if you're taking your t7 soon whether it's in just a few weeks or in a few months and you're a little bit scared or maybe a lot scared of the science section this video is for you in this video we're going to be going over the most realistic and aligned free t7 practice test we're going to be answering questions on chemistry A&P scientific reasoning and biology this is the most legit free test that you're going to find we also offer a reading math and English test you can sign up to take those tests using the link in the description below make sure that you grab a pen and a piece of paper because not only am I going to be explaining to you why the correct answers are correct I'm going to be explaining to you why they're incorrect so before we dive on in I do want to remind you that if you're taking your T exam taking a practice test is the best thing for you to do especially in the very beginning the number one mistake that we see students make is people find out that they have to take this test and they just start studying random stuff and they have no idea what's actually on the test how indepth or not in-depth the test is and people get really stressed out and they get really overwhelmed or they just straight up study the wrong thing so taking a practice test and figuring out what is actually on the test what is not on the test what do I know what do I not know that allows you to be able to gauge how ready you are for each section of the exam and it'll allow you to also gauge what it is you need to study so thank you for being here you're doing the right thing by taking a te practice test so without further Ado let's get on into it okay so let's Dive Right on into our first question which looks like it's going to be on A and P a patient presents with excessive bruising excessive bleeding and slow wound healing which of the following does the patient's blood test reveal a low plate length count high antibody count high red blood cell count or low white blood cell count the right answer is going to be a low plate length count so let's talk about why the correct answer is low platelet count so as you probably remember platelets are tiny cell fragments in the blood that help form clots to stop bleeding so in this question when someone is experiencing excessive bruising excessive bleeding and slow wound healing that's because their blood is not clotting as well as it should be which would indicate low platelet count so so this is a great question to get the test started with because you will definitely see questions like this so it's not not always a matter of knowing your vocabulary words and memorizing this is a great example of why it's important to understand context let's go to our next question blood oxygen levels are most likely low when blood does which of the following leaves the aorta fills the right atrium reaches the body's tissues or flows through the arteries the right answer here is fills the right atrium so the right atrium is one of the four chambers of the heart and it's where blood returns from the body after it has delivered oxygen to the tissues so the blood is now lower in oxygen because it has already been used by the body cells so when the blood fills up the right atrium it's carrying less oxygen and is on its way to the lungs to pick up more so let's talk about why the other answers are incorrect leaving the aorta so the aorta is the largest artery in the body and it carries oxygen rich blood directly from the heart to the rest of the body and blood in the aorta has just come from the lungs where it was just re oxygenated so now it is high and oxygen not low uh reaches the body's tissue so this is incorrect because when blood reaches the body tissues it is delivering oxygen to them this means that it is still high in oxygen when it arrives at the tissues it only becomes low in oxygen after it has delivered the oxygen and is on its way back to the heart and lastly flows through the arteries so arteries generally carry oxygen rich blood from the heart to the different parts of the body the only exception to this is the pumonary arteries which carry oxygen poor blood from the heart to the lungs however in general blood flowing through the arteries is usually high in oxygen okay an intracellular chemical signal can be produced in the cell membrane once it is produced it goes to which of the following a to a different cell b to another part of the same cell C to a region right outside of the cell or D to an area with high ion concentration the correct answer to this is is B to another part of the same cell so an intracellular chemical signal is a signal which is produced inside of a cell that's what the intra part means and what it does is it communicates information within that same cell so when this signal is created usually that happens inside of the cell membrane it travels to another part within the same cell to carry out specific functions an example of a function might be something like activating enzymes all in all intracellular signals are designed to act within the same cell where they are produced and traveling to different areas of that cell to carry out their task all of these other answer options here are talking about intercellular signals which would mean that the cell the signal would have to leave the cell or go to unrelated areas which of the following enzymes breaks down proteins is it a amales b lactase C pepsin or D sura so this is a great question because on the T exam you're going to have questions that come up on macro molecules kind of in two different ways so you're going to see questions like this where it's really related to a& P specifically the gastrointestinal system and then when you are and then you're also going to see questions about macromolecules asked of you in more of the sense of a biology question so it's really important that you really understand your Macro Molecule also known as your biomolecules really well through and through because there's a good chance that you're going to be asked an as well as a biology question about them so in this case the correct answer is C pepsin so the reason that pepsin is the correct answer is because pepsin is an enzyme that is specifically helps break down proteins into smaller pieces making it easier for the body to digest them pepsin is produced in the stomach where it works best in the acidic environment to start protein digestion let's talk about why the other three are incorrect so amales is the enzyme that breaks down starches meaning complex carbohydrates into simple sugars it basically doesn't have anything to do with proteins at all lactase uh lactase is an enzyme that breaks down lactose that's the sugar found in milk into simpler sugars so lactase works on lactose not proteins that's why it's incorrect and lastly sura is an enzyme that breaks down srose which is basically table sugar into simpler sugars which are uh for example like glucose therefore petson is the right answer because it's the only enzyme at least on this list that breaks down proteins the diffusion of nutrients through the walls of the digestive system is critical to homeostasis in the body the majority of this diffusion takes place in which of the following areas of the digestive system the large intestine the colon the liver or the small intestine the correct answer here is the small intestine okay so the small intestine is where the majority of nutrient absorption takes place in the digestive system the walls inside of the small intestine are aligned with tiny structures called Vil and microvilli and that that increases the surface area making it highly efficient at absorbing nutrients and passing them into the bloodstream this is obviously essential for homeostasis as the body needs these nutrients to function proper properly let's talk about why the other options are incorrect so large intestine the large intestine mainly absorbs water and some minerals but it does not play a major role in absorbing nutrients from food by the time food reaches the large intestine most of the nutrients have already been absorbed the colon is part of the large intestine and has a similar role in absorbing water and minerals it helps to form solid waste but it's not involved in the significant absorption of nutrients and lastly the liver does not absorb any nutrients from the digestive system instead it processes and it stores nutrients after they have been absorbed by the small intestine so the small intestine is the primary site for nutrient absorption in the body while the large intestine colon and liver have very different functions in the D gestive system and they do not absorb nutrients as soon as this Invader enters the body the body initiates immunological responses which of the following is the name of this Invader it a foreign particles B pathogen C toxin or D vaccine the correct answer is the pathogen so a pathogen is a harmful microorganism this can be anything such as a