this video provides an overview of the structure and organization of the brain this overview should provide us the foundation of language that we're going to need for other topics let's begin by looking at structural aspects of the brain remember that the central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord at the very top of the spinal cord forms the brainstem which includes the medulla and the pons the brainstem medulla and pons control important life-sustaining functions specifically the pons helps you relax and sleep the term pons is Latin for bridge which is quite appropriate given that the pons connects the upper cerebral portions of the brain with the lower portions such as the medulla and helps relay messages from the cortex and the cerebellum they not presented in this image the cerebellum rests just behind the medulla and pons the cerebellum is primarily involved in movement and sensory integration the midbrain sits above the pons and on top of all of them as the thalamus the thalamus is actually part of the forebrain that will be discussing shortly the midbrain and thalamus relay and processed sensory information and perform early regulatory functions such as the sleep/wake cycle adaptation and the ability to form a focused attention inside the brainstem we have the reticular formation the reticular formation helps you become alert and aroused when needed say you're taking a nap and someone tickles you the reticular formation would become active and wake you up when the reticular formation is damaged the individual goes into a coma and cannot be aroused before we get to the forebrain I want to discuss the cerebral cortex which is the outer surface of the forebrain the cerebral cortex is involved in complex intelligent functions it's a large thin sheet of tissue crumpled inside the skull it's the convolutions of the cortical tissue that gives the brain its wrinkly look some of the convolutions divide the brain into sections including the frontal lobes the parietal lobes the occipital lobes and the temporal lobes the frontal lobe is located not surprisingly at the front of the brain and is associated with reasoning motor skills higher-level cognition and expressive language damage to this frontal lobe can lead to changes in sexual habits socialization and attention as well as increased risk-taking the parietal lobe is located in the middle section of the brain and it's associated with processing tactile sensory information such as pressure touch and pain damage to the parietal lobe can result in problems with verbal memory an impaired ability to control I gaze and problems with language the temporal lobe is located on the bottom section of the brain this lobe is the location of the primary auditory cortex which is important for interpreting sounds and the language we hear the hippocampus is also located in the temporal lobe which is heavily associated with the formation of memories damage to the temporal lobe can lead to problems with memory speech perception and language skills the occipital lobe is located at the back portion of the brain and is associated with interpreting visual stimuli and information the primary visual cortex which receives and interprets information from the retinas of the eyes is located in the occipital lobe damage to this lobe can cause visual problems such as difficulty recognizing objects an inability to identify colors and trouble recognizing words the forebrain is located underneath the cortex and includes key structures involved in memory and emotion such as the thalamus hypothalamus the amygdala and the hippocampus the thalamus takes sensations that come from the body and directs them to the appropriate part of the brain for processing it organizes incoming sensory and relays it to the cortex with the exception of olfactory information or smell during sleep the thalamus partially shuts off incoming sensations while the brain rests the hypothalamus regulates body functions such as body temperature thirst hunger and the sex drive the amygdala controls one sense of fear and other instinctual emotional reactions the amygdala is also involved in fight-or-flight response characteristic of the sympathetic nervous system amygdala activation intensifies memory during times of emotional arousal and is associated with the formation of flashbulb memories the amygdala is also involved in processing positive emotions such as sexual arousal it activates when viewing sexually arousing stimuli such as pornography and the activation tends to be significantly higher in men the hippocampus is responsible for forming new long-term memories and memory consolidation the hippocampus changes with experience and becomes actually stronger with use this highlights the importance of continued hippocampal activity and the elderly basically if you use it or you lose it the primary somatosensory cortex is located in a Ridge of cortex called the post central gyrus which is found in the parietal lobe it's situated just posterior to the central sulcus a prominent fissure that runs down the side of the cerebral cortex in each area of the brain a specific region of the somatosensory cortex corresponds to a specific region of the body most projection areas have contralateral organization this means that the adjacent sites in the brain usually represent adjacent parts of the body the assignment of space however and you'll see that in the in the illustration here the assignment of space is disproportionate usually the parts of the body that are most sensitive to touch receive the most space remember I said that the assignment of space in the somatosensory cortex is disproportionate well this lovely gentleman is referred to as the