Overview of Cell Structure and Functions

hello bachcho welcome back to physics wala bachcho aaj hum shuru karne ja rahe hai cell structure and function sabse pehle aaj ke lecture me hum kya kya discuss karne wale hai beta sabse pehle aaj ke lecture me hum discuss karne wale hai what is cell cell hota kya hai uske baar beta discuss karenge what are different types of cell what are different shapes of cell or what are different sizes of cell plus beta cell jiske baare me is poore what are different types of cell chapter may have been a valet have a kiss cheese say bunny we have you get kissy bitchy study hum karengi unki components go jana unki composition ko jana bhoj zaruri hai so sell ke baare mein hum tab tak beta properly nahi jaan paayenge jab tak hum ye nahi jaan lete ki aakhir sell kiss cheese say bunny we have to I a fata facha shuru karte hai aaj ka lecture that is what is sell so jab beta aapko koi puche what is sell aap kya bologe Many of you children will say that cell is the component that makes up the living organism. Every organism is made up of cells. It is possible that some of you children will say that cell is the living unit. You will say that. It is absolutely right. I am not saying anything wrong. It is absolutely right. But if you open any book and see, the first thing you will see is that cell is the component that makes up the living organism. Now what comes about the first point cell? Cell is the structural and functional unit of life. What comes? Cell is the structural and functional unit of life. Now open in any book. Look at the class 8. There is a cell chapter in 9 also. Look at 9. Look at 11. You will definitely get this term. This is structural and functional unit of life. Okay. If someone is alive, then he is made of cells only. That's why it is called Unit of Life. Now the question is, what do you mean by structural and functional unit of life? What is this nonsense? What is this? So, what does structural mean? See, every organism, every organisms are made up of cells. Whether it is bacteria, whether it is humans, horses, leaves, plants, animals, anything whatever it is, whether it is an amoeba, anything if it is living, then it is made up of cells it is possible that the shape of the cell is different it is possible that the function of the cell is different but if it is living, then it is made up of cells that means why is it called structural unit? because all living organisms are made up of cells ok because it forms structure of all living organism remember it it forms the structure of all living creature all living organism and that's why it is called that's why it is called that cell is a structural unit of life but why it is called functional unit of life what is the meaning of function to do something right function what do you mean by function Function means to do something, to complete something, to complete a process. So, there are many chemical reactions in our body. Proteins are formed in our body. We have already seen it. In the last class, we saw the crop. What we saw in the crop is that photosynthesis occurs. What happens in photosynthesis? It is a chemical process. Things break down in our body, energy is formed, it is a chemical process. So many such chemicals, which we appropriately call biochemicals, because it is inside the body of the living organism. So many such biochemical processes keep on flowing inside our body. And if we see exactly, it keeps on flowing inside the four walls of the cell. If we see the exact location, then that is why it is called functional unit of life why beta because cell is a site of ticket it is okay so it is a site of many biochemical reaction bahut sare tarah tarah ke beta ek do nahi ek do hota toh mai aapko naam bata dete variety of biochemical reactions variety of processes amare cell ke andar chalte rehte hai so it is a site of many Biochemical Processes different things are being processed in our cells proteins are being made, lipids are being made their utilisation is being done, their modification is being done thousands of things are being done that's why it is called functional unit of life so I just hope you must have understood you will not say in class 9 what was this structural unit of life you must be clear Cell is the functional and structural unit of life why is it a structure? because it makes the structure of every living organism why is it functional? because it is a site of many biochemical lochas many biochemical reactions ok son as you might have seen here what is this? this is not a cell this is a brick this is an earth our house is made of each and every brick similarly son our body is also made up of each and every cell. So that's why it is a structural and functional unit of life. Like I have added this slide here related to the discovery of the cell. Who discovered the cell? Cell was discovered by Robert Hooke. So he is Robert Hooke. Cell was discovered by Robert Hooke. Right? How did Robert Hooke discover cells? On a plant's dead cells, and those cells are called cork cells. Here you can see, this is the cork cells. Robert Hooke made his own microscope. Microscope is a device which we use to see cells etc. How it works, why it works, you will definitely see in higher classes. So microscope is a device which scientists use and which people in labs use to observe different structure of cells or different parts of cells. So Robert Hooke also made his own microscope and scientists have a lot of problems in their mind, that's why they make new discoveries. What would have happened if we were like them? We would have been sitting at home, thinking that I wish this would have happened. But these people believe in doing things, not in sitting and thinking. So that's why Robert Hooke made his microscope and started looking at various things. And then one day he discovered the inner cork cells. What is cork? Here you can see, there are trees. These are corks. The old thick trees, you will see that after some time, from the upper layer of that tree, the main branch or trunk, dead tissues start coming out like skin. Dead tissues, the same dead tissues that come out like skin, that is cork. It is a dead cell. Remember, again I am repeating, dead cells. Cogs were actually dead cells. But what happened when they died? The structure of the dead cells is the same. So Robert Hooke observed the first cell, that is the Cog cell. And what did he think? He thought that every living organism is made up of some honeycomb-like structure. Till now he has not used the name cell. What did Robert Hooke say? every organisms are made up of. Remember what Robert Hooke said in the beginning. He said every organisms are made up of some honeycomb like structure. You will see this type of structure in honeycomb. This is honeycomb. So honeycomb is also used nowadays. You will see different types of honeycomb. If you see, it is used in coolers. So he observed that organisms are made up of some honeycomb like structure. Which he named is And later what name did he give to this honeycomb like structure? He named this honeycomb like structure as cell. And what does cell mean in Latin? little room cell ka matlab hota hai ek chota sa room toh yaad rakhiye cell actually means little room so This is a small story behind the discovery of cell. Robert Hooke discovered cork cells which were dead cells. He said that cork cells or organisms which he studied were made of honeycomb like structures. He named them cells which means a small room. But later Anton von Leeuwenhoek said that He was the person who first discovered living cells. He discovered the first living cell. And those cells were actually protozoans or we can say unicellular organisms. They were protozoans or we also know them as unicellular organisms. So who discovered the first cell? The first cell was discovered by Robert Hooke. Kids are confused in this. So, don't get confused. Robert Hooke discovered the cell. What did Leeuwenhoek say? Leeuwenhoek also discovered the cell. But the living cell. The living cells of the Mola cell were discovered. And those cells were protozoans. Like our amoeba, paramecium, unicellular organisms. They discovered them. and later if you see son so he was Robert Brown and who discovered Robert Brown Robert Brown discovered Nucleus Son what is Nucleus Nucleus is very very important part of the cell it is also known as manager of cell like our body is controlled by our brain I feel like I have to raise my hand So the brain signals to lift the heart. I think I have to walk. So the legs will start moving on their own. So brain is the controller of our body. Similarly, there is a structure inside the cell called Nucleus. And it is called the manager of the cell. And who discovered it? Robert Brown did. So he was Robert Brown. So three... Main things associated with cell discovery whose name we have to remember There are many but some names we have to remember which I have added on the table First name is of discovery of compound microscope Who had made first compound microscope and his name was Jensen He had made compound microscope Next is Robert Hooke who I have already told you about. He discovered cells in cork but those were dead cells. Next is Anton van Leeuwenhoek who discovered protozoa and bacteria i.e. unicellular organisms. Next is Robert Brown who discovered the nucleus of orchid. Orchid is a flower. Kids these days must know that there is no time to give roses these days. It's Valentine's week, right? People keep giving roses to their friends. But what happens these days? Nowadays, lilies, orchids, they give all this. Rose was given in our time. So, don't forget roses. First, let's focus on orchids. Orchid is a plant. It's a very beautiful flower. And it's not available everywhere. It's very expensive. So, orchid is a plant whose roots cell Our Robert Brown discovered about Nucleus Next is Jacob Scliden He made a theory related to cell called cell theory We will see about it later And Theodore Swann He also made a cell theory But his experiment was on animals Whereas Scliden's experiment was on plants So Let's see what is cell theory. We don't need much detail. We just need to take a little overview of what cell theory is. So, as I told you, there were two scientists, Scliden and Swan. Scliden discovered his work on plants. And Scliden believed that all the plants he studied were made of cells. Swans were They were zoologists, that means they worked on animals. And they believed that all animals are made of cells. So you can see that Skladon and Swan worked individually. They worked alone. But their end product was the same. All organisms are made up of cells. Be it plant or animal. So this became the first point of cell theory, death. What happened? All organisms, whether they are plants or animals, are made up of cells. Now, later on, another addition came from this cell theory. Later on, another scientist came. His name was Rudolf Warchauf. Rudolf Warchow understood that all organisms are made up of cells. But he was confused about where the cell came from. It came from the sky and stuck in dates. Where did this cell come from? So he studied his brain and he saw that the cell does not come from the sky and does not stick in dates. Cell always comes from the sky. Old cells are formed due to their division. For example, this is an old cell. It divides slowly. As you can see in higher classes. And it divides into two cells. This is how a cell divides. That means the new cell is formed. These two new cells are formed due to the division of the old cell. So, this is how Rudolf Virchow made the second part of the cell theory that cell exists from pre-existing cell. So, this is how our cell theory was made. Number one point is that all living organisms are made up of cell. And second point is that cell exists from pre-existing cell. That means cell always exists. are formed from the division of old cells. So this was our cell theory. Now we will see the shape and sizes of the cell. So it is obvious that there is so much diversity. We have so many different animals and so many different plants. There are so many different bacteria, so their shapes will be different. So if we talk about the size and shape of the cell, They range in size and shape depending upon their function, depending upon their location. Where they are present and how they are present. On the basis of that there are different varieties of cells. I have added something here, as you can see. We call this spindle shaped. Because it is like a boat, you can see. And this is a muscle cell. This is a muscle cell. In fact, there are different types of muscle cells. Some muscle cells are like bundles, some are like a body, bundles, bundles type. Some muscle cells are like this. So, depending upon the function, their shape varies a little. So, this is the shape you can see. It is of a muscle cell, which is spindle shaped. What is its work? To contract, right? To contract, relax and move things. It helps in movement. Next, if you see, This is a nerve cell named neuron. What is its function? It makes our brain and transmits signals. Now I am showing you and I am also giving you a hearing. These are external signals, my speaking, my seeing. There are some external signals that are receiving your eyes, your ears and where are they taking you? They are taking you to your brain. So, there is a signal pathway in our body. There is a signaling system