virus a bacteria or a fungus and a pathogen can cause disease so when a pathogen enters the body it triggers an immune response because the body is recognizing it as a threat on the tease exam you're going to want to make sure that you study microorganisms you're going to want to make sure that you understand um different types of Transmissions of diseases uh immunity responses as well as you're going to want to have a really good understanding of the different types of microorganisms the harmful kinds like a pathogen and also the beneficial kind which of the following muscles do circulating hormones stimulate extension flexor skeletal or smooth okay the answer for this question is D smooth muscles okay so smooth to muscles are found in places like the walls of the blood vessels the digestive tract as well as the bladder and they respond to circulating hormones in the body which can cause them to contract or relax to help control processes like blood flow digestion as well as waste elimination these muscles work automatically meaning involuntarily and are directly affected by hormones the other three answer choices are incorrect so let's talk about why so extension is a type of movement it's not a type of muscle flexors are a type of muscle that causes bending at the joints like when you bend your elbow uh flexor muscles are usually skeletal muscles that are controlled by the nervous system not by hormones and then skeletal muscles are the muscles attached to the bones that control voluntary movements like walking or picking up a piece of apple pie these muscles are controlled by nerve signals rather than by hormones if this practice test is making you feel like you definitely have some studying to do in the science section just know that you are not alone and that is exactly why the t7 online course exists the t7 online course helps you relearn and freshen up your knowledge about everything that we've seen so far on the the science topics that's A&P chemistry scientific reasoning and biology in addition the t7 online course goes over everything you need to know for reading English and math you're going to have way more than just practice questions you're also going to find flashcards educational video lessons and interactive study modules and get everything you need to pass your T exam with smart Edition acy's t7 online course check it out at ww smart Edition academy.com okay so this is our first question on scientific reasoning you are going to have eight scored scientific reasoning questions when you take your real T exam scientific reasoning is anything like designing an experiment the scientific method inductive deductive reasoning as well as things like conversions and scientific measurements so which of the following action contribute to minimizing bias When selecting a sample for an experiment selecting participants based on personal beliefs using convenience sampling methods ensuring that the sample represents the population of Interest or choosing participants from a single geographic location okay so the correct answer for this is going to be C ensuring that the sample represents the population of Interest so with this question it's asking you about eliminating bias so when you're conducting an experiment it's important that you have a sample that accurately represents the larger population in which you are studying this helps ensure that the findings are reliable and they can be applied to the whole population not just a specific group like question D talking about a specific geographic area by selecting a representative sample you minimize bias meaning your results are going to be more fair and accurate if a person smells something sweet which of the following forms of information is this initially perceived as in the nervous system cognitive integrative motor or sensory the correct answer is sensory so when a person smells something sweet the information is first picked up by the sensory receptors in the nose and these receptors send signals to the brain about the smell which is an example of sensory information sensory information can be defined as data gathered from the senses like smell taste touch hearing and sight here's why the other answers are not correct so a cognitive process includes things like thinking reasoning and understanding recognizing and thinking about a smell might come later but the initial detection of the sweet smell is sensory it's not cognitive your integrative processes they happen when the brain combines sensory information with other information to make sense of it but since we're talking about the initial perception of the sweet smell is purely sensory the integrative aspect of it would happen after the sensory data is received and motor information involves movement like moving your muscles to walk or grab something sweet smelling something is not related to movement so it does not involve motor information while hiking a person is startled after encountering a bear her Palms get sweaty and her heart starts erasing which of the following parts of her nervous system was directly stimulated Central parasympathetic somatic or sympathetic the answer is D sympathetic so the sympathetic nervous system is part of the anatomic nervous system and it is responsible for that fight or flight response that we are all so familiar with so when a person is encountering something scary or stressful like a bear on a hike the sympathetic nervous system would be activated causing physical changes such as sweaty palms and erasing heart this is these reactions are basically preparing the body to either fight the bear or flee from the danger of the bear so central nervous system would be incorrect because this is the CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord and while the CNS processes the information and sends the signals the physical reactions like the sweaty palms and the racing heart are controlled by the anatomic nervous system not in the CNS directly the parasympathetic nervous system is the rest and digest system which just helps the body relax and return to a normal state after a stressful event so in this case it would slow down the heart rate and calm the body down the seromic nervous system controls voluntary movements like moving muscles to walk or pick up some something but it doesn't control the anatomic or automatic reactions like sweating and heart rate changes in response to stress which of the following types of tissues include cells of the immune system and of the blood okay connective epithelial muscles or neural the answer is a connective connective tissue is a broad category of tissue that includes several types of cells including cells of the immune system like white blood cells and cells of the blood like red and white blood cells so blood is considered a type of connective tissue because it connects and it transports essential substances throughout the body so epithelial tissue covers the surfaces of the body this is things like the lining of the organs or the skin it acts as a protective barrier but does not contain immune or blood cells muscle tissue is responsible for movement and it is made up of muscle cells and neural tissues make up the brain the spinal cord and of course the nerve nerves it's involved in transmitting nerve signals but it does not include blood or immune cells so that's why connective tissue is the correct answer which of the following correctly describes homeostasis a functional system of the body blood flow to every cell in the body a relatively constant environment within the body or neural Pathways that have integrated into the body the correct answer is c a relatively constant environment within the body so homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment so this can include things like keeping the body temperature regulated blood pressure and pH levels within a narrow and optimal range for proper functioning the body uses feedback mechanisms to regulate these processes and ensures that everything stays in Balance when you take your T exam not only should you expect to answer questions uh for each of the systems within the a& P questions you'll definitely be presented on questions on homeostasis so make sure that you have a really good understanding of homeostasis so f fertilization which is the fusing of one sperm and an ovam results in which of the following embryo fetus an infant or zygo the correct answer here is a zygote so fertilization occurs when a sperm cell from the male fuses with an Noom also known as an egg from a female this Union forms a single cell called a zygo the zygo contains all of the genetic material needed to develop into a new organism it is basically the very first stage after fertilization so an embryo a fetus and an infant will all happen after that after the zygote is formed they're basically just later stages of development which of the following are included in the male reproductive system the penis and the