No man can take power for himself
· Veto – “I forbid”
· Praetors (judges)
o in charge of explaining the laws
§ Senate (rule by few)
· Borrowed from the Etruscans
· Elite group (300)
· No legislative power
o Could not make laws; made recommendations
§ Assemblies (rule by many)
· Centuriate Assembly
· Tribune
o Plebeian office
o Elected official to protect the rights of the Plebs
o 2-5 people
o Had the authority to veto
· Plebeian Council
o Plebiscite – “the opinion of the Plebs”
o Brought forth written public law
o Fundamental to modern law
o C. The Republic at War
§ Punic Wars (264-146 B.C.)
· Carthage vs. Rome
· 1st Punic War started over the control of Sicily
· Carthaginians – major sea power
· Romans – major land power
· First Punic War
o Roman victory (won Sicily)
· Second Punic War
o Largest and most devastating war of antiquity
o Hannibal – Greatest general of antiquity (Carthaginian)
o Fabius – Roman general who developed delaying tactics
§ The Romans did not like that
§ Senators did not approve
o Cannae – most catastrophic military loss in Roman history
§ 60,000 Roman casualties
· 80 senators among them
o Hannibal wants Rome
§ Spent 15 years wondering around the Italian countryside
o Scipio (Zama)
§ Council
§ Takes the battle to Carthaginian soil (Zama)
· Roman victory
· Roughly 30,000 Carthaginian casualties
o Roman Victory
· Third Punic War
o Cato the Elder
§ “Carthage must be destroyed.”
o Burned and salted
o No Carthaginian records survived Roman destruction
o D. The Culture of the Roman Republic
§ Paterfamilias – head of the house
· Oldest and most dominant male member of the family
· Exercised life and death over entire household
· Virtues passed from father to son (very important)
o Pietas – Loyalty and honor
o Gravitas – Seriousness of purpose
o Dignitas – Personal pride, self-worth
o Stories used to illustrate these virtues
§ Cincinnatus
· Farmer turned dictator
· Roman Republic allowed dictatorship
o elected for 6 months in times of emergency
· Defeats Rome’s enemies in 15 days
· Declines to maintain dictatorship after his victory
o “Serve Rome and go home.” (Preston)
· George Washington modeled himself after Cincinnatus
· Ideal, virtuous Roman citizen
§ Cato the Elder
· Image of Roman Virtue
· Stoic
· Passed laws regarding women’s appearances in public
§ Cicero
· Greatest of all three
· Writer
· Condensed Greek thought for Roman consumption
· Personal goal: absolute moral integrity
o Always the best thing to do
· Tried to defend the Republic against tyranny
o He failed
§ Greek Influence
· “Captive Greece took their captors captive.”
§ Religion
· Heavy Greek influence
· Sanctum Polus – The Holy Chickens
§ Slavery
· Prominent
§ Law
· Twelve Tables
o Public law
o Pleb
§ Values
· Conservative people; hated change
· Great respect for traditions
· Experience a shift away from the virtues
· Rush towards individualism
·
Pestaña 8
1. 2. THE FALL OF THE REPUBLIC
1. Causes for Concern
* Economic Concerns
* Political Turbulence
* Tiberius Gracchus
* Verdict: need and army
2. Civil Wars
* Professional army
* Marius
* 1st Civil War
* Interlude
* Spartacus
* First Triumvirate
* Julios Caesar (general), M.L. Crassus (rich guy)bG. pompey (general),
* Second civil war
* G. Pompey ( General) vs caesar
* caesar dictator for life
* Second Triumvirate
* Third Civil War
* Octavian vs Anthony and THAT Wonan “Cleopatra?
* Actium - a turning point
* Why?
* Expansion
* Ambition
CHAPTER SIX
1. AUGUSTUS AND THE EARLY EMPIRE
1. Age of Augustus
* Restoration?