in our body and that signaling system is called the nervous system. The nervous system that makes neurons. And just because these cells To transmit the signal, this cell can be 1-2 meters long. So, you can see the variation in their shape and size according to their function. Next if we see, in fact neuron is the longest cell in human body. It is the longest cell. Next if we see, this is a sperm cell present in male. Now what is the function of sperm cell? Fertilization and it needs motility. Neuron will never come out of our body. Muscle cell will never come out of our body. But sperm cells are not the only organ that is present in our body. Sperm cells need motility because they move, they swim for fertilization. So, that's why there is a modification in sperm cells, there is a dent behind them that helps in movement. So, you can see that with the function of this cell, there is a motility movement involved somewhere, so according to that, the shape and size has changed. Next, this is a bacteria, we call it a rod shaped bacteria. bacteria or commonly if we see in terms of biology then it is known as Bacillus or Bacilli we call it this shape but normally it can be called cylinder shape you can call it rod shape anything is there common name is rod or cylindrical scientific name is Bacillus or Bacilli so here you can see how is their shape it is rod shaped it is of cylinder type for movement there are two long ribbon like structure structures and they can be modified to stick to other things. We will see that later. But for now, you see how their body shape is according to their function. Next, here you can see such long strands of violet colour. So these are also bacterial strands. These are one bacteria and these are known as Spirulum. This shape is called spiral shape and this is called spiralum. Helical shape is called long long threads. So you can see that its shape is totally different from other shapes. Next, this is WBC which is called white blood cell. Which fights against diseases in our body. So, the shape of the white blood cells is totally different according to their function and location. And here you will see these are our fat cells which we also call adipose tissue. All these yellow colored portions are all fats. These cells are modified in such a way that they have large reservoirs of fat in them. They store the fat. So, the function of these cells is to store fat. so that is why it is modified according to that last one if you see this is the ovum which we call egg cell ovum is considered to be the largest cell in the female body there is a lot of cytoplasm in it why? because this will lead to the formation of zygote and then after a baby so depending upon the location, depending upon the function there can be different shapes of the cell and and similarly different size of cells can also be there like we talk about sperm cells they have to move they need motility so because of this sperm cells are very small and they have a long tail so that they can cover large distances in less time so again repeating this the size of the organism varies Sometimes some organisms are very small like you can see here like you can see here some micron meter just a micron meter ok sorry let me start a highlighter ok so some are just some micron meters that is 0.1 to 0.5 around you can see and Neurons are about this long, as I said earlier, they can be up to 1 meter long. And if we talk about the largest cell, it is 170 mm by 130 mm which is the Ostrich Egg. Which is called the largest animal cell. Right? So, there can be different sizes and shapes of the cell. It all depends on organisms to organisms. Now the next question is on the type of cell. What are the different types of cell? We can make two categories of this. Based on cell number and based on cell complexities. What is the cell number? If we see this, we will get two types of cells or two types of organisms. So, if we look at the number 1 point, depending on the number of cells, cell can be of two types and organism can be of two types. What will be number 1? Unicellular organism or unicellular. That means, they are made up of only one cell. So, it will be made up of only one cell. Single cell. So what will be the organisms of single cell? Food, drink, dance, singing, everything. Everything will start in one cell and end in one cell. The entire life cycle includes just a cell. Only a single cell. That is single cell. What can we write in the example? In the example we can write bacteria. We can write any name in bacteria. If you know anything about microbes, then you can write Protozoa or Protozoa is a bit complex, so we can write a very common name that is amoeba Amoeba is also a protozoan only but amoeba name is often remembered by children We have studied a lot about amoeba since childhood Next, depending upon the number of cells, the organisms or cell can be multicellular multicellular organisms are there what happens in this body is made up of many cells many cells means if we see in our body there are lakhs of cells there are trillions of cells in our body so what will be multicellular organisms? they will be made up of many cells their body organization will be complex for example we can write anything we can write fungi which includes mushrooms etc we can write our name I am a multicellular organism. Plants are all multicellular organisms. Animals are all multicellular organisms. So we can write anything. All these are multicellular organisms. Now depending upon the structure, some cells do not have a nucleus. Some cells have a nucleus. So depending upon the structure, we can divide the cell into two parts. Number 1 is Prokaryotic cell. First is Prokaryotic cell. And number 2 is Eukaryotic cell. So what is Prokaryotic? Let's see. Pro means not professional, you are pro, this is not pro. Pro means old here. And what does karyotic mean? Karyotic means nucleus. So what is prokaryotic organism? Prokaryotic organism is that doesn't have well-defined nucleus. What does he have? He doesn't have well-defined nucleus. Or we can say that he doesn't have properly developed nucleus. Or in direct language, we can say that he doesn't have nucleus. So, well-defined nucleus doesn't exist in prokaryotes. Nucleus are absent. The second category is it is called eukaryotes. Second type of cell is called Eukaryotes. Now again if we see the definition of Eukaryotes, What does Eukaryotes mean? Eukaryotes means True, Such. And what does karyote mean? Karyote means Nucleus. So this is the organism which has proper well defined nucleus. So eukaryotes have proper well defined nucleus. So I am just writing have nucleus here. So Cell are based on number, there are two types of cell, there are two types of cellular organisms based on number Unicellular which is made up of single cell, Multicellular which is made up of many cells Depending upon the structure, depending upon the nucleus, there are two types of cell Prokaryotic cell, pro means again I am repeating old, old Karyotic is the nucleus, so in which proper nucleus is absent Well defined nucleus is not there that is called prokaryotic organism in which proper nucleus is there U means true we call them eukaryotic organism we have to remember this thing now apart from this there are some differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes about which we are going to discuss a little bit here apart from this also there are some minor differences which we will discuss here we have discussed number one point what is it? they have nucleus I am writing in short form so they have nucleus what was in them? nucleus absent in them nucleus is absent what can we write in second point? see second point apart from this there are some cell organelles there is not only nucleus in cell Apart from this, there are many small things and eukaryotic cells have all those things. We call them cell organelles. So what can we write here? Cell organelles, those small things that help in the functioning of the cell, are present. Cell organelles are present here. Whereas in prokaryotes, all these cell organelles are absent. Absolutely. basic design, there is nothing in it. So what will happen here? Cell organelles are absent. Apart from this, if you look at eukaryotes, then another thing is eukaryotic organisms which are there, they can be unicellular and multicellular as well. They can be unicellular multicellular as well okay like in a prokaryotes they go get today are unicellular a co multicellular prokaryotes nahin de quega take a day are unicellular so yet oh Dean main difference actually with a scale of a Bhoja difference a like in a be a mara made the I mean a half syllabus me to hum what's up they can give me a Bhoja sorry out of the syllabus out of the course beta cheeze parke hume confuse nahi hona hai hume 9th me wo cheeze milenge tab hum dekhenge phir hal ke liye hume jaanna hai eukaryotic cell me nucleus beta hota hai prokaryote me nahi hota iske alaaba bhi kuch cheeze hoti hai jinko hum kehte cell organelles and they are present in eukaryote absent in prokaryote unicellular hosaktay hai multicellular hosaktay hai prokaryotes are beta unicellular only or last point I'm gonna accept a hamlet except a examples you carry out Excel may have a reiki I NGA beta a gram unicellular made a cameba I got okay so plants are you carry out animals are also you carry out I'm sorry sorry carry out here it's Kala va fun jive he you carry out who they have whereas in prokaryotes, all different kinds of bacteria, good bacteria, bad bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, variety of bacteria, all of them are prokaryotes so these are some differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell now we will see in detail how prokaryotic cell is so let me draw the structure first first we will draw a prokaryotic cell after that we will see the composition of the cell that how this prokaryotic cell is made so let me draw some hair like structures out here you can make with me I am also making it a little slow so that you can also make with me We have to complete the work of time with time. Otherwise, things will keep accumulating. So, let us draw the structure of the bacteria first. Okay? So there is a single structure out here. There are some small dot like structures in their cell. Let me draw the dot like structures as well. And they also have some structures for movement. So this is a typical prokaryotic cell. If we see what all things this prokaryotic cell is made of. So, first of all, for movement, the filament they have, write it down together, for movement, these long thread-like structures that you can see, they are called flagella. What do we call them? We call them flagella. And what does this flagella do? Flagella helps in movement. It helps in moving from one place to another. I have also written the functions here. you can write it like this only then we will remember next point you can see here this small hair like structure all the small hair like structure in the body this structure is called Pili we call it Pili sometimes it is smaller than this so we call it Fimbria but Pili now I am going to write here because this is the more common term and what does this pilli do? it helps in attachment whenever a bacterial cell has to attach itself to something this pilli helps in that so flagella, long thread like structure helps in movement whereas these small hair like structures help in attachment they help in sticking to a surface Next, if you see this wall, the first wall present here is known as cell wall. This is not a plant cell wall, this is a cell wall with bacteria. And if you see the function of cell wall, then what is the function of cell wall? Protection, this is the content inside, this whole cell protects it. Next, if you see, there is a second layer here. This is the second layer. Here you see the light blue color. This second layer is known as plasma membrane. And it is present in every cell. Cell wall is present in some, it is not present in some. But this second layer, which we call plasma membrane, they are present in all kinds of cells. It is a universal membrane. Membrane means layer of cell. So, if you see, Sorry, layer, it is a layer. Membrane is the protective layer. So what do we call this? We call this plasma membrane. Remember, again I am repeating, this is present in all types of cells. We will see later how it is made. For now, you see what it is. It has many functions too. I will not write many functions of plasma membrane here. I will write together in eukaryotic cell what are the functions of plasma membrane Next if you see the part This space, the whole empty space where I am doing light blue colour This entire space, all the space where I have done light blue colour This entire space is known as cytoplasm What do we call this whole space? This entire space is called cytoplasm called Cytoplasm. It is a fluid like part. This is Cytoplasm. This is also universal. You will get this in every cell. It is present in every cell. In Cytoplasm itself, you get this pink colour structure. In the middle, you get a region in a prokaryotic cell. What is it called? It is called Nucleoid. Remember, this is not a nucleus. The structure of the nucleus is different which we will see later. Here the nucleus is absent but instead of the nucleus, there is a central area in the middle which we call the Nucleoid. And what is present in this Nucleoid? Their