Magandang araw sa inyong lahat. Ito ang Philippine Politics and Governance. Isa sa mga subjects ng Humanities and Social Sciences ng Senior High School.
At ito ang ikarasyam na lesson para sa subject na ito, the Judicial Branch. So nasaan ang eighth lesson? Balikan po ninyo yung mga videos na naka-upload sa playlist na ito, yung lesson number five and lesson number eight. ay magkasama na.
So, the objective of this lesson is to identify the roles and responsibilities of the Philippine judiciary. So, maigising exercise, sabihin kung executive or legislative. President ensures that the law is practiced and acted.
This is executive. Check existing laws and amend them. Executive or legislative?
Legislative. Interprets the law, sets legal controversies, determines whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part and instrumentality of the government. So this one is judiciary. So it is not the role of the executive.
nor the legislative, but the mere interpretation of the law is the main job of the judicial branch of the government. So this branch holds the power to settle controversies involving rights that are legally demandable and enforceable. So in a time when a law or... ang interpretation ng batas ang gumagawa ng kaliwanagan at nag-i-interpret nito ay ang judicial branch ng ating gobyerno.
It is made up of the Supreme Court as the highest form of court and the lower courts under the Supreme Court. Ang judicial branch ay isang sistema ng mga korte that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state. It provides mechanism for resolution and disputes.
Sabi ko nga kanina, nagbibigay ito ng resolusyon sa mga batas na may interpretation na hindi malinaw. So, trabaho ng judicial branch to give a clear interpretation of the law. The judicial branch does not make the law but interprets it and applies it to the facts of each case. So, how do they know the interpretation of a law? It depends on the cases they study.
So, if a person is in a prison, he has the ability to prove that he is not guilty. And the one who will say it based on facts and cases is the judicial branch. The judicial branch is tasked with ensuring equal justice under law.
So, their job is to maintain equal judgment, justice, for all people. So, whether they are criminal or not, for the law, there are still rights for those who are guilty of the law. The judicial power rests with the Supreme Court and the lower courts.
So, kung ang executive, Kapangyarihan is for leaders, specifically for the president. And the legislative branch, kapangyarihan or kakayahan for the law is for congressmen and senators. In the judicial branch, kapangyarihan is for the Supreme Court and the courts and the justices that govern these courts. So, in...
In this diagram, we can see that the highest court is the Supreme Court and the lower courts are the following. Court of Appeals, Sandigan Bayan, Court of Tax Appeal, Regional Trial Courts, and the Sharia District Courts. And under them, there are even lower courts that are hearing or listening to different cases depending on the specific case.
So let's talk about The Supreme Court, it is the highest court. It consists of one chief justice and 14 associate justices. Its function is judicial and administrative.
So, judicial has something to do with the interpretation of the law. Administrative, because it is the highest court, it is the one that governs the lower courts that are under the judicial branch. Function din ng Supreme Court to administer supervision over all courts and personnel. So that is merely the administrative function of the court or the Supreme Court.
Now, sa baba ng Supreme Court ay ang iba't-ibang korte. At ang una na doon ay ang Court of Appeals. So it is the second highest judicial court. It consists of 68 associate justices and one presiding judge.
which is a presidential appointee. So, ano ang function ng Court of Appeals? Halimbawa, ang isang taong kinasuhan ay nahatulan sa mas mababa pang korte at sa tingin niya, pwede niya pa rin itong patunayan na siya ay inusente.
Ito ay ia-appeal niya sa Court of Appeals at ng Court of Appeals ang magde-decide ng kaso niya based on Facts. So paano kung hindi pa rin mapatunayan at sa tangin ng Court of Appeals ay meron pa din siyang pagkakasala. So that's the time na pupunta siya sa mas mataas na court which is the Supreme Court.
At pagka napag-decisionan na ng Supreme Court, yun na yung finality nito. So kung siya ay guilty sa paningin ng Supreme Court, siya ay guilty. At kung hindi siya guilty sa paningin ng Supreme Court, hindi siya guilty.
Another court. is the Sandigan Bayan. It is a special court which was established to decide criminal and civil cases against government officials and employees accused of graft and corruption and similar cases.
Paano kung halimbawa ang mga namumuno sa isang bayan, sa isang barangay, sa probinsya, even the senators and the congressmen are having their cases? Paano kung sila ay makasuhan? Sino ang dudunog or didinig ng kaso na ito?
Ito ay pinadadala sa Sandigan Bayan dahil sila or ang Sandigan Bayan ang kolte na tumatalakay sa mga kaso para sa mga government employees. So ito ay bunga ng People's Advocate. Another court is the Court of Tax Appeals.
It is also a special court of limited... jurisdiction and has the same level as the court of a field so i know lang yung focus ng court of tax appeal so it involves criminal violation and collection of revenues under the national internal revenue code and tariff and custom code so more of revenues issues and cases regarding taxation so ito ay kinokonsis ng eight associate justices and one presiding judge. Another court is the regional trial court. The regional trial courts or court is established among the regions of the republic.
Its function is to exercise exclusive jurisdiction in all criminal cases, not within the other courts except those falling under the exclusive and concurrent jurisdiction of the Sandigan Bayan. Paano daw kung halimbawang nagkaroon ng kaso, let's say criminal charges, ang isang tao, sino ang dudunog nito or didinig nito? Ang regional trial court. So, may kanya-kanyang function ng iba't-ibang korte under the Supreme Court. And para maiwasan yung overwhelming cases ng iba't-ibang korte, meron silang kanya-kanyang function.
and the function of the regional trial court is to hear the cases that are not under the jurisdiction of other cases that we have already mentioned. So the RTC holds cases of serious crimes or criminal crimes like murder, robbery, and such. So the next court is the Sharia District Courts.
It is a special court equivalent to the Regional Triad Court and it is established specifically in a few provinces. in Mindanao where Code of Muslims Personal Laws is being practiced. The coverage of Sharia District Courts is for Muslims.
And like other courts, the jurisdiction of this court is also limited because their decision is based on the Code of Muslim Personal Laws of Muslims. It is composed of 5 Sharia District Courts and 51 Sharia District Courts. circuit courts. The decision of the Sharia district courts shall be final. So, wala nang apela dahil kung ano'y napag-decisionan ng district courts ng Sharia, yun na in finality.
So, sino ba ang chief justice? So, ang punong hukom, ang pinakamataas na leader ng judiciary branch. So the Chief Justice is a position appointed by the President based on the recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council.
So pag natapos na ang termino ng Chief Justice o kundi ni naman kaya siya ay napatalsik at nabakante ang posisyon ng pagiging Chief Justice, ang Judicial and Bar Council ay magnonominate sa Pangulo. when they think they should be the one to lead as Chief Justice and through the power of the President to appoint, he can choose who he thinks can replace or take over the position of Chief Justice. The retirement age of the Chief Justice is 70 and it has no term limit. So if for example, a person, a law, is elected as a Chief Justice or appointed as a Chief Justice at the age of 60, 10 years of his tenure as Chief Justice until he retires.
If, for example, he is still under 60 years old, the retirement age of Chief Justices is the same. At present, our Chief Justice is Honorable Diosdado Peralta. And he was appointed Chief Justice since October 23, 2009. So as a reminder, right is right, even if everyone is against it, and wrong is wrong, even if everyone is for it. our laws ay siyang nagpapanatili ng katotohanan in terms of the law. And hopefully, we can hold them accountable that their belief that what is right will continue to be right.
Kasi kung hindi natin mararanasan ng ating judiciary branch, may be responsible in terms of providing an equal justice for everyone, then who will we count on? Good day to all of you and see you in the next lesson.