epidemis the vast Defence and uterus the penis and the Fallopian tubes the penis strum and cervix the answer is a the penis and the epidemis so the penis and the epidemis are both inside of the male reproductive system which are the organs responsible for producing and delivering sperm for reproduction purposes the penis is the external organ used for sexual intercourse and the delivery of sperm while the epidemis is a coiled tube located behind the testes where sperm mature and are stormed technically the scrotum and the vast Defence are also part of the reproductive system however the uterus and the cervix are part of the female reproductive system so those answers are incorrect which phenomenon begins with red blood cells releasing oxygen to the other cells in the body is it air conduction cellular respiration internal respiration or or pulmonary ventilation so the correct answer here is c internal respiration before we talk about why internal respiration is the correct answer I do want to make a point that on your T exam you should be prepared to study cellular respiration cellular reproduction ction are all things that you should study as they may show up on the biology questions of your exam so internal respiration is the process where oxygen is released from the red blood cells into the tissues and the cells of the body so this occurs in the capillaries where oxygen moves from the blood to the cells and carbon dioxide moves from the cells into the blood to be carried away for exhalation this is a crucial part of how the body gets oxygen to the cells and removes waste gases so air conduction refers to the movement of air through the respiratory system such as like through the nose and through the trachea but it does not directly involve the exchange of oxygen between blood and the body cells cellular respiration is the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy also known as ATP and release carbohydrate as a waste product but this process happens inside of cells and it's not really about the release of oxygen from red blood cells like this question is asking and pulmonary ventilation is the process of basically breathing in or inhaling and breathing out and it involves the movement of air into and out of the lungs but it does not directly involve the exchange of gases between the blood and the body tissue so that is why internal respiration is correct because it is the exchange of gases Like Oxygen between the blood and the body's cells the correct answer is D the cardiovascular system so hop hopothesis is the process by which blood cells such as red blood cells are produced and of it occurs in the bone marrow of the skeletal system so once these blood cells are produced they enter the bloodstream which is then part of the cardiovascular system the blood cells are then transported throughout the body via blood vessels playing crucial roles and oxygen transport immune defense and clotting the other systems such as the urinary Digestive and muscular system they just don't play a direct role in the production or the transportation of blood cells so the urethra is the final structure through which urine travels to exit the body when it's time to urinate the urine moves from the bladder through the urethra and then it Isel expelled from the body why did it take many years for the cell theory to be developed advancements in microscopy took place slowly cells were difficult to isolate for experimental analysis researchers believed a cell formed from pre-existing cells or science scientists already proved that cells were essential for life okay the correct answer here is advancements in microscopy took place slowly and before I dive a little deeper into why this is the correct answer I do also want to say that this is cell theory as well as microscopy is going to be something that you should expect at least one to two questions on on your exam it's really important to understand pretty much everything there is to know about cells from a biology subject matter context so cell type cell function plant cell versus animal cell cellular respiration and cellular reproduction as I mentioned earlier in addition you want to know um microscopy in terms of the different types of popular microscopes that you would use in a scientific lab setting and you also want to know things like the different types of uh like glass containers different types of scales and things like that and you want to understand the advantages in different the you want to understand the advantages as well as the disadvantages of different types of microscopes so as a refresher the cell theory states that all Liv things are made up of cells and that cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living living things but it took a really long time for this idea to develop because microscopic technology which is the tools you use to actually see the cells it really took a while to improve and develop over time early microscopes were not powerful enough to observe the small details of cells and scientists really could not make accurate conclusions about cells until the microscopes got better which term describes complex carbo hydrate molecules consisting of numerous monac units is it monomers diosares polysaccharides or oligosaccharides so this is one of those questions that I was alluding to in the beginning of the video when we first had that question about enzymes that help digest proteins and I was saying that it's really important to have a good understanding of macromolecules because you will see questions on it kind of in an a& P context and then you're going to see questions on macromolecules in more of a biology context which is going to be just a little bit more detail than what you would see in an A and P setting so this is a prime example of that and the correct answer here is polysac so polysaccharides is a complex carbohydrate made up of many monosaccharide units which is basically what this question is asking uh monosaccharide is a simple sugar and it's linked together polysaccharides can be very large molecules and includes substances like starch glycerin and gluc and cellulose which are important for energy storage and structural support in organisms so let's talk about why the other options are not correct here so a monomer is a single molecule that combine to other molecules to form a polymer in this case the monastries are the monomers that make up larger carbohydrates but monomers by themselves are not complex carbohydrates which is specifically described in this question so if you said answer Choice a I can understand why a disaccharide is a carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharide units this question specifically asked for several or many so that is why this question that is why this answer is incorrect oligosaccharides are carbohydrates made up of a few monosaccharides usually somewhere between like three and 10 and so while they are larger then disaccharides they are not as large or as complex as polysaccharides which have many more of those units so polysaccharides are large complex carbohydrates made up of many monosaccharide units they have more than any of the other options listed on here which is why poaces is the correct answer which of the following organel is not separated from the cytoplasm due to the presence of its own membrane the mitochondrian the nucleus the ribosome or the vacu so the correct answer here is C the ribosome so the question is asking organel is not separated from the cytoplasm due to the Pres presence of his own membrane so as a refresher the ribosomes are a small structure in cells that make proteins what makes them unique is that they do not have a membrane around them this means that they are directly in the cytoplasm which is the jellylike substance that fills the cell I'm going to add a picture of it here so you can see it so let's talk about the other answer choices here so the mitochondrian uh is the cell that is the part of the cell that makes the energy it actually has a double membrane which means it has two layers of membrane and that separates it from the cytoplasm then we've got the nucleus which holds all of the cell's DNA the nucleus is surrounded by nuclear membrane which separates it from the cytoplasm and then lastly we've got the vacu which is the storage organel within the cells and they hold things like water and nutrients and they have a membrane around them to keep their contents separate from the cytoplasm so that is why the ribosome is correct because it's the only organel of these answer choices that does not have a membrane and it is the only one that is directly in the cytoplasm which of the following is a primary use of microscopy in healthcare another microscope question administering treatments for chronic diseases diagnosing infections performing circular performing surgical procedures or prescribing medications okay the correct answer is B diagnosing infections so