DNA is present. Again, what is DNA? We will see later when we will study about the nucleus. Right now, you can see the structure of this. There is no proper nucleus here. There is a central area called the Nucleoid. And in this central area, you can see this round pink line. If it's not visible again I'm drawing it over. So the pink line you see here is called DNA. Which is also called genetic material. Now if you notice you might be seeing dots here. These dots are called ribosomes. We call them ribosomes. and what these ribosomes do is they make protein in their body it helps in protein synthesis so you can see it is a very simple cellular organization at least from the eukaryotes it is very simple there is a cell wall which protects their whole cell there is plasma membrane which does various functions and protects and also helps in movement of things There is an area in the middle which is called cytoplasm and there is an area in the middle of the cytoplasm which is called Nucleoid which contains their DNA and apart from that there are small dot like structures in the whole cell which will make proteins and those are called ribosomes so their body organization is very simple Now if we talk about eukaryotic cell How does eukaryotic cell look like? How the composition of eukaryotic cell will be? So if we talk about eukaryotic cell, first of all we will see generalized eukaryotic cell After that we will see what types of eukaryotic cell are there So if we see generalized eukaryotic cell Again let me draw the structure I said membrane which is present in every cell whether it is prokaryotic or eukaryotic so what will be that membrane that membrane is our plasma membrane so here the membrane I am drawing this membrane is plasma membrane and in between this membrane the space inside this membrane I had said that there is some empty space inside this membrane and this space is called what this space is called cytoplasm keep drawing with me you will understand it well and time to time our cell will also complete right so it is cytoplasm I am drawing empty space here ok ok son so this is our cell now see son nucleus is present here in between let us assume that nucleus is present in between we will see what is inside the nucleus later first we will see the nucleus so this is our nucleus Now see, there are some structures attached to the nucleus. The structures attached to the nucleus wall are called endoplasmic reticulum. These are called endoplasmic reticulum. And around it, there are some structures like this which are called Golgi bodies. I am drawing here roughly, these are our Golgi bodies. These three things are very close because their functions are dependent on each other. That's why they usually lie close to each other. So these are our Golgi bodies. These Golgi bodies that I am drawing, I just told you about the endoplasmic reticulum, these are called cell organelles, which I told you about a while ago. There are some other parts in eukaryotic cell, those are called what? Those are called cell organelles. So these are the cell organelles. Apart from this, there are nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies. And apart from this, there is another structure of this type which is called mitochondria. Quantity varies. their quantity is not fixed they have different quantity in different cells so it is called Mitochondria after that you will see apart from this you will get many dot like structures in different plants they have different levelings so in eukaryotic cell you will get to see different cell organelles of this type and if you see if we do their leveling so this is our what? this is our mitochondria so this is mitochondria what will it do? in mitochondria energy will be produced so it will produce energy Similarly, this whole space is called cytoplasm. I just said that cell is a functional unit because it has a lot of chemicals. Different things are working in it which is working in cytoplasm. This is the nucleus which we call as manager of the cell. This is the nucleus in between. If it is not visible, I am writing it again. So this is our nucleus. and after that these are Golgi bodies and this is endoplasmic reticulum this is endoplasmic reticulum so these are some important parts Apart from this, there are many other things in a cell which we will definitely see in higher classes but mainly for now we have to see all these things and this outer layer is known as Plasma Membrane This is our plasma membrane So this is a basic diagram of a eukaryotic cell Now depending upon the type of cell, there are modifications in it. But there are some common things in eukaryotic cells like endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, mitocondria, cytoplasm and nucleus. Apart from that, if we look at the type of cell, then there are some additions in the plant cell and some additions in the animal cells. As you will see, what happens in the plant cell? Plant cell has plasma membrane Plasma membrane is there Along with this additional plant cell has cell wall I said in the beginning that cell wall is not present in every cell It is present in some cells And cell wall is present in plant cell What is the function of cell wall? Wherever it is present, protection is the main function So what is in the plant cell? In the plant cell, cell wall is present. So this is also eukaryotic cell. Apart from this, there is one more addition in the plant cell. What is the addition? It is a very big storage structure. Because the plant does not have any other structure to store. So to store near the plant, there is a big structure inside the cell. And that structure is called This structure is called Vecuole. In fact, 80% of the plant cell volume gets occupied by Vecuole. Similarly, what will happen after that? Like every eukaryotic cell has a nucleus. There will be a nucleus in every eukaryotic cell. As I told you earlier. After that, endoplasmic reticulum will be attached to this nucleus. As I have already told you that there are Golgi bodies related to this, which I have shown you. But there is one more thing special in the plant cell and that is a structure called chloroplast. Apart from this, there is a structure in the plant cell which we call chloroplast. It is a green color structure. In some, it is colorless. However, Chloroplasts or in broader term this is known as Plastids. Mitochondria is a common cell. No cell can be formed without mitochondria because mitochondria makes energy and every type of cell needs energy. You can see plant cell is also a eukaryotic cell. This is also a eukaryotic cell. But what is the addition in this? Cell wall is the addition. Vecal is the addition. Plastids are addition. These are the three things that are our additions. If we talk about the functions, then what will be the Vekol? Excuse me. Vekols are storage organs. It can store all kinds of things in the plant. This is the function of Vekols. If we talk about Plastids, then there are two types of Plastids. There are two types of Plastids. I am writing here. So there are two types of plastids, remember, two types of plastids, one is colorless, there is one type of plastids, they have no color, again what are plastids, they are some structure, it is just a structure, remember, we have some cell organelles and some colorless plastids which we call leuco. Leucoplast means it has no colour. It is colourless. Leucoplast stores nutrients. They store nutrients. Like protein, carbohydrates. The other type of plastic we can call chromoplast. Next plastic is chromoplast which has coloured pigments like dyes similarly these plastic have natural dyes which we call pigments and they are of different colours because of these we get to see different colourful flowers red, yellow, green, blue, all different types of flowers are because of these so There are two types of Plastides in the plant, Leucoplast which stores nutrients, second, Chromoplast which stores the colour and apart from this the green coloured Plastide which is very famous in itself, it is called Chloroplast. So, Chloroplast is a special type, a special position is given to it. So, Chloroplast is a special type of Plastide which contains special pigment called chlorophyll and without chlorophyll photosynthesis is not possible without chlorophyll, we may not be able to do it today because somewhere, directly or indirectly we are dependent on them so plant cell is also a eukaryotic cell but what is there in them? these are some of our modifications if we see the same in animal cell then what is there in animal cell? in animal cell, you have Cell wall is not present Remember, there is no cell wall in the animal cell No Plastids are present You will not see any type of Plastids And if we talk about Vecals So, Vecals are indefinite That means, they are very small and not visible or absent but what happens in animal cell in animal cell there is a good thing that is a good cell organelle which is called Lysosome what is Lysosome it is a cell organelle which is also known as suicidal bag why it is called as suicidal bag because it removes cell debris death removes cell debris so this is very rare in plant cells it is not that there is no lysosome in plant cells but very rare in terms you will see lysosome in plant cells so cell organelles death removes cell debris it is abundant in animal cells Plant cell is not totally absent but not abundant. Apart from this, there is another very special structure in the animal cell called Centriole. Again, you will definitely study about this in higher classes. Centriole is a structure made up of proteins and it helps in cell division. What does it do? It helps in cell division. But again, we don't have to see much in detail about them because it is not required. so animal cell it is also eukaryotic cell but it does not have cell wall nor it has vacuoles. Lysosomes are abundant in this cell and centriole is present which is absolutely absent in plant cell. So these are some differences between plant and an animal cell. Now if we talk about what makes our cell? What are the things that make our cell? So we can easily answer that what are the things that make our cell? First of all, our cell is made up of what? First of all, our cell is made up of Number 1, what did I tell you? The first membrane that is present in everyone First we will see universal things about modifications. Number one is plasma membrane. After reading all this, if you can't tell, then it will be very sad. What will happen? Plasma membrane will happen. Second, if we see what will happen next? Next is our cytoplasm. What is the cell made of? Cytoplasm, the matrix in which everything is present. And after that, who is it made of? Our cells are made of cell organelles. Now these cell organelles are of different types. All the cell organelles are not given in the book. We will discuss only those given in the book today. So let's start with the plasma membrane first. So when the discovery of the plasma membrane took place, At that time, there was a lot of controversy. A lot of people used to think that what is the purpose of plasma membrane? A lot of different theories were made. Different theories were proposed. And later it was observed that actually plasma membrane is made up of lipids. Meaning fatty compounds. If you don't understand lipids, then understand fats. It is made up of fatty compounds, lipids, carbohydrates and proteins. Now the next problem is that if plasma membrane is made of lipid, how is it made of protein? How is its arrangement? There were many theories on it. And later, a theory which was widely accepted, which everyone accepted, and the name of that theory, that model is Fluid Mosaic Model. the name of the theory was fluid mosaic model excuse me so Nicholson singer and Nicholson named two scientists proposed this and what was in this they believed that our plasma membrane is an ocean and what are the proteins in it proteins are floating icebergs As I have kept it here, you can see what is Gulabjamun, you must be wanting to eat it. So what is Gulabjamun? Where is Gulabjamun floating? Gulabjamun is floating on sugar syrup. Similarly, Singer and Nicholson said that the plasma membrane is a sea of lipids on which proteins float. Which means, Our plasma membrane is actually fluid in its nature. So, if I want to show you the structure, the structure looks something like this. Okay, just wait. In this way, in our membrane, in this way, in our membrane, there is an ocean of lipids. These are all lipid molecules. And there is not just one layer, there are two layers of lipid molecules. so there is a layer on top and a layer on the bottom so I have put this wave here so that we can be sure that it is of flowing nature so these are all lipid molecules again I am repeating, those who are not able to understand lipids, understand that they are made of fatty compounds lipids are fatty compounds this is actually a what? this is actually a chemistry term so these are all lipids molecule and in the ocean of this lipid molecule what did he say in the ocean of this lipid molecule our protein molecules float that means they are randomly present if one molecule is here then it is possible that the other molecule will be somewhere here So they are present like an island, they are present like an iceberg, randomly present hota hai. In fact beta, kuch protein to aise hota hai jo sirf or sirf ek hi layer mein