sensory homunculus it's an artist's rendition of what a man would look like if his appearance were proportional to the area allotted by the somatosensory cortex to his various body parts notice the increased size of the lips and the hands this is again because the parts of the body that are most sensitive to touch receive the most space in the somatosensory cortex this sensitivity an increased level of brain territory are reflected in our behaviors as well say you're in a relationship with someone and you're in the process of getting to know them better you hold hands and kiss quite a bit during this time the brain is divided into two hemispheres the longitudinal fissure of the cerebral cortex divides the brain into the left and right hemispheres which are more or less symmetrical most structures in the brain come in pairs with one part of the pair in the left hemisphere and another part in the right the left and right structures are generally similar but they can be distinguished anatomically and functionally research demonstrates that each hemisphere has specialized capacity for instance for language for spatial tasks for facial recognition even with this level of specialization the two halves of the brain will work together as an integrated whole the corpus callosum that you see in the the center of the picture here is a tightly connected band of fibers that allows communication between the two hemispheres of the brain the transmission of neural messages between both the left and the right hemisphere as they've done with other videos I wanted to include a secondary exposure to the topic we're dealing with this video is part of a series on neurological and physiological topics that I really like don't worry if it appears that there's no sound when the video first comes on it takes a few seconds for kick in hello you're watching our amanda haas to dugong biology and medicine videos please make sure to subscribe join the forum in group for latest videos visit facebook i'm understood again like ask questions answer questions and please post over your artworks if you have any ah so today's video is gonna talk we're gonna talk about the anatomy of the brain and it's just going to be a brief introduction and an overview starting from the lateral view of the brain and here we will look at the four major lobes in the brain and the first one which is the frontal lobe which is at the front of the brain in order to forehead and this lobe is important for movement coordination and information so basically it is associated with 12 solving reasoning and planning and right behind the frontal lobe on the top of our heads if we drill hole is the parietal lobe and the parietal lobe is important for in sensory information so receiving stimuli and perception and at the very back we have the occipital lobe which is important for our vision vision processing scene and on the sides we have the temporal lobe which is where our ears are located and it's important for hearing and other important structures in this diagram on the cerebellum pons and medulla oblongata which we will look into more closer later on but for now let's look more closely at the four lobes and some associated areas just a brief overview so here's a simplified diagram of the brain now the frontal lobe consists of many Cortex's probably the very important one is what's called the primary motor cortex which is located here and the primary motor cortex is important in voluntary movements so processing voluntary movements like moving our hands moving our legs and also right next to the primary motor cortex still within the frontal lobe is the motor Associated area and they basically have roll in voluntary movements and these make up part of the frontal lobe and right next to the primary motor cortex we have another area called the somatosensory cortex or the primary somatosensory cortex now this area is important in receiving stimuli somatic stimuli such as touch pain and heat and also right next to the primary somatic sensory cortex is a sensory associate area and these make up part of the parietal lobe and what separates the primary motor cortex and the primary somatic sensory cortex is a central Garris now at the very back we have the vision cortex and the vision associated area and these make up the occipital lobe for vision processing what we see and and the last lobe is the temporal lobe which is important for order which consists of the auditory cortex and the auditory associate area for processing our hearing and now if we drill a hole here or open this section up underneath it we have areas associated with taste and smell but we won't look into it now but it's just interesting to note so now if we cut this lateral view of the brain in half and see what's underneath it to the medial section this is what it would look like so this we're cutting the lateral view of the brain in half and now I'll just go over the lobes again too so we know where we are in this diagram so we have the frontal lobe here and around here is the right temporal lobe because we just removed the left temporal lobe so here's the right temporal lobe important in our hearing behind the frontal lobe is the parietal lobe and at the very back of our brain is the occipital lobe now the cerebellar which I just mentioned previously is actually imported in movement balance coordination so we don't fold down weight basically and then we were the pons and medulla oblongata which I will discuss later on ah but I what's important to know this diagram is that there is a thalamus and we're just look into that more closer later on and also the corpus callosum which connects the two hemispheres because there's two hemispheres in our brain so