microscopy is a crucial tool in health because it allows medical professionals to examine tiny organisms things like bacteria and viruses upclose or any cells that might be abnormal that might be causing an infection or a disease so by using a microscope doctors can identify pathogens in samples such as from blood or urine or tissues which helps them diagnose infections as well as other conditions or diseases in a DNA double helix adelene is a nucleotide base that pairs with which of the following the correct answer here is thyine okay so in a DNA double helix the nucleotide bases pair up with a in a very specific way to form the structure of the DNA molecule and the base pairing follows essentially these rules so we've got adelene always pairs with thymine that's our correct answer and then we have cytosine always pairs with guanine and this is because of the very specific chemical bonds that form between the bases specifically adelene and thyine form two hydrogen bonds with each other and and cyto and guine formed three hydrogen bonds so this complimentary base parent ing is crucial for DNA replication and maintaining the structure of genetic code and so when you are studying for your cheese exam you should definitely be prepared to see questions just like this you're going to be asked questions on genetics and DNA and you're also going to potentially see questions on punet Square so brush up on your information regarding genetics and DNA a patient's medication prescription is for 75 millgram of a drug if the tablets come in 25 milligram doses which of the following indicates how many tablets should the patient take 1 2 3 or four the answer here is three tablets because 3 * 25 would equal 75 mgram which of the following is the primary advantage of using a light microscope it provides higher resolution in magnification than electron microscopes it allows for the observation of live microorganisms in real time it can visualize viruses in subcellular or organel it is more complex and expensive than electron microscopes so the answer here is B it allows for the observation of live microorganisms in real time now don't say I didn't tell you that you would not have questions on microscopes so you definitely want to make sure that you know light microscopes as well as electron microscopes so the primary advantage of a light microscope is that it is easier to use it's more affordable and it allows for the observation of live specimen in contrast an electron microscope offers much higher magnification and resolution and it allows for a super detailed examination of structures but it's really more of like at a molecular or an anatomic level and it requires spe specimens to be non-living and often prepared in very specific ways so that is why light microscopes are awesome which of the following ions from a base react with hydrogen ions in a neutralization reaction okay okay the answer is going to be B hydroxide so in a neutralization reaction a base reacts with an acid to produce water and ass salt the key to this reaction is the interaction between hydroxide ions from the base and the hydrogen ions from the acid so the hydroxic ions from the base react with the hydrogen ions from the acid to form water which then neutralizes the solution which of the following is classified as a type of acid based reaction that produces a salt comination decomposition hydrolysis or neutralization so the answer here is neutralization so in a neutralization reaction an acid reacts with a base to produce a salt in water so for example when a hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide it forms sodium chloride which is a salt and water this is the classic acidbase reaction that produces as a salt as a product this is the classic acidbase reaction that produces a salt as a product so let's touch upon why the other options are not correct so a combination reaction involves two or more substances combining to form a single product but it doesn't specifically produce a salt from an acid and a base a decomposition reaction involves a single compound breaking down into two or more simpler substances this is not an acidbase reaction and it does not produce assault and lastly hydrolysis involves the breakdown of a compound by water simply to form ions or molecules it is not an acidbase reaction and it does not produce Assa salt so in addition to your a& questions your scientific reasoning questions and your biology questions as you see here you are going to be tested on your chemistry knowledge and comprehension which seems scary for a lot of people especially if you just have not taken a chemistry class as recently as maybe you took your a& classes so for the chemistry questions on the T exam you're going to need to know things like ASDS and bases the trends of the periodic table um the types of chemical reactions the type of chemical bonds you're going to need to know about chemical Solutions formulas and equations things like calculating moles marity mity and things like that so if it's been a hot minute and chemistry uh scares you or really just preparing for the te in general scares you and seems overwhelming I highly recommend that you check out our T online course it has everything that you need to study in one single place for your T exam not only for science but also for reading English and math but for but specifically students love our science uh study materials because it's really short and sweet and simple to understand study lessons but they also include lots of videos lots of PDFs as well as interactive practice questions and flashcards so people really find those beneficial especially visual Learners or people that are on the go so definitely check out the T online course open up a new tab right now and go to ww. smart Edition academy.com okay let's get into the next question now which of the following methods helps to eliminate bias in an experiment so the correct answer here is a random assignment of participants to experimental groups so this is our second question on eliminating bias and random assignment of participants to experimental experimental groups is going to be the best way to eliminate bias because you want the results to be as easy to replicate as possible and straying away from using people because of a personal preference or specific age groups or a specific environment or geographic location like the previous question had asked the more random the better for eliminating bias and the more you eliminate bias the easier it is to replicate your experiment so which of the following types of bond forms between nitrogen and oxygen and why the correct answer here is coant because electrons are shared so a cant bond forms when two atoms share electrons in order to fill their outer electron shells in the case of nitrogen and oxygen both elements need electrons to complete their outer shells so they share electrons to form a stable bond this type of bond is called a coant bond where electrons are shared between the two atoms so let's let's talk about why the other ones are incorrect so ionic bond because electrons are shared so ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another not shared the second one ionic because electrons are transferred so while ionic bonds do involve the transfer of electrons like we just discussed nitrogen and oxygen form a conveyant bond not an ionic bond they both have similar electr negativity ability to attract electrons so they share electrons rather than transferring them and lastly a conveyant bond because electrons are transfer we've sort of talked about this but this is incorrect because in a Conan Bond electrons are shared not transferred so when electrons are shared it forms an ionic bond so again it's really important to know what coant bonds are what ionic bonds are what they do do what they don't do and just really have a deeper understanding of chemistry on that level so again if you need a refresher on all of these different chemistry topics be sure to check out the online course so which of the following atoms is a cation okay the correct answer here is D 82 protons 125 neutrons and 78 electrons so A cation is an ion that has a positive charge which means it has more protons than it has electrons so when an atom loses electrons it becomes positively charged because protons which are positively charged outnumber the electrons which are negatively charged so the answer Choice D 82 protons 125 neutrons 78 electrons this atom has 82 protons and 78 electrons which means that it has four more protons than electrons which means it is posi it which means it is a positively charged it is a positively charged ion or a cat ion the positive charge is because there are more protons than electrons a spoon full of sugar is added to a hot cup of coffee all of the sugar dissolves which of the following describes the resulting solution the correct answer here is unsaturated and homeo genous so let's break this