upar upar se present hota hai. And if we talk about carbohydrates, then carbohydrates are found in very low quantities, 1 to 2% quantity, either they are attached to proteins like this or they are attached to lipids. So carbohydrate molecules are present like this, they do not have their own direct individuality, most of the time they are attached like this. So this is the structure of what? This is the structure of fluid mosaic model, which was proposed by whom? this was proposed by Singer and Nicholson's so leveling key a gram they can beta to update sake ho this is the lipid layer ticket this is the lipid layer or lipid K do layer hotel a yard rakhi a so is he like a big about plasma membrane called lipid by layer be kaha jata hai because lipid K do layer hey yeah yeah beta this is the protein This is protein. All these red colored things are proteins. Some are on the outside and some are on the inside. And then in pink color, it is our carbohydrate. So now if I ask you, what is our plasma membrane made of? So our plasma membrane is made up of, what? Made up of Protein, carbohydrates and lipids PCL You can remember it as it is made up of protein, carbohydrates and lipids Now let's talk about functions So what are the functions of plasma membrane What is the function of this structure So the first function is protection This is the first boundary in any cell Because what I have told you Every cell has a membrane Cell wall is not present in our body cells. So, in such cells, plasma membrane is the protective layer. Second, it helps in transportation. It helps in transportation of substances. That means, things that go inside or outside the cell will not be able to go without the permission of plasma membrane. So, it helps in transportation of molecules. across the cell. Whether it goes inside the cell or out of the cell. Without the permission of the plasma membrane, it will not be able to go. Now when we talk about transportation, then there are different types of transportation of things across the plasma membrane. So there are different kinds of transportation. There are different types of transportation. In brief we will see what are the different types of transportation Number 1 point if we see in different kinds of transportation What happens in each transportation Like you will see fatty compound Fats Now our plasma membrane is also made of fat And if we talk about fat molecules So they will not have much problem in their movement Similarly, if we talk about gas, like Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, so these are gases, they also don't have any problem in crossing the plasma membrane. So, some molecules are such that they can randomly cross the plasma membrane. That type of movement is called diffusion or you can say simple diffusion. So, what will be the kinds of movement, kinds of transportation? Number one will be simple diffusion. What will happen in simple diffusion? Molecules will move from higher to lower concentration. That means where the molecules are more, whether they are outside the cell or inside the cell, molecules will move from higher to lower concentration. Suppose this is plasma membrane, if there are more molecules here and less inside, then they will move towards less from here. That is simple diffusion. And I just said what are the simple diffusions of things across plasma membrane? It is gases. It will be of gases and some of our simple lipids, simple fats. What will be their movement? Simple diffusion will happen. That means there will be normal movement. Next if we see, next type ki kya hoti hai so next type ki jo movement hoti hai it is called pacillated diffusion It is called Fascielated Diffusion. Now what happens in Fascielated Diffusion? In this also molecules move from higher to lower concentration but but it helps someone. Like sometimes what happens is you sit in exam and you get some answers that is normal diffusion. Sometimes you don't get any answers so what do you do? You ask your friend to tell you the answer. friend you get the answer and you write the answer that is Facillated Diffusion that means you are not able to move in plasma membrane but you are taking help of someone to move this type of process is called as Facillated Diffusion and what will be the definition here it uses carrier molecules carrier means it takes help of someone it uses Carrier molecules which are some proteins only, it uses carrier molecules for movement. I will tell you the example also then it will be more clear. For example, let's talk about water movement. Now see what I told you, our plasma membrane is made of lipid. Lipid means oil or fat. Up. Water and oil can never mix. If you look carefully, water and oil, water and tail never dissolve in each other. So what is water? Water will never be able to enter the plasma membrane directly. Because what is the plasma membrane made of? Plasma membrane is made of oily substances. So water will not be able to move directly. So what does water do? Water helps some molecule. I told you that there are some proteins in the plasma membrane. Similarly, there are some special proteins. Water goes inside through the help of those proteins. This type of movement is called Fasciated Diffusion. Here, water cannot move by itself in the plasma membrane. It moves through the help of proteins. And we will call such movement as Fasciated Diffusion. Next type of movement is called active diffusion. Active diffusion also has movement. It just requires energy molecules. Normal diffusion is not possible. Normal diffusion means where the quantity is more. it moves towards the lower part of the body that is normal diffusion but in active diffusion there is no such movement it uses energy ATP is used the rest of the process we saw the facilitated diffusion and simple diffusion both the process does not require energy molecules move on their own but here in active diffusion there is a requirement of energy and molecules can move in any direction at least in both directions this movement is called active diffusion clear? I have told you about 3 types of diffusion simple diffusion of gases nothing is needed in this no energy or help is needed from high to low second is facilitated diffusion energy is not used in this too but a helper is needed here Third, I told you about active diffusion. What happens in this? Active diffusion requires energy. Molecules cannot be used without energy. For example, if we tell you that the movement of ions in our body is like this. Like talking about sodium ions, potassium ions, their movement in our body is through active diffusion. Apart from this, there are many other types of movements in our body. For example, one movement we can call as Exocytosis. This is called cell vomiting. Now, the cell doesn't vomit. The thing comes out of the cell. things come out directly and not in small quantity but in large quantity so this is called cell vomiting exo means out and cytosis means to come out of the cell the second movement is called endocytosis it is called endocytosis which means cell eating cell eating means that things move inside the cell that means endo means in and cytosis means again cell So, in exocytosis, the cell will be outside the body and in endocytosis, it will be inside the cell. And the bacteria or viruses that exist in our body do not move through active, passive or normal diffusion. They move in and out through things like endocytosis or exocytosis in our body. That means there are various types of transportation systems in our plasma membrane. So, there are two main functions of the cell, one is protection and second one is transportation. Next, if we talk about what is cytoplasm? So, in the background you must be seeing a jelly. We eat jelly in kindergarten. So, what is cytoplasm? It is a gel-like, fluid-like space inside the cell. So, what is cytoplasm? It is a semi-fluid or gel-like or we can say gel like paste inside plasma membrane but outside nucleus remember this because kids get confused in this also but it is outside the nucleus This is called plasma membrane. Let's say this is a cell. This is a plasma membrane. This is our nucleus. This whole area, outside the nucleus, inside the plasma membrane, this whole area is called cytoplasm. This cytoplasm does not exist inside the nucleus. This space inside the nucleus is called nucleoplasm. so if you think that after plasma membrane whatever space is there it is cytoplasm that is wrong after plasma membrane and outside the nucleus the space that is cytoplasm the space inside the nucleus is called nucleoplasm so we have to remember these two things and if we talk about the main function then it provides the surface for all chemical reactions for all chemical he cube it a heretic a key reaction for all chemical reactions of cell in fact cell organelles be Johanna who can present a was cytoplasm me he to present a provide surface for cell organelles as well so yeah main function a hamara cytoplasm key a surface provide cut the air chai wo cell organelles coho chai wo beta chemical reactions coho okay so about a cell organelles so what are the different cell organelles can echo to beta bohot sorry cell organelles say but we are going to discuss about mitochondria okay which is the power half of the cell we are going to discuss about endoplasmic reticulum which is very very important for protein synthesis in eukaryotic cell and then we are going to discuss about golgi bodies which are known as packaging hub and then we are going to discuss about plastides which is present in plant cell wall in brief and vecholes which is given in NCRT, we will discuss about them only there are many other cell organelles like peroxisomes, lysosomes but these are not given and we will not cover them in today's lecture so first let's start with nucleus so if we talk about nucleus, inside the cell remember I am not drawing cell here, I am drawing nucleus only so this is the nucleus and nucleus has two membranes, two protective layers Nucleus have two protective layers which are outside, it is called outer membrane this is called outer membrane and the inner membrane is called inner membrane so this is the inner membrane after that this empty space is called nucleoplasm it is called nucleoplasm after that Here also there is a space in between the nucleus and this is called Nucleolus. This structure is called Nucleolus. So you can see this is the structure of the nucleus. Now what is there in the nucleus? In the nucleus, in the nucleoplasm, you will see such long thread like structures. You will see such thread like structures long. And these thread like structures are called Nucleolus. Chromatin Fibers What we call them? Chromatin Fibers Which is nothing but DNA It is an arrangement of DNA We saw in Prokaryotic Cell that DNA is present randomly in the middle But here we see in long, small, thread like structures called Chromatin Fibers So what is this? This is nothing but arrangement of DNA only It is formed by mixing with some protein and forms this type of structure proteins are present in between So we see long thread like structures like beads. These are called chromatin fibers. Again I am repeating DNA. And this is Nucleolus. There are some structures inside Nucleolus which are called RNAs. But again these are not required right now. So you can totally ignore RNA. We don't have to see so much RNA right now. So we will see DNA structure. remember for now so this is the part of nucleus now see if we talk about outer membrane inner membrane what is their main function protection and apart from this what is in outer membrane some holes are made there are some pores in the outer membrane through which things are in and out across the nucleus and these holes and pores in the outer membrane these are called nuclear pores these are called nuclear pores and through these things exchange across the nucleus otherwise the membrane of the nucleus is not like plasma membrane in which all those movements are there the movement of things is only through nuclear pores talking about nucleoplasm So this will also provide surface like cytoplasm for different chemical reactions plus for chromatin fibers DNA is very important, as we look, as we are, it's all due to DNA That's why DNA is called genetic material We will see a little further what it is, for now remember it is our genetic material Nucleolus is also important This is a type chemical which we call RNA and what happens with them? It helps in our protein synthesis. These make our ribosomes. So, Nucleolus is a central part of the nucleus. Now, let's come to the next point. If we talk about the next point, then I will talk for a while here. I want to show you the structure above the chromosome So here you can see this is the structure of chromosome So nucleus contains DNA I have already written the other things about the functions of outer membrane and inner membrane I will tell you about this structure only So it contains DNA DNA is full form of Deoxyribonucleic acid It is a chemical which is our genetic material Remember it is our genetic material What is genetic material? So what does genetic material do? It stores information. Genetic material means it stores information and pass it to next generation. Just storing information is not enough. This child is also transferred to next generation. That is Genetic material, like we look like our parents, our eyes, our hair, our height, we