if we have a closer look at this diagram where the thalamus and corpus callosum is just go over some important structures and this bit of the brain can be referred to as a diencephalon which is important in regulating homeostatic conditions and keeping our body in equilibrium now the corpus callosum as I just mentioned connects the two hemispheres together and there's two hemispheres in the brain the thalamus which is located that round circle it's important in the interactions and it's it's an interaction Center and relay station for somatic and sensory information so basically when we feel thing or when we feel something um in stimulation travels through our thalamus before going through the cortex and also when we want to move information goes through the thalamus before going to our hands now right next to the thalamus is what's referred to as a pineal gland or epithalamus and it secretes a hormone called melatonin above the thalamus which actually wraps around the thalamus is the fornix and it's important in the limbic system and around this area is also the hypothalamus which is a major endocrine gland and also underneath the thalamus these two lobes we have the anterior pituitary gland and the posterior pituitary gland now it's also a major endocrine gland and hypothalamus and these pituitary glands are important in keeping our body in equilibrium keeping homeostatic conditions so let's go back to this big diagram and we'll look more closer to we'll have a closer look at the brainstem where the pons and the medulla oblongata is and the brainstem works as a relay station received information from the rest of the body and sending out information to this spinal cord and it also contains cranial nerves which I'll make a video on next but essentially this is what the brainstem looks like so it connects the brain the actual brain to the spinal cord into the peripheral system so starting from the very top we have the thalamus and as mentioned the thalamus here is is a relay station for sensory and motor information so when we send out voluntary movement and receive stimuli stimulation etc it travels through the thalamus before going to the Associated areas for processing you can see underneath the thalamus we have the midbrain which I have not discussed but it is it has a role in actually our eyes moving our eyes and right underneath the pons is a medulla oblongata and the medulla oblongata you will hear a lot if you study anatomy and physiology and it's a control of involuntary movements but it has also other rows underneath this middle gada we have this spinal cord it is as you know the spinal cord continues down and these protrusions here are the cranial nerves and there are 12 cranial cranial nerves we have 12 12 cranial nerves and I'll talk make a video about them later on and here is the pons above the medulla oblongata and the pons works as a relay station between the cerebellum and the cerebrum and the cerebellum if you remember is just behind the pons if you see that other diagram and the pons also has another role it has a role in breathing not breathing so let's look at a different system now and this is gonna be an overview of what's called the limbic system and there are slight mistakes in this diagram but I'll tell you where they are so this is the limbic system actually no I don't think there's no mistakes this diagram but here's a cerebellum and the corpus callosum has mentioned connects the two hemispheres together the thalamus relay station and we have the pituitary glands the endocrine glands above it is a hypothalamus going up and this sick orange section here I will introduce later on but it has an important role in emotions the lobes we have the frontal lobe the parietal lobe and the occipital lobe now this orange the sketch I just drew is what's called the cingulate gyrus and this red line I'm drawing now is actually the fornix and it tuna and it connects to the hippocampus which is important for short-term memory and another important structure which is part of this fornix structure you can say which I'm drawing in blue now is that a McDonald and the amygdala is important in emotion so this red outline represents I'll just say the fornix and it's important part important part of the limbic system so let's have a different view of this limbic system and the limbic system I will just say is important in short-term memory emotions and behavior that's what it's important for now this orange is the cingulate gyrus it has a role in emotions underneath the cingulate gyrus we have the thalamus and there's two thalamus for each hemisphere and then this red this red structure I'm doing now is the fornix and the fornix connects to the hippocampus and the hippocampus has a role in short-term memory and emotions a large short-term memory and learning and right next to the hippocampus which is not actually connected these blue circles I represent as the amygdala and the amygdala as mentioned has a major role in emotions and memory so when we we are emotional the amigdala will fire up when they're crying and we're happy and amygdala also also associates because the amygdala and hippocampus are close together I'm a Dalek and hippocampus associates emotion with me so past trauma or happy memories it will this will fire up and lighten up so that was just a brief overview of the limbic system and brain anatomy and the living system as mentioned is for behavior memory and emotions next videos I will look more closer at each system and the cortex and more deeply into the anatomy of the brain but next but for the actual next video about the neurology I will look into the cranial nerves so yeah please like comment give feedback please thank you