correct answer down into two parts so a solution is unsaturated when more solute in this case sugar can be dissolved in the solvent which in this case is the te at the given temperature so since the sugar dissolved completely and no solid sugar remains there is still potential to dissolve more sugar assuming the solution is not at its maximum capacity so in simple words the person making the tea can decide to add even more sugar into the tea it's not completely saturated the second part of this answer is the solution is homogeneous because the sugar completely dissolves in the tea and you cannot see any distinct layers of Separation so meaning the tea and the sugar have become completely mixed in a uniform faction at a molecular level once that sugar is in the tea you really can't take the sugar out of it it's just you can add more sugar to it but you can't take the sugar out of it once it's mixed it's mixed so that is why the correct answer is C in the following single replacement reaction blank replaces blank okay so the correct answer here is chlorine and iodine so in a single replacement reaction action one element replaces another in a compound so let's break down this reaction the chlorine reacts with the Sodium iodine the chlorine then dis places the iodine from the sodium iodide forming sodium chloride and iodine gas this means that the chlorine places the iodine in the compound so let's talk about some of the other answer choices so sodium and I and iodine this is incorrect because the sodium does not replace iodine in this reaction the sodium does not change or replace anything in the process chlorine and sodium so this is incorrect because the chlorine does not replace sodium in this reaction Chlor the chlorine replaces the iodine and the sodium Remains the Same and then sodium and chlorine this is incorrect because the sodium is not replacing the chlorine the chlorine is the element that is replacing iodine in the reaction what type of reaction is described by the following equation and if you're taking taking this test along with me and you're like man this feels like a lot of chemistry all the all of the sudden I can definitely understand so as a reminder when you're taking the real T exam there's going to be 50 questions some of those are going to be unscored but you should expect 18 amp questions eight chemistry questions nine biology questions and eight scientific reasoning questions that are actually scored so sometimes students say man my test felt like really heavy one way or the other it could be that those extra unscored questions were in one particular topic it could be or it could be chemistry or or any of the above but just in case you were feeling like that and thinking like that that's why but on the real exam you will only have eight scored chemistry questions you may see more than eight questions but only eight of them will be scored and no when you're taking the real test they're not going to tell you what you're scored and which are not okay so the answer the correct answer here is double replacement so in a double replacement reaction two compounds react and their positive and negative ions basically switch places forming two new compounds so let's break down this equation a little bit so the zinc bromade and the potassium hydroxide are basically dissolving in water the zinc bromade reacts with the pottassium hydroxide to form zinc hydroxide which then becomes a solid potassium bromade stays in the solution so in this reaction the zinc and the pottassium switch places with the bromade and hydroxide making it a double replacement reaction so let's talk about why the other options are not correct so a synthesis reaction occurs when two or more simple substances combine to form a more complex substance that's not what's happening here because two compounds are basically breaking apart and forming new compounds they're not combining a decomposition reaction occurs when a single compound breaks into two or more simpler substances and so again in this reaction we have two compounds reacting not one breaking apart and then in a single replacement reaction one element replaces another in a compound so for example if the zinc replaced the potassium then it would be a single replacement Hy reaction however here the two compounds are reacting and they're exchanging ions so it's not a single replacement Hydro reaction which of the following best illustrates multiple alals blood type in humans with a b and O Al height in humans two two alals blending together to create a mixed phenotype or genes inherited from two different chromosomes okay the correct answer here is blood type in humans with a b and O alals so the reason why answer a is correct is because multiple Al means that there are more than two possible forms of gene in a population okay remember when I said earlier that you would definitely need to have a good understanding of genetics and DNA for your te test so this is a great example question of that knowledge coming up so in the case of the human blood type there are diff there are three different in this variation a b and O that would determine the blood type these Al can combine in various ways to create the blood types we know such as a b ab and O so let's talk about really quick why the other ones are incorrect here so B height and humans so height can be influenced by many genes working together rather than one gene with multiple Al so this is an example of what's called a polygenic trait which means many gals which means many genes affect one trait not a case of multiple alals like this question is asking two alals blending together to create a mixed phenotype so this is describing an incomplete dominance rather than multiple Al so when we talk about incomplete dominance what that means is two alals blend together to make a mixed phenotype like red and white flowers creating pink for example multiple alal involves more than two choices like the first uh like the correct answer a b and O blood types not just blending and lastly genes inherited from two different chromosomes this is not correct because this is completely unrelated to multiple Al multiple Al refers to different forms of the same Gene not genes on separate chromosomes during which of the following phase changes will the cohesion between the particles of a substance decrease so this is pulling in some of that states of matter and properties of matter information that you should also be aware of when prepping for your T exam so we've got condensation deposition freezing and vaporization okay the correct answer here is D vaporization so vaporization is the phase change that talks about a liquid to a gas so an example of this is when water boils and turns into steam during this change the particles move further apart and the cohesion or say like the attraction between them decreases significantly because they're they are moving more freely and they are no longer tightly connected into a liquid form so condensation um is incorrect because condensation is the change from a gas to a liquid so when steam cools down and then turns back into water so in this case particles are moving closer together which then increases cohesion rather than decreases it so when you are refreshing your knowledge on states of matter properties of matter one of the things that you're going to want to make sure that you have a really good understanding of is what happens in each of the different stages specifically when it comes to cohesion are the particles moving quicker are they moving slower are they are the particles slower and further apart or are they closer together are they more dense so you kind of want to have a good understanding of during each of these phases what is happening to the particles so uh deposition is not correct because deposition is the change from a gas directly to a solid something like frost forming on a window during deposition particles come closer together and they form a solid which then increases cohesion so again knowing what the particles are doing and if it is increasing or decreasing cohesion and then lastly freezing is the phase change from a liquid to a solid so when water becomes ice and freezing particles move closer together and they form a solid structure again increasing cohesion instead of decreasing it okay so you are going to see just a little tiny bit of math when you are answering the questions on the science section this may actually also come up just a little tiny bit on the reading section sometimes there's questions about like say recipes or there's a question about you know how much time passed uh between the time that Bob arrived to the party and Stacy left so some of that information will be given to you it's typically pretty simple straightforward math so don't stress out too too much but here uh we've got kind of a math problem so let's tackle it together a patient's blood pressure is40 mm of mercury convert this pressure