look like our parents, why? Because this DNA which I am calling genetic material, it has so much capacity that it stores information and passes it on to the next generation. So that's why we call it genetic material. Apart from this, DNA is DNA form and act shaped structure. It forms the DNA. It forms an X-shaped structure which is called chromosomes. What do we call that? We call this structure chromosomes. And these chromosomes, sometimes we call them our hereditary units. So, don't get confused. Whether X-shaped structure is a chromosome or DNA, both are the same. DNA is the same which makes X-shaped structure with proteins. So we call them chromosomes. If we talk about chemicals, then it is DNA. And if we talk about its arrangement, then it is gene. But we have to see one more thing. What is there in chromosomes? What is there in chromosomes due to which it is happening? Because of which we have this thing. transfer kar par hai. So that is called genes. So in chromosomes or in DNA, assume this is a whole DNA thread, there are small fragments of that DNA, which have the capacity to store information, which make up proteins. In short, if I tell you directly, then what are genes? genes are small fragments of DNA which make up proteins and this information is very important because our eyes are colored because of proteins our hair is made up of protein our skin is made up of proteins called collagen, so proteins are very important so genes are fragments of DNA They are fragment of DNA which will pass information to next generation. It is a fragment of DNA that passes the information. So remember what is DNA? DNA is a nucleic acid, a chemical which is found in our nucleus, in the nucleoplasm. Sometimes we call them chromatin fibers. Sometimes if... in egg shaped structure we call them chromosomes and in this chromosomes, in this DNA there are some fragments which pass information to next generation and those parts we call genes so these are two different parts of the same coin so genes, chromosomes, DNA we should not be confused so now let's come towards the next cell organelles that is endoplasmic reticulum So endoplasmic reticulum means small tubes So endoplasmic reticulum is a small tube like structure attached to the nucleus And if we talk about the function of endoplasmic reticulum First of all endoplasmic reticulum helps in protein synthesis it helps in protein synthesis how I will tell you this first of all we will write the point second it also helps in lipid synthesis and apart from this not only synthesis it also provides strength to our cells we can write three main functions of it so see how it helps in protein synthesis Notice that you can see dots on the endoplasmic reticulum. You can see dots up to here. So, there are some endoplasmic reticulum in which a structure called ribosome is attached. Remember, we just studied about ribosome in bacteria which was doing protein synthesis. You can see the same type of ribosome in our endoplasmic reticulum. and the ribosome attached to the endoplasmic reticulum is the source of protein synthesis. And the ribosomes in such endoplasmic reticulum are called Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum because it looks rough Now imagine this is your skin if it is plain it will look smooth if it has a lot of pimples it will look rough so it is endoplasmic reticulum when it has ribosomes then its surface looks rough in the microscope so we call it rough endoplasmic reticulum and it makes protein Endoplasmic reticulum does not make protein but it makes protein from the ribosomes attached to it Similarly, the smooth one, in which you can see there are no ribosomes, this is called smooth endoplasmic reticulum and what does it make? It makes lipids, fat molecules. And apart from this, you can see its network, it has made a net type structure in the whole cell, due to which the overall cell also gets a strength, a support. So, if you see this, I have mentioned here that strength to the cell. It also provides strength to the cell. So, these are some main function of endoplasmic reticulum. Similarly, next point is Golgi apparatus. So, Golgi apparatus is called processing hub of cell. It is also known as processing unit or processing hub of cell. Why? Because whatever thing, whatever thing, the proteins and lipids that are made from endoplasmic reticulum are modified here now let me give you a common example I have a water bottle if I sell this water bottle in the market will anyone drink water from me? obviously not because it is not sealed it is not sealed, it is unsealed People will think that I don't know what is this shoe, what is this water, what kind of water is this? People will not take it from me. Similarly, when the endoplasmic reticulum makes a protein in the cell, makes a lipid, the cell does not accept it first because it is in raw form. Now, what does the lipid and protein made in the endoplasmic reticulum do? By manufacturing, by modifying it, by packing it properly, by sealing it, it gives to the cell that take. Now it is sealed. In this case, the cell gets happy and takes the proteins. So whatever is made here, it has processing here. That means whatever sugar is added here, whatever protein is made by cutting and crushing, it is finally made here. So that's why it is called processing you need. Because what will happen here? Modification of substances. modification of substances will be made from endoplasmic reticulum that means final goods will be made here and after that all those things will be delivered to the cell or wherever it is needed, it will be delivered so that's why I said in the beginning of the class that nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and golgi bodies are close why? you must have got the answer come on, stop the video here write the answer in the comment box below and those who have not known yet, I will tell you What did I say about the nucleus? It is DNA that stores information So what will the nucleus do? The nucleus will order the endoplasmic reticulum first that I want protein, make protein As soon as the order of the nucleus is given, the endoplasmic reticulum will make protein The protein that it has made is not the final good Then Golgi will convert it into final good and after that it will present it to the customer that your product is ready. So that's why I said that these three things are very close. So now let's come towards the next cell organelles that is mitochondria. So this is the structure of mitochondria. There are two membranes of mitochondria, one is the outer membrane. which is present outwardly one is inner membrane which is present inwardly outer membrane and inner membrane in inner membrane you can see this type of folding which are called cristae in folding we call it cristae and in the middle you can see this empty space that is called mitochondrial matrix and here every part of mitochondria is important outer membrane, inner membrane, crystal, matrix all are important but why it is important we will see in higher classes for now you have to remember only one function that mitochondria is known as Powerhouse of cell. What is this? Powerhouse of cell because it produces energy. As it produces energy. What can we call this? We can call this chemically ATP. Which means adenosine triphosphate. Look, the living organisms, adenosine, triphosphate is not necessary. If you don't remember, forget it, there is no problem. I have written down to understand what ATP means. When we talk about living organisms, if we talk about energy in our body, we actually store energy in the form of chemical bond. We store in the form of chemical bond. And the name of that chemical is adenosine triphosphate which is made in our mitochondria so for now we have to remember only this point about mitochondria next if we talk about cell organelles it is present only in plants it is present only in plant cells it is absent in animals and if we talk about the cells made of plant cell wall is made up of cellulose it is made up of a cellulose now what is cellulose? cellulose is nothing but a carbohydrate remember in fact the most found the most abundant carbohydrate of the world is cellulose which is found in the cell wall of the plant but only in the cell wall cellulose in a he would die is ke alaavah thore more or be cheese a hotel minor quantity may present hotel akin who does a rude hair which are called back teen jokey or a type key carbohydrate he had or beta hemicellulose jokey again which hamari carbohydrate he put a hair yes are a cheese a milk or hamari cell wall but not the hair or cell wall key ever put metal hum function they K its main function is protection the gap Its main function is to provide protection. If you see a little structure, there is no need for a detailed structure. But if you understand, that's why I have added. Here you can see that there are such big bundles of cellulose. This is how cellulose bundles are. And you will see that these bundles are tied like this. Pactin, which I called Pactin Substances. Cellulose is present in the form of bundles. Who ties these bundles? Pactin, long fibers of Pactin, which tie this bundle. And who connects one bundle to another bundle? Hemicellulose. Again, the structure is not at all important. Just remember that cellulose is made up of carbohydrates. Apart from this, two different types of Pactin and Hemicellulose carbohydrates are also found in our cell wall and the main function of the cell wall is protection its main function is protection ok next if we see it is Vecoles Vecoles again it is present mainly in the plant cell 80% volume of the plant cell is occupied by what by this occupied by it. Vecoul occupies 80% of the plant cell volume. If we talk about the Vecoul of the plant cell, then there are not two membranes in the Vecoul, which we just saw in the mitocondria, in the nucleus. Vecoul has only one single membrane and that membrane is known as tonoplast. The name of that membrane is tonoplast. That means what we can write here, only one membrane is present. So here only one membrane is present. Apart from this, if we talk about functions of coal, what will be the function of coal? Storage. It stores things and that thing can be anything. It can be gases, it can be water, it can be waste product or it can be nutrients. like salt, sugar, whatever it is, it can store anything. So, this is like a plastic bag in which we can store anything. So, vacuoles occupy 80% of the volume in the plant cell. They are only single membrane. Storage is the main function. In the animal cell, vacuoles are negligible. It is negligible in animal cell. Remember, that's why I have used plant cell in this diagram. Now the last cell organelles are Plastids. I have already told you about Plastids. Plastids are of two types. One is Leucoplasts which are colorless. In which nutrients are stored like carbohydrates, fat and lipids. Second is Chromoplasts. In which there are colored pigments. Due to which we get colorful flowers. Here we will discuss about special plastic which is our chloroplast that is chloroplast and what happens in chloroplast? Chloroplast has photosynthesis chloroplast is important is special because here photosynthesis occurs photosynthesis happens because it contains a green pigment called chlorophyll So that's why chloroplast is called special. If we study its structure a little bit, then it also has two membranes. Chloroplast is also a double membrane. The outer membrane is called outer membrane. The membrane inside is called inner membrane. Apart from that, in chloroplast, you will see many small building-like, stack-like structures. You will see small buildings. So these buildings are called Grana. We call them Grana. And not only buildings, there are also bridges between the buildings. So that people can go from one building to another. So there are some connection between these buildings as well. And this connection is called Stroma Lamila. We call this as Stroma Lamila. And apart from this, Here also you will definitely see some empty spaces. Here also you will see this space, an empty space. And this space is called stroma. Again structure is not that important. To explain I am drawing here. That a chloroplast looks something like this. Okay. So here you can see long building like structures called grana. There are some connection between them called stroma lamina. And the empty space that is called stroma so what happens here is chlorophyll so here will be chlorophyll here also you will get chlorophyll diffuse all over due to which this overall structure which is it appears green in color so let's talk about plastides so I am telling you again here overall there are two types of plastides there are two types of plastides one is Leucoplast which is colorless another one is colored which is called chromoplast okay it is a colored plastids in leucoplasts nutrients will be stored like carbohydrate and all in chromoplasts colored pigment is stored like red green blue whatever it is or a special type of plastids also exist which is called chloroplast Chloroplast has a special pigment of green colour called chlorophyll which causes photosynthesis. So this is the plastid. Again it is present only and only in plant cells. So I hope everyone is clear about the different kinds of cell organelles that are present in a cell or a prokaryotic cell. So with this today's lecture ends. Thank you.