* Titles
* Augustus
* Princeps
* Maintain Institutions
* Reforms
* Weakened assemblies
2. The Early Empire
* Julio - Claudian emperors
* Tiberius
* Caligula (nephew)
* Claudius (becomes caesar) (health problems)
* Nero
* Agrippina
* burning of rome (christians were blame)
* Flavian Emperors
* destruction of jerusalen
* eruption of mount
* five good emperors
* Pax Romana (30 B.C. - A.D. 180)
* Nerva
* Trajan (was from spain)
* Hadrian
* Antonius Pius
* Marcus Aurelius
* “Romanization”
3. Culture of the early Empire
* Writing
* Virgil's Aeneid
* Livy and Tacitus
* Family
* Rome
* Gladiatorial system
2. TRANSFORMATION AND FALL
1. Third Century Crisis
* Late Antiquity (200-750)
* Plague
* Barracks Emperors
* Heliogabalus (ruled at 14)
* Philip the Arab (people think he secretly converted to christianity)
* Inflation
* Crisis of Confidence
2. The Late Roman Empire
* Diocletian
* Larger…
* Army
* Bureaucracy
* Coercion
* Constantine
* Edict of Milan (313)
* Mobile field units
* New capital city
3. The end of Western Empire
* Divided empire (395, Theodosius 1)
* Fall?
* Or transformation?
* The “ barbarians”
* Visigoths
* 476 (Odoacer and Romulus Augustus)
4. F
3. ;nj
Pestaña 11
1. (C. ) The end of Western Empire
* Divided empire (395, Theodosius 1)
* Fall?
* Or transformation?
* The “ barbarians”
* Visigoths
* 476 (Odoacer and Romulus Augustus)
SUPPLEMENT III: THE EARLY CHURCH
THEMES OF HISTORY
…
THE AGE OF PARADISE
* Jerusalem
* Antioch
* Alexandria (brain of the christianity)
* Rome
* Constantinople
1. The apostolic and persecuted church (30-313)
1. The Beginning
1. John the Baptist
1. Metanoia
2. Christ our God
1. Beatitudes
2. Eucharist (“thanksgiving”)
3. Pentecost (AD 30-33)
1. Church
2. Christians
3. Providence of roman rule
1. Pax Roman
2. Language
3. Roads
4. stephen)
5. St. Phote)
6. St. Barnabus)
4. Rapid growth
5. Council of Jerusalem (AD 49)
Judaizers
2. The persecuted Church
1. Rome Position
2. First two persecution
1. Nero
1. Peter and Paul
2. Domitian
1. John at Patmos (only apasum to die a… death)
2. Catacombs
3. Trajan
1. St. Ignatius Antioch (the God-bearer, Bishop)
4. Mar cus Aurelius
1. St. Justin Martyr the philosopher
2. St. Blandina
1. “I am a christian. Among us no evil is done”
3. St. Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna
5. Septimius Severus
1. St. Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyon
2. St. Perpetua And felicitas
6. Delcius
1. Origen
2. seven sleepers of Ephesus
7. Valerian
1. Cyprian, Bishop and Carthagej
8. Diocletian (co-empero maximian)
1. the great persecution
2. culture war
3. the ban legion
4. St. Callistratus
5. St. George and alexandra ofr rome
2. The Imperial church
1. The faith defended and defined
1. Church fathers
2. Heresy
3. Gnosticismo (gnosis)
1. IRENAEUS OF LYON (Against all heresies)
2. Secret knowledge
3. despises material world (all material is evil)
4. simon Magus (the sorcerer)
5. Docetism
6. nicolaitans
4. Monarquianismo
5. Montanism
6. Nestorianism
7. Council of Nicacea (A.D. 325)
1. (St.) Constantine
2. Arius c. Athansius
3. Arianism - Christ is not equal to the father
8. Nicene Creed
2. The Christian State
1. Jualin the Apostate
2. Symphonia
1. (St.) Theodius I
1. Edict of Thessalonica
2. st. brasil the great
1. Hospital (brasiliad)
“The blood of the murders is the seed of the church”
* Tertullian
IRENAEUS OF LYON (Against all heresies) ( gnosticism)
Pestaña 12
CHAPTER SEVEN: LATE ANTIQUITY
Three Development:
* Christianization of western europe
* Emergence of Byzantine Empire
* Rise of Islam
1. THE ARABIAN PENINSULA
1. The Nabateans
1. Incredibly Independent
2. Spices and incense
3. Religion
2. Petra