to kilopascals given that 1 mmhg is approximately 0.1 133 kPa so while you're working out the math I do want to remind you that in most cases conversions are not provided to you so when you take the math section the formulas and the conversions are not provided to you you are expected to have them memorized for the most common conversions so we're talking things like ounces to cups cups to gallons uh milligrams to grams kilograms to pound like your standard metric conversions but when it comes to something like this that's very specific like a kilop pescal a kilop pescal is not something that they're going to expect you to have memorized so in this case you're basically just doing a little bit of math to determine what the answer is given what they have uh provided you so the correct answer here is actually a 18.6 2 kilop pascals so um kilop pascals the way you needed to do here was a 140 multiply that by 0.133 this information was provided to you so when you calculate that with the four function calculator that they will provide to you on the screen you will see to make sure that you knew that you just needed to multiply this and that you didn't need to make it more complicated than that okay so here is another question very similar to the one that we just answered in which of the following states of matter are the intermolecular forces between particles in a substance the strongest gas liquid plasma or solid okay the correct answer here is going to be a solid so in a solid particles are packed very closely together and they vibrate in a very fixed position the intermolecular forces which basically is a very fancy way of saying forces that hold the particles together are the strongest in a solid which is why solids have a fixed shape and volume so just remember that solids they are the densest and they are the strongest they have the strongest molecular force and uh with a plasma so plasma is very similar to gas it has a very high energy State the particles are very far apart and they actually almost have no molecular Force at all plasmas are actually um made of charged particles that move freely so the intermolecular forces are very very weak just like they would be in a gas sequence of amemo acids in a gene determines which of the following the primary structure of a codon the primary structure of a protein the primary structure of a nucleotide or the primary structure of a nucleic acid okay the correct answer here is the primary structure of a protein so the primary structure of a protein is the specific sequence of anemo acids that are linked together in a chain and this sequence is determined by a gene which provides instructions on the order of the anemo acids so the primary structure is sort of like a blueprint that determines the shape and the function of a protein so let's talk about why the other answers are incorrect so a codon is a sequence of three nucleotides in an mRNA that codes for a single anemo acids they are not made of anemo acids they are made of nucleotides so the gene sequence determines the codons which then helps specify the anemo acids but the final product is the protein let's take a look at C so nucleotides here are the building blocks of DNA and RNA not proteins a gene sequence is made up of nucleotides but it doesn't directly determine the primary structure of a nucleotide instead what it does is it determines the anemo acid sequence in a protein and lastly we have the primary structure of a nucleic acid so nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides not anemo acids the basically this is meant to code for a protein not to Define another nucleic acid's structure so the right answer here is the primary structure of a protein because the gene sequence directly determines the sequence of anemo acids which then would form the protein's primary structure which of the following is true regarding the urinary system select all that apply so when you're taking your T exam version 7 does have a few different question types for the most part you're mostly still going to see multiple choice questions like the ones we've been answering up until now but you will see sometimes some select all that apply you will also see question types that are fill in the blank and you will also see ordered response there is also another question type called hotspot where you will be shown an image and you will basically have to click on the image for the correct answer you won't see too many of them just a few okay so for this particular answer the correct answers here are kidneys help regulate water balance yes they regulate levels of electrolytes such as sodium and potassium also yes and they eliminate melodic waste what is not true kidneys do not make urine and if you are watching this and you're like what are you talking about out of course they make urine they don't they don't and we'll talk about that more in just a moment they don't make urine in the in the sense that you might think that they do they don't make urine and as a person ages kidney tissues infiltration capacity increases that is also not true so let's break this down just a little bit more so let's start with the correct answers kidneys help regulate water balance so yes the kidneys control the amount of water in the body by adjusting how much water is reabsorbed or excreted in the urine this helps keep a stable water balance which is essential for maintaining blood pressure and just overall hydration regulates levels of electrolytes such as sodium and potassium so yes kidneys definitely play a role in balancing electrolytes they filter blood and they adjust the levels of these minerals based on the body's needs which which is crucial for functions like muscle contraction and and nerve signaling and then lastly eliminates melodic waste so yes this is true because the kidneys filter out waste products from the blood such as Ura and creatine which are byproducts of metabolism these wastes are then eliminated from the body in urine now before we talk about why the other two answer choices are not correct I also just want to let you know that on the T exam there is no such thing as partial credit so when you've got an an when you've got a question like this that is select all that apply if you selected four instead of three you're not going to get like a 50% if there was three correct answers and you only selected two of them you're not getting a 66% on that question it simply just will not it'll just be straight up wrong same with the fill-in the blank questions if you spell the word wrong you're not getting that question right so kidneys make urine so kidneys do play a role in filtering blood and they play a role in forming urine but they do not actually make urine in like the simple sense instead kidneys filter out waste and they adjust water and electrolytes which is then excreted as urine through other parts of of the urinary system what actually makes urine are things called nephrons which is what kidneys are actually made up of and as a reminder nephrons are basically the functional units of the kidneys where all of the process of urine formation occurs each kidneys has about a million nephrons and lastly as a person ages kidney tissue infiltration capacity increase so this is incorrect the statement is actually the opposite as people age kidney tissue infiltration capacity tend to decrease not increase aging can lead to reduce kidney function which makes it harder for the kidneys to filter blood effectively during the aging process not all hormone levels decrease some actually increase which of the following is a hormone that may increase as a person in ages cortisol insulin lutenizing or thyroid okay the correct answer here is lutenizing so the lutenizing hormone is a hormone involved in regulating the reproductive system so as people age particularly during menopause in women levels of what's called LH often increase because the body tries to stimulate hormone production from the ovaries which are becoming less responsive this increase in LH is a natural part of the aging process in both men and women though it is typically seen more so in women so let's talk about why the other three are incorrect so cortisol is a stress hormone that helps regulate metabolism blood sugar and immune responses and the of cortisol levels can fluctuate with age and may be higher during times of stress hash adulting anybody uh cortisol generally does not increase just as a result of the normal aging process that's just life not have says nothing to do with aging specifically insulin so insulin is the hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels and with age cells in the body may become less sensitive to insulin which can lead to higher sugar levels but the actual production of insulin by the pancreas does not typically increase as part of the aging process and lastly the thyroid hormone so the thyroid hormone helps control metabolism and their levels typically