You will say that. It is absolutely right. I am not saying anything wrong.

It is absolutely right. But if you open any book and see, the first thing you will see is that cell is the component that makes up the living organism. Now what comes about the first point cell?

Cell is the structural and functional unit of life. What comes? Cell is the structural and functional unit of life.

Now open in any book. Look at the class 8. There is a cell chapter in 9 also. Look at 9. Look at 11. You will definitely get this term.

This is structural and functional unit of life. Okay. If someone is alive, then he is made of cells only.

That's why it is called Unit of Life. Now the question is, what do you mean by structural and functional unit of life? What is this nonsense?

What is this? So, what does structural mean? See, every organism, every organisms are made up of cells. Whether it is bacteria, whether it is humans, horses, leaves, plants, animals, anything whatever it is, whether it is an amoeba, anything if it is living, then it is made up of cells it is possible that the shape of the cell is different it is possible that the function of the cell is different but if it is living, then it is made up of cells that means why is it called structural unit?

because all living organisms are made up of cells ok because it forms structure of all living organism remember it it forms the structure of all living creature all living organism and that's why it is called that's why it is called that cell is a structural unit of life but why it is called functional unit of life what is the meaning of function to do something right function what do you mean by function Function means to do something, to complete something, to complete a process. So, there are many chemical reactions in our body. Proteins are formed in our body.

We have already seen it. In the last class, we saw the crop. What we saw in the crop is that photosynthesis occurs.

What happens in photosynthesis? It is a chemical process. Things break down in our body, energy is formed, it is a chemical process.

So many such chemicals, which we appropriately call biochemicals, because it is inside the body of the living organism. So many such biochemical processes keep on flowing inside our body. And if we see exactly, it keeps on flowing inside the four walls of the cell.