1. Annexed by Rome
2. Aribia Petrea
2. THE RISE OF ISLAM
1. The life of Muhammad
1. Mecca
2. Revelation from Gabriel
3. Hegira (622)
2. The teachings of Islam
1. Qur’an
2. Radical Monotheism
3. Five pillars
1. shahadah: the confesion
2. Salah: ritual prayer
3. Zakat: owns giving
4. Sawm: fasting
5. Hajj:
4. Sharia
3. The Spread of Islam
1. Abu Bakr (Caliph)
2. Umayyad Caliphate
3. Shi’a and Sunni
4. Jihad
4. Accomplishments of Islam
1. Abbasids
2. Baghdad
3. Culture
1. Cont. Preservation/ Transmission (Aristotle/ from India)
2. Treatment of Christians/ others
3. THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
1. Beginnings and Justinian
1. Constantines Move
2. The Church
2. sl
4. YS
Pestaña 13
HEREE
I. THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
1. Beginnings and Justinian
1. Constantines Move
2. The Church
1. 40 Martyrs of Sebaste
2. three holy hierarchs
1. St. Gregory
2. St. Basil
3. St. John Chrysostom
ST. John Chrysostom
“Golden - Mouthed”
* Prolific writer, publicly expounded Scriptures
Divine Liturgy
“Work of the People”
1. THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
1. Beginnings and Justinian
1. (St) Justinian I
2. (St.) Theodora
3. Nika Riots
4. Hagia Sophia
5. Justinian Code
2. Peril and Recovery
1. Leo III and Greek FIRE
2. Icons (eikon) “image”
1. Veneration: Honor, Reverence
2. Iconoclasts: Image Destroyers
3. li
3. i
2. KJA
Pestaña 14
V. THE FRANKISH EMPIRE
1. The rise of the franks
* Clovis (481-511)
* Merovingians
* After Clovis…
* Mayor of the Palace
2. Charles Martel
* Mayor of the Palace
* Battle of Tours (732)
* Stirrup
CHAPTER 8: EARLY MIDDLE AGES
1. THE CAROLINGIANS
1. Pepin and the carolingians
* Pepin the short
* Carolingians
* Donation of Pepin
1. Charlemagne's Empire
* Charlemagne
* Christmas, 800
* Missi Dominici
* Carolingian Renaissance
* Alcuin
* Trivium
* Quadrivium
2. Division and Recovery
* Internal Factors
* Louis the Pious
* Treaty of Verdun (843)
CHAPTER NINE: THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES (100–1300)
KING ISTVAN I OF HUNGARY
AGE OF DIVISION
Filioque Controversy
1. Society in the middle ages
1. Land and People
1. New agricultural mdethods
2. Social Customs
1. Nobles
1. Primogeniture
2. Knights (page, squire, knight)
2. Clergy
1. Aristocratic
2. Hierarchical
3. Reforms - Cistercians
3. Workers
1. Serfs
4. Women
1. Eleanor of Aquitaine - most famous and wealthy woman in the middle ages.
2. Blanche of Castile -
2. Trade and Cities
1. Trade (Venice)
2. Flanders (cloth)
3. Commercial Revolution (Medici = Banks)
4. Cities (burgs)
1. Liberties
2. Conditions
3. Guilds
4. Hanseatic League
5. k
3. k
2. j
Pestaña 15
NEWWW
CHAPTER 11:
CRISIS AND DISINTEGRATION (1300-1400)
3. CHURCH
1. BLACK DEATH A ND SOCIAL CRISIS
1. The black Death (1347-1351)
1. Bubonic Plague.
2. Pneumonic Plague.
1. Mortality Rate: 25% - 50%
3. a
2. a
2. WAR AND POLITICAL INSTABILITY
1. England (Edward III) v france.
1. Empty French throne.
2. Crecy (1346).
3. More English victories.
4. Joan of Arc
5. France wins! (cannins)
3. THE DECLINE OF THE ROMAN CHURCH
1. Babylonian Captivity and Western Schism
1. Boniface VILL v Philip IV
1. Unam Sanctum
2. Babylonian Captivity
1. (1305-1378)
3. Western “Great” Schism (1378)
4. Conciliarism (Constance: 1414 - 1418)
CHAPTER 12
THE RENAISSANCE
(1350 - 1550)
AGE OF UTOPIA
1. The Italian Renaissance
1. Characteristics of the Renaissance
1. 2. Renaissance Society and Politics
1. Politics
1. Diplomacy
2. Niccolo Machiavelli
1. The Prince (1532)
2. Realism
3. a
3. THE INTELLECTUAL RENAISSANCE
1. Vernacular Writing
1. Dante - Divine Comedy
2. Humanism
1. Humanity
2. Petrarch
3. “to the sources!”