decrease or they stay about the same with age it really just depends some people may develop a thyroid issue as they age but an increase in the thyroid hormone is not part of the aging process a science student needs to measure 50 milliliters of water for an experiment which of the following measuring instruments should the student use a 100 ml graduated cylinder a 500 mL Beaker a 50 Mill volumetric flask or a 250 ml Erin Meer flask so we talked about questions like this um in the beginning of the video with some of the things that you're going to need to know regarding those nine scientific reasoning questions it goes back to Scientific measurement the scientific method how to design an experiment inductive versus deductive reasoning so this is an example of that kind of question it's important for you to be able to differentiate when you need to measure something in a scientific lab you know what is appropriate is a cylinder appropriate is a beaker appropriate or is a flask appropriate and there's pros and cons and there's dos and don'ts when measuring um for scientific purposes so again brushing up on that knowledge using something like the t7 online course to brush up on everything related to your scientific and reasoning your amp your chemistry and your biology is going to help you out out quite a bit so the correct answer here is a 100 Mill graduated cylinder so a graduated cylinder is actually specifically designed for measuring liquid volumes accurately and it is an acceptable device to be used for measuring specifically in scientific settings 100 m graduated cylinder will have markings that will allow the student to measure exactly 50 Mill of water making it the best choice for precise measurement so let's talk about the other things here we've got a beaker we've got a volumetric flask and then we have a Erland Meyer flask so let's start with a beaker so a beaker is not considered to be as accurate as accurate um because they have fewer and less precise markings it just it just wouldn't be the appropriate thing to grab so let's talk about the volumetric flasks okay so volumetric flasks are accurate and they are designed to be used in a scientific setting however they are typically used for making Solutions rather than measuring out uh various amounts of a liquid and then we've got the 250 m earin Meer flasks so earin Meer flasks are actually typically used for mixing or for holding liquids they're not used for accurate measurements and so they're kind of like beakers in that they just have a few markings but they're not really designed for precise volume measurement so again the only re the cylinder is the only thing that was listed here as an answer choice that is widely accepted for accurate and adjustable measurement and then all of the other op options either lacked Precision or they were just not intended to be used for measurements in a scientific setting so really important to again know the different types of microscopes know the different kinds of scales know the different type of glassware all of that is going to come up on your T exam which of the following phases is the cell cycle part of interphase metaphase prophase or telophase the correct answer is interphase so interphase is the phase of the cell cycle where the cell spends the majority of its time so during the interface the cell is growing it performs all of its normal functions and then It prepares for division by duplicating its DNA so interface has three stages as a reminder that is G1 which is growth you have the S phase which is where the DNA uh synthesizes and then G2 is preparation for division and interphase is the phase where really all of the essential cell activities happen before actual division begins so let's talk about these other phases what they are and why they're not correct so we've got metaphase which is just one of the stages in mitosis this is is a specific part of cell division but it's not the entire cell cycle in metaphase chromosomes basically line up in the center of the cell before being separated then we've got prophase so prophase is also a stage in mitosis but again it's not the entire cell cycle what happens in prophase is that the chromosomes condense and then the nuclear membrane starts to break down but this is again it's only one part of cell division it's not the cell cycle which is why it's not correct and then telophase is another stage inside of mitosis during telophase the cell finishes dividing its chromosomes and begins to form two new nuclei but like the other stages this is just one step in the cell division and it's not a separate phase of the entire cell cycle in which of the following states of matter do the particles of iron have the lowest amount of cohesion solid iron particles have the lowest amount of cohesion liquid iron particles have the lowest amount of cohesion gaseous iron particles have the lowest amount of cohesion or the particles have the same amount of cohesion in all states of matter so this question is very simple it sounds harder because it's basically trying to add a false sense of difficulty by having you think that iron might be different than anything else so iron is no different from water so the correct answer here is actually going to be C gas the correct answer is actually going to be C the gaseous iron particles have the lowest amount of cohesion and that's because all gas particles have the lowest amount of cohesion if that's not specific to iron um that's just specific to gas particles a person is diagnosed as having acidosis a condition in which the blood pH is below 7.45 which of the following does the doctor most likely conclude there is too much carbon dioxide is found in the blood highly oxygenated blood circulates through the body a blockage prevents blood from leaving the pulmonary artery or the nasal cavity is having a difficult time clearing particles from the air okay and so the correct answer here is a too much carbon dioxide is found in the blood so as the question stated acidosis refers to a condition where the blood becomes too acidic which means that the blood pH is below 7.45 so when CO2 combines with water in the blood to form a carbonic acid which lowers the pH which makes the them which then makes the blood more acidic so this condition can happen when the body has trouble expelling CO2 through breathing leading to what's called respiratory acidosis so let's talk about why the other three answer choices are incorrect so oxygenated blood again um oxygenated blood refers to blood that is rich in oxygen and acidosis is related to an imbalance in CO2 levels not oxygen levels if the blood is highly ox oxygenated it would not cause acidosis a blockage prevents blood from leaving the pumonary artery so a blockage in the pumonary artery is actually called a pumonary embolism and that would affect blood flow and oxygen level but it would not cause acidosis and then the nasal cavity has a difficult time clearing particles from the air so this one is more so related to a resp issue but it wouldn't explain acidosis the point where the small and large intestine meets the point where the small intestine and large intestine meet is which of the following the anus the appendix the seeum or the colon the correct answer is the seeum so the seeum is the first part of the large intestine and it is located where the small intestine meets the large intestine it's like this pouch like structure that marks the beginning of the colon and the small intestine empties its contents into the seeum which then leads into the rest of the large intestine so let's talk about why the other three are incorrect so the anus is at the opening at the end of the digestive tract I'm going to put a picture here so we can take a look at the entirety of the digestive tract together and this is where waste is eliminated from the body the appendix is a small tube likee structure that is attached to the seeum but it is not where the small and large intestin meet the colon is the ma is the main part of the large intestine but it's further along after the seeum and the colon is divided into several parts including the ascending the transverse and the descending also it's really important as I say those words this reminds me to remind you that it's important to really have a good understanding of anatomical position and the different planes in the body so language like ascending transverse descending uh lateral all of those words are really important for you to know as you prepare to take this exam so like I was saying the colon is divided into several parts and the small intestine meet the large intestines uh not at the colon it's at the seeum which of the following processes involves the addition of water molecules to break down conveyant bonds within macromolecules the dehydration synthesis the condensation synthesis the hydrolysis or the photosynthesis is so this is such a great question because I feel like it it