If we see the exact location, then that is why it is called functional unit of life why beta because cell is a site of ticket it is okay so it is a site of many biochemical reaction bahut sare tarah tarah ke beta ek do nahi ek do hota toh mai aapko naam bata dete variety of biochemical reactions variety of processes amare cell ke andar chalte rehte hai so it is a site of many Biochemical Processes different things are being processed in our cells proteins are being made, lipids are being made their utilisation is being done, their modification is being done thousands of things are being done that's why it is called functional unit of life so I just hope you must have understood you will not say in class 9 what was this structural unit of life you must be clear Cell is the functional and structural unit of life why is it a structure? because it makes the structure of every living organism why is it functional? because it is a site of many biochemical lochas many biochemical reactions ok son as you might have seen here what is this?

this is not a cell this is a brick this is an earth our house is made of each and every brick similarly son our body is also made up of each and every cell. So that's why it is a structural and functional unit of life. Like I have added this slide here related to the discovery of the cell.

Who discovered the cell? Cell was discovered by Robert Hooke. So he is Robert Hooke. Cell was discovered by Robert Hooke. Right?

How did Robert Hooke discover cells? On a plant's dead cells, and those cells are called cork cells. Here you can see, this is the cork cells. Robert Hooke made his own microscope.

Microscope is a device which we use to see cells etc. How it works, why it works, you will definitely see in higher classes. So microscope is a device which scientists use and which people in labs use to observe different structure of cells or different parts of cells. So Robert Hooke also made his own microscope and scientists have a lot of problems in their mind, that's why they make new discoveries. What would have happened if we were like them?

We would have been sitting at home, thinking that I wish this would have happened. But these people believe in doing things, not in sitting and thinking. So that's why Robert Hooke made his microscope and started looking at various things.

And then one day he discovered the inner cork cells. What is cork? Here you can see, there are trees. These are corks. The old thick trees, you will see that after some time, from the upper layer of that tree, the main branch or trunk, dead tissues start coming out like skin.

Dead tissues, the same dead tissues that come out like skin, that is cork. It is a dead cell. Remember, again I am repeating, dead cells. Cogs were actually dead cells. But what happened when they died?

The structure of the dead cells is the same. So Robert Hooke observed the first cell, that is the Cog cell. And what did he think?

He thought that every living organism is made up of some honeycomb-like structure. Till now he has not used the name cell. What did Robert Hooke say?

every organisms are made up of. Remember what Robert Hooke said in the beginning. He said every organisms are made up of some honeycomb like structure.

You will see this type of structure in honeycomb. This is honeycomb. So honeycomb is also used nowadays.

You will see different types of honeycomb. If you see, it is used in coolers. So he observed that organisms are made up of some honeycomb like structure. Which he named is And later what name did he give to this honeycomb like structure?

He named this honeycomb like structure as cell. And what does cell mean in Latin? little room cell ka matlab hota hai ek chota sa room toh yaad rakhiye cell actually means little room so This is a small story behind the discovery of cell.

Robert Hooke discovered cork cells which were dead cells. He said that cork cells or organisms which he studied were made of honeycomb like structures. He named them cells which means a small room. But later Anton von Leeuwenhoek said that He was the person who first discovered living cells. He discovered the first living cell.

And those cells were actually protozoans or we can say unicellular organisms. They were protozoans or we also know them as unicellular organisms. So who discovered the first cell? The first cell was discovered by Robert Hooke. Kids are confused in this.

So, don't get confused. Robert Hooke discovered the cell. What did Leeuwenhoek say? Leeuwenhoek also discovered the cell. But the living cell.

The living cells of the Mola cell were discovered. And those cells were protozoans. Like our amoeba, paramecium, unicellular organisms.

They discovered them. and later if you see son so he was Robert Brown and who discovered Robert Brown Robert Brown discovered Nucleus Son what is Nucleus Nucleus is very very important part of the cell it is also known as manager of cell like our body is controlled by our brain I feel like I have to raise my hand So the brain signals to lift the heart. I think I have to walk.

So the legs will start moving on their own. So brain is the controller of our body. Similarly, there is a structure inside the cell called Nucleus. And it is called the manager of the cell.

And who discovered it? Robert Brown did. So he was Robert Brown.

So three... Main things associated with cell discovery whose name we have to remember There are many but some names we have to remember which I have added on the table First name is of discovery of compound microscope Who had made first compound microscope and his name was Jensen He had made compound microscope Next is Robert Hooke who I have already told you about. He discovered cells in cork but those were dead cells. Next is Anton van Leeuwenhoek who discovered protozoa and bacteria i.e. unicellular organisms. Next is Robert Brown who discovered the nucleus of orchid.

Orchid is a flower. Kids these days must know that there is no time to give roses these days. It's Valentine's week, right?

People keep giving roses to their friends. But what happens these days? Nowadays, lilies, orchids, they give all this.

Rose was given in our time. So, don't forget roses. First, let's focus on orchids. Orchid is a plant.

It's a very beautiful flower. And it's not available everywhere. It's very expensive.

So, orchid is a plant whose roots cell Our Robert Brown discovered about Nucleus Next is Jacob Scliden He made a theory related to cell called cell theory We will see about it later And Theodore Swann He also made a cell theory But his experiment was on animals Whereas Scliden's experiment was on plants So Let's see what is cell theory. We don't need much detail. We just need to take a little overview of what cell theory is. So, as I told you, there were two scientists, Scliden and Swan. Scliden discovered his work on plants.

And Scliden believed that all the plants he studied were made of cells. Swans were They were zoologists, that means they worked on animals. And they believed that all animals are made of cells. So you can see that Skladon and Swan worked individually. They worked alone.

But their end product was the same. All organisms are made up of cells. Be it plant or animal. So this became the first point of cell theory, death. What happened?

All organisms, whether they are plants or animals, are made up of cells. Now, later on, another addition came from this cell theory. Later on, another scientist came. His name was Rudolf Warchauf.

Rudolf Warchow understood that all organisms are made up of cells. But he was confused about where the cell came from. It came from the sky and stuck in dates.

Where did this cell come from? So he studied his brain and he saw that the cell does not come from the sky and does not stick in dates. Cell always comes from the sky.

Old cells are formed due to their division. For example, this is an old cell. It divides slowly. As you can see in higher classes. And it divides into two cells.

This is how a cell divides. That means the new cell is formed. These two new cells are formed due to the division of the old cell.

So, this is how Rudolf Virchow made the second part of the cell theory that cell exists from pre-existing cell. So, this is how our cell theory was made. Number one point is that all living organisms are made up of cell.

And second point is that cell exists from pre-existing cell. That means cell always exists. are formed from the division of old cells. So this was our cell theory.

Now we will see the shape and sizes of the cell. So it is obvious that there is so much diversity. We have so many different animals and so many different plants. There are so many different bacteria, so their shapes will be different.

So if we talk about the size and shape of the cell, They range in size and shape depending upon their function, depending upon their location. Where they are present and how they are present. On the basis of that there are different varieties of cells.

I have added something here, as you can see. We call this spindle shaped. Because it is like a boat, you can see. And this is a muscle cell.

This is a muscle cell. In fact, there are different types of muscle cells. Some muscle cells are like bundles, some are like a body, bundles, bundles type. Some muscle cells are like this. So, depending upon the function, their shape varies a little.

So, this is the shape you can see. It is of a muscle cell, which is spindle shaped. What is its work? To contract, right?

To contract, relax and move things. It helps in movement. Next, if you see, This is a nerve cell named neuron.

What is its function? It makes our brain and transmits signals. Now I am showing you and I am also giving you a hearing. These are external signals, my speaking, my seeing.

There are some external signals that are receiving your eyes, your ears and where are they taking you? They are taking you to your brain. So, there is a signal pathway in our body. There is a signaling system in our body and that signaling system is called the nervous system. The nervous system that makes neurons.

And just because these cells To transmit the signal, this cell can be 1-2 meters long. So, you can see the variation in their shape and size according to their function. Next if we see, in fact neuron is the longest cell in human body.

It is the longest cell. Next if we see, this is a sperm cell present in male. Now what is the function of sperm cell?

Fertilization and it needs motility. Neuron will never come out of our body. Muscle cell will never come out of our body. But sperm cells are not the only organ that is present in our body.

Sperm cells need motility because they move, they swim for fertilization. So, that's why there is a modification in sperm cells, there is a dent behind them that helps in movement. So, you can see that with the function of this cell, there is a motility movement involved somewhere, so according to that, the shape and size has changed. Next, this is a bacteria, we call it a rod shaped bacteria.

bacteria or commonly if we see in terms of biology then it is known as Bacillus or Bacilli we call it this shape but normally it can be called cylinder shape you can call it rod shape anything is there common name is rod or cylindrical scientific name is Bacillus or Bacilli so here you can see how is their shape it is rod shaped it is of cylinder type for movement there are two long ribbon like structure structures and they can be modified to stick to other things. We will see that later. But for now, you see how their body shape is according to their function. Next, here you can see such long strands of violet colour.

So these are also bacterial strands. These are one bacteria and these are known as Spirulum. This shape is called spiral shape and this is called spiralum. Helical shape is called long long threads. So you can see that its shape is totally different from other shapes.

Next, this is WBC which is called white blood cell. Which fights against diseases in our body. So, the shape of the white blood cells is totally different according to their function and location. And here you will see these are our fat cells which we also call adipose tissue. All these yellow colored portions are all fats.