4. Donation of Constantine
1. Lorenzo Valla (1439)
4. The Artistic Renaissance
1. Patrons
2. Giotto
1. Realism
3. Nature + Humanity
4. High Reinaissance
1. Leonardo
2. 3. Milanchelo
5. k
5. European States during the Renaissance
1. England (Wars of the Roses)
1. Henry VII- Tudor.
2. France (Valois)
3. Spain (Religious conformity)
1. Ferdinand and Isabella
4. Holy Roman Empire
1. Hapsburgs
6. Roman Church during the Renaissance
1. Forerunners of the Redormation
1. John Wycliffe (Lollards)
2. Jan Hus
2. THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE
1. Christian Humanism
1. Christian Hmanism
2. William Tyndale
1. N.T. from Greek (English)
3. Desiderius Erasmus
1. “Prince of the Humanists”
2. In Praise of Folly
3. Printed Greek NT (1516)
4. Reluctant Reformer
CHAPTER 13: REFORMATION AND WAR (1500 - 1600)
· Splits from the Roman Catholic church
· No male heir; wants a divorce
· Catherine of Aragon – Princess of Spain
o Originally the wife of Henry’s brother
o Henry splits from the church and divorces Catherine (purely political)
· Church of England (1534)
o Still Catholic (just not Roman Catholic)
o Anglican Catholic
· Anne Boleyn – Mother of Elizabeth
o Interested in the Protestant reformation
o Outspoken
o Cannot provide a son
o Accused of adultery and incest – Beheaded
· Jane Seymour – Henry’s Favorite Wife
o Provides a son; dies soon after his birth
· Children
o Mary – Catholic (daughter of Catherine of Aragon)
o Elizabeth – (daughter of Anne Boleyn)
§ Most like her father
§ Disappointment to Henry
o Edward – (Son of Jane Seymour)
· Considers marriage to Christina of Denmark
o “If I had two heads, one of them would belong to the king of England.”
o She says no
· Ann of Cleves
o Portrait painted by Hans Holbein
o Divorces her
o Henry declares her to be his sister
· Kathryn Howard – Young lady in waiting
o Cousin of Anne Boleyn
o Beheaded for treason
· Katherine Parr – Her third marriage
o Survives Henry
o Marries Thomas Seymour (brother of Jane)
· Edward VI’s Reign
§ Edward VI
· Sickly – Dies of Tuberculosis at 16
· Crowned at age 9
· Protestant advisors
o English Church becomes more Protestant
§ Lady Jane Gray – The 9 Days Queen
· Cousin to Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth
· 16 years old
· Dedicated to the Protestant cause
· Captured and told to recant her Protestant beliefs, refuses, beheaded
§ Mary I (Tudor) – Very Catholic
· Not tolerant – Bloody Mary
· Restores Catholicism
· Marries Phillip II (her cousin)
o Catholic Husband (“rabidly catholic”)
· Thomas Cranmer was one of nearly 300 Protestants burned at the stake as a heretic during Bloody Mary’s reign
· Rules for 5 years, never has a child
§ Elizabeth also has Catholics killed during her reign
o C. John Calvin’s Reformation
Pestaña 16
II. THE REFORMATION SPREADS
C. John Calvin's Reformation
* 2nd generation reformer
* Institutes of the Christian Religion
* Geneva
* Total Depravity
* Sovereignty and Predestination
* Sign of the Elect
* Church directs state
III. CATHOLIC REFORMATION AND RELIGIOUS WAR
1. The Counter (counter)- Reformation
* The Jesuits
* Revived Papacy
* Paul III
* Index
* Council of Trent
1. Affirmation of catholic Doctrine
2. Reformation of church practice
2. Wars of Religion
* France
* Francis I
* Huguenots v Catholics
* Bourbon v Valois
* St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572)
* Henry Bourbon (Henry IV) (first and last Bourbon king)
* Converts to catholicism in order to become king
* Edict of Nantes (1598)
* Spain
* New World resources
* Christopher Columbus
* Hermando Cortés (Aztecs)
* Francisco Pizarro (Incas)
* Philip II
* Low Countries
* Spanish Rule
* England
* Elizabeth I
* a
3. s
Pestaña 17
C. John Calvin’s Reformation
§ 2nd generation reformer
§ John Calvin - Institutes of the Christian Religion