sounds like a really hard question and I feel like it's because it's sort of uh it overlaps a lot of different concepts so we're talking about macro molecules we're talking about water molecules and then we're talking about conveyant bonds so this just feels like a question loaded with some chemistry and some biology so the correct answer here is actually going to be hyd is and so hydrolysis is the process where water molecules are added to break down cant bonds within molecules and a within macro molecules like proteins fats carbohydrates Etc during hydrolysis the addition of water splits the large molecule into smaller molecules so for example in digestion and enzymes break down food but by adding water to split macro molecules like breaking down scch like breaking down starch into glucose so let's talk about these other three answer choices dehydration synthesis which is also another word for condensation synthesis which is of course one of our answer choices here so both of them are the same is the opposite of hydrolysis so in dehydration synthesis also known as condensation synthesis uh two smaller molecules combine to form a larger molecule and then water is then removed not added so this happens for example when two anemo acids bond to form a protein water is released and lastly photosynthesis photosynthesis really has nothing to do with it um photosynthesis of course is the process by which plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into to glucose and oxygen so hydrolysis is the correct answer which of the following liquids typically forms a convex meniscus when placed in a container water Mercury saltwater or alcohol the correct answer here is Mercury so Mercury forms a convex meniscus when placed in a container because it has really strong cohesive forces which basically an attraction between Mercury molecules and it has weak adhesive forces attraction between Mercury and then the container surface this causes the Mercury to basically stick to itself more than to the sides of the container which is where that curve happens up that's called the convex at all of the edges so again this is something that you're going to see when you study scientific reasoning you're going to learn the difference between a convex and a concave meniscus it may appear on your test water Saltwater and alcohol all act like one another when they're placed in a container uh they form what's called a concave meniscus and that basically means that it curves down at the edges um what that means is that their adhesive forces with the container surface are stronger than their actual cohesive forces with themselves with their molecules before we answer the next set of practice questions I want to give you a reminder that if you've got your t7 exam coming up in just a few weeks or in just a few months that it's never too late to start studying with an online course the online course is intended for you to ditch the boring study guides and to study using a very simple and easy to understand structured system that's guaranteed to help you pass this online course will give you everything that you need to know and to relearn so that you can feel confident not only on test day but as you get ready to go into your program so if you're ready to simplify studying for your t7 exam and you don't want to to spend a bunch of money on test prep know that the t7 online course has your back check it out at ww. smmart Edition academy.com which of the following best describes the primary reproductive mechanism of bacterial cells binary fision sexual reproduction budding or sparm formation this is a great example of why it's important to not just focus on just memorizing definitions and really having a good understanding of the content that you are studying this question is not only asking you about cellular reproduction it's also asking you to pull in your knowledge of what you know about microorganisms in this case specifically bacteria so being able to know a little bit about how bacteria Works knowing how to pull in information on how cellular reproduction work will allow you to answer answer this question correctly so for this question the correct answer is actually a binary fision so binary fision is the main way that bacteria reproduce What happens in binary fision is a bacterial cell copies its DNA and then it splits in half creating two identical cells this process is a type of asexual reproduction meaning it does not involve combining DNA from two parents it is quick and it allows for bacteria to multiply rapidly so sexual reproduction is not correct because it involves the combination of genetic material from two parents to create an offspring with a mix of both parents DNA budding is a type of asexual reproduction seen in organisms like yeast in budding a new organism grows off the side of the parent and eventually separates and Spore formation so Spore formation is a survival mechanism some bacteria use in harsh conditions to protect themselves but is not a primary method of reproduction so when it comes to studying microorganisms you're going to want to make sure that you have a very good understanding of things like bacteria viruses um par parites fungi how do they move what are their characteristics what are some examples of them how do they uh reproduce and things like that what kind of diseases do they cause which of the following is an example of polygenic trait blood type flower color in snapdragons skin color in humans or eye color in Fruit Flags so the correct answer is skin color in humans so polygenic trait this basically means it is a trait that is influenced by multiple genes working together and skin color is a polygenic trait this combination of genes results in a range of possible skin colors rather than a simple one gene one trait outcome because many genes contribute polygenic traits like skin color show a wide variety of appearances so let's talk about the other three answer choices we have blood type the blood type system is controlled by a single Gene with multiple alals this is an example of multiple alals like we discussed uh earlier in this practice question flower color and Snap Dragons are determined by a single Gene that shows incomplete dominance in this case crossing a red flower plant with a white flower plant would produce pink flowers this is an example of incomplete dominance not polygenic trait eye color in fruit flies is also controlled by a single Gene with a simple inheritance pattern not multiple genes the cerebellum helps blank the correct answer is B coordinate body movements so the cerebellum is the part of the brain responsible for coordinating voluntary movements that's things like balance posture and fine motor skills it helps make move movement smooth and accurate so for example the cellum allows us to walk straight or allows us to reach for objects without losing balance body pressure regulation is managed by other systems specifically the onomic nervous system and parts of the brains like the medulla which help control heart rate and blood pressure breathing mechanics are controlled by the brain stem specific again the medulla and the ponds which regulate respiratory rate and depth language processing and the interpretation of sounds occurs in areas of the brain that are located in the Cal cortex and the cerebellum is not involved with language interpretation making coordinating body movements the correct answer all right and then our last question is going to be an a& P question the B cells do not directly attack pathogens or infected cells instead they Mark the pathogens for Destruction by macrofagos and B cells they Mark the antibodies for Destruction by B cells and natural killer cells they Mark the antibodies for Destruction by macrofagos and killer tea cells they Mark the pathogens for Destruction by macrofagos and natural killer cells okay and the correct answer is D mark the pathogens for Destruction by macrofagos and natural Killers so B cells produce antibodies which are proteins that bind to specific pathogens like bacterias or ruses and by attaching to these pathogens the antibodies mark them so that other immune cells macrofagos which basically eat Invaders and natural killer cells which help destroy infected or harmful cells can recognize and Destroy them the B cells don't directly attack but they rather like tag or identify the pathogens so that the other cells can eliminate it so just a few reasons why the other answer choices are not correct so B cells they do not destroy pathogens directly instead they just produce antibodies macrofagos are the ones that handle the actual destruction of the pathogens antibodies are the markers that B cells produce and are not themselves marked for Destruction instead antibodies attached to pathogens marking the pathogens for Destruction okay and that wraps up our last question so if you've stuck in with me throughout this entire video this entire test amazing job