· Basic summary of the faith
§ Originally from France
§ Settles in Geneva (city most often associated with Calvin)
§ Total Depravity
· Calvin was inspired by the teachings of St. Augustine’s teaching of Original Sin
o Takes it further than Augustine intended
§ Sovereignty and Predestination
§ Signs of the Elect
§ Church directs state
§ Dictatorship in Geneva
· III. Catholic Reformation and Religious Wars
o A. The Counter (Counter)-Reformation
§ The Jesuits – new order of monks
· aka. The Society of Jesus
· Founded by Ignatius Loyola (Jesuits)
· Promoted education
§ Revived Papacy
· Instated by Pope Paul III
· The Index – banned books
o Common tongue translations of the Bible
· Council of Trent
o Called by Paul III
o Met on and off for years
o Affirmation of Catholic Doctrine
§ No Sola Scriptura
· Declared anathema
o Reformation of Church Practice
§ less emphasis on indulgences
· Higher quality of Priests
o B. Wars of Religion
§ France
· Francis I – French king
· Affair of the Placards (1534)
· Huguenots (French Calvinists [protestants]) vs. Catholics
o Bourbon (Protestants) vs. Valois (Catholics) [?]
· St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572)
o Thousands of Huguenots killed in one day
· Henry Bourbon (Henry IV)
o Starts Bourbon line of kings
o First Protestant king of France (and the last)
o Converts to Catholicism in order to become king
o Issues the Edict of Nantes (1598)
§ Gives the Huguenots religious freedom
§ Recognizes Catholicism as the official religion of France
§ Spain
· New World resources
· Christopher Columbus
o Columbian Exchange (goods and diseases)
· Hernando Cortes (Aztecs)
· Francisco Pizzaro (Incas)
· Phillip II – King of Spain
o Husband of Mary Tudor
o Fanatically Roman Catholic
· Low Countries
o Dutch population (not free)
o Spanish Rule
o Calvinists and Mennonites
§ England
· Elizabeth I
o Prisoner in the Tower of London when she is made queen
o Principles
§ 1. Religious Uniformity
§ 2. Compromise with Catholics
o The “Middle Way”
§ The Church of England (Anglican Church)
o Goal? – Avoid Civil War
· Puritans, Separatists, Catholics
· Mary Stuart (Queen of Scots)
o Cousin of Elizabeth I
o Queen of Scots since infancy
o Catholic Ruler of Scotland
o Widowed at 18, remarries, new husband unexpectedly dies (under suspicious circumstances)
o Removed from power
o Beheaded by Elizabeth I in 1587
· John Knox
o Church of Scotland (Presbyterian)
o Does not like Mary Stuart
· Phillip II
o After Mary Stuart’s execution, he invokes Just Cause to invade England
o 1588 – invasion of England by the Spanish Armada
· The defeat of the Spanish Armada shifted the balance of power in Europe toward England
Chapter Fifteen: The Search for Order
· I. The Crisis of the 17th Century
o A. The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)
§ Inside Holy Roman Empire (Bohemia)
§ Protestants vs. Catholics
§ France joins the Protestants
§ Culmination of the religious wars
§ Europe’s last great religious war
§ Defenestration of Prague
· King’s representatives are thrown out of a window
§ Reinforcements
§ Gustavus Adolphus – Lutheran King of Sweden
· “Lion of the North”
· He dies in battle, and the Swedes bow out of the battle
· His 6-year old daughter becomes known as King Christina
§ France Joins the Conflict
· Cardinal something (I missed it)
· Sack of Magdeburg
§ Peace of Westphalia (1648)
· Treaty ends the Thirty Years’ War
· Calvinism is legalized
· Dutch recognized as independent
· Breaks up the Holy Roman Empire
· Beginning of the “Age of Reason”
· Rise of France
§ Religious Skepticism
· II. The Age of Absolutism
o A. Absolutist France
§ Louis XIV
· The Sun King
· “I am the state.”
§ The Fronde
· Revolution spurred on by the nobles
· Precursor to the French Revolution
§ “Age of Absolutism”
§ Versailles