These cells are modified in such a way that they have large reservoirs of fat in them. They store the fat. So, the function of these cells is to store fat. so that is why it is modified according to that last one if you see this is the ovum which we call egg cell ovum is considered to be the largest cell in the female body there is a lot of cytoplasm in it why?

because this will lead to the formation of zygote and then after a baby so depending upon the location, depending upon the function there can be different shapes of the cell and and similarly different size of cells can also be there like we talk about sperm cells they have to move they need motility so because of this sperm cells are very small and they have a long tail so that they can cover large distances in less time so again repeating this the size of the organism varies Sometimes some organisms are very small like you can see here like you can see here some micron meter just a micron meter ok sorry let me start a highlighter ok so some are just some micron meters that is 0.1 to 0.5 around you can see and Neurons are about this long, as I said earlier, they can be up to 1 meter long. And if we talk about the largest cell, it is 170 mm by 130 mm which is the Ostrich Egg. Which is called the largest animal cell.

Right? So, there can be different sizes and shapes of the cell. It all depends on organisms to organisms.

Now the next question is on the type of cell. What are the different types of cell? We can make two categories of this.

Based on cell number and based on cell complexities. What is the cell number? If we see this, we will get two types of cells or two types of organisms. So, if we look at the number 1 point, depending on the number of cells, cell can be of two types and organism can be of two types.

What will be number 1? Unicellular organism or unicellular. That means, they are made up of only one cell. So, it will be made up of only one cell. Single cell.

So what will be the organisms of single cell? Food, drink, dance, singing, everything. Everything will start in one cell and end in one cell. The entire life cycle includes just a cell. Only a single cell.

That is single cell. What can we write in the example? In the example we can write bacteria. We can write any name in bacteria.

If you know anything about microbes, then you can write Protozoa or Protozoa is a bit complex, so we can write a very common name that is amoeba Amoeba is also a protozoan only but amoeba name is often remembered by children We have studied a lot about amoeba since childhood Next, depending upon the number of cells, the organisms or cell can be multicellular multicellular organisms are there what happens in this body is made up of many cells many cells means if we see in our body there are lakhs of cells there are trillions of cells in our body so what will be multicellular organisms? they will be made up of many cells their body organization will be complex for example we can write anything we can write fungi which includes mushrooms etc we can write our name I am a multicellular organism. Plants are all multicellular organisms.

Animals are all multicellular organisms. So we can write anything. All these are multicellular organisms.

Now depending upon the structure, some cells do not have a nucleus. Some cells have a nucleus. So depending upon the structure, we can divide the cell into two parts.

Number 1 is Prokaryotic cell. First is Prokaryotic cell. And number 2 is Eukaryotic cell. So what is Prokaryotic?

Let's see. Pro means not professional, you are pro, this is not pro. Pro means old here.

And what does karyotic mean? Karyotic means nucleus. So what is prokaryotic organism? Prokaryotic organism is that doesn't have well-defined nucleus. What does he have?

He doesn't have well-defined nucleus. Or we can say that he doesn't have properly developed nucleus. Or in direct language, we can say that he doesn't have nucleus.

So, well-defined nucleus doesn't exist in prokaryotes. Nucleus are absent. The second category is it is called eukaryotes.

Second type of cell is called Eukaryotes. Now again if we see the definition of Eukaryotes, What does Eukaryotes mean? Eukaryotes means True, Such.

And what does karyote mean? Karyote means Nucleus. So this is the organism which has proper well defined nucleus. So eukaryotes have proper well defined nucleus. So I am just writing have nucleus here.

So Cell are based on number, there are two types of cell, there are two types of cellular organisms based on number Unicellular which is made up of single cell, Multicellular which is made up of many cells Depending upon the structure, depending upon the nucleus, there are two types of cell Prokaryotic cell, pro means again I am repeating old, old Karyotic is the nucleus, so in which proper nucleus is absent Well defined nucleus is not there that is called prokaryotic organism in which proper nucleus is there U means true we call them eukaryotic organism we have to remember this thing now apart from this there are some differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes about which we are going to discuss a little bit here apart from this also there are some minor differences which we will discuss here we have discussed number one point what is it? they have nucleus I am writing in short form so they have nucleus what was in them? nucleus absent in them nucleus is absent what can we write in second point? see second point apart from this there are some cell organelles there is not only nucleus in cell Apart from this, there are many small things and eukaryotic cells have all those things. We call them cell organelles.

So what can we write here? Cell organelles, those small things that help in the functioning of the cell, are present. Cell organelles are present here.

Whereas in prokaryotes, all these cell organelles are absent. Absolutely. basic design, there is nothing in it.

So what will happen here? Cell organelles are absent. Apart from this, if you look at eukaryotes, then another thing is eukaryotic organisms which are there, they can be unicellular and multicellular as well. They can be unicellular multicellular as well okay like in a prokaryotes they go get today are unicellular a co multicellular prokaryotes nahin de quega take a day are unicellular so yet oh Dean main difference actually with a scale of a Bhoja difference a like in a be a mara made the I mean a half syllabus me to hum what's up they can give me a Bhoja sorry out of the syllabus out of the course beta cheeze parke hume confuse nahi hona hai hume 9th me wo cheeze milenge tab hum dekhenge phir hal ke liye hume jaanna hai eukaryotic cell me nucleus beta hota hai prokaryote me nahi hota iske alaaba bhi kuch cheeze hoti hai jinko hum kehte cell organelles and they are present in eukaryote absent in prokaryote unicellular hosaktay hai multicellular hosaktay hai prokaryotes are beta unicellular only or last point I'm gonna accept a hamlet except a examples you carry out Excel may have a reiki I NGA beta a gram unicellular made a cameba I got okay so plants are you carry out animals are also you carry out I'm sorry sorry carry out here it's Kala va fun jive he you carry out who they have whereas in prokaryotes, all different kinds of bacteria, good bacteria, bad bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, variety of bacteria, all of them are prokaryotes so these are some differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell now we will see in detail how prokaryotic cell is so let me draw the structure first first we will draw a prokaryotic cell after that we will see the composition of the cell that how this prokaryotic cell is made so let me draw some hair like structures out here you can make with me I am also making it a little slow so that you can also make with me We have to complete the work of time with time.

Otherwise, things will keep accumulating. So, let us draw the structure of the bacteria first. Okay? So there is a single structure out here. There are some small dot like structures in their cell.

Let me draw the dot like structures as well. And they also have some structures for movement. So this is a typical prokaryotic cell.

If we see what all things this prokaryotic cell is made of. So, first of all, for movement, the filament they have, write it down together, for movement, these long thread-like structures that you can see, they are called flagella. What do we call them? We call them flagella. And what does this flagella do?

Flagella helps in movement. It helps in moving from one place to another. I have also written the functions here. you can write it like this only then we will remember next point you can see here this small hair like structure all the small hair like structure in the body this structure is called Pili we call it Pili sometimes it is smaller than this so we call it Fimbria but Pili now I am going to write here because this is the more common term and what does this pilli do? it helps in attachment whenever a bacterial cell has to attach itself to something this pilli helps in that so flagella, long thread like structure helps in movement whereas these small hair like structures help in attachment they help in sticking to a surface Next, if you see this wall, the first wall present here is known as cell wall.

This is not a plant cell wall, this is a cell wall with bacteria. And if you see the function of cell wall, then what is the function of cell wall? Protection, this is the content inside, this whole cell protects it.

Next, if you see, there is a second layer here. This is the second layer. Here you see the light blue color.

This second layer is known as plasma membrane. And it is present in every cell. Cell wall is present in some, it is not present in some. But this second layer, which we call plasma membrane, they are present in all kinds of cells. It is a universal membrane.

Membrane means layer of cell. So, if you see, Sorry, layer, it is a layer. Membrane is the protective layer. So what do we call this? We call this plasma membrane.

Remember, again I am repeating, this is present in all types of cells. We will see later how it is made. For now, you see what it is.

It has many functions too. I will not write many functions of plasma membrane here. I will write together in eukaryotic cell what are the functions of plasma membrane Next if you see the part This space, the whole empty space where I am doing light blue colour This entire space, all the space where I have done light blue colour This entire space is known as cytoplasm What do we call this whole space?

This entire space is called cytoplasm called Cytoplasm. It is a fluid like part. This is Cytoplasm. This is also universal. You will get this in every cell.

It is present in every cell. In Cytoplasm itself, you get this pink colour structure. In the middle, you get a region in a prokaryotic cell. What is it called?

It is called Nucleoid. Remember, this is not a nucleus. The structure of the nucleus is different which we will see later. Here the nucleus is absent but instead of the nucleus, there is a central area in the middle which we call the Nucleoid. And what is present in this Nucleoid?

Their DNA is present. Again, what is DNA? We will see later when we will study about the nucleus. Right now, you can see the structure of this.

There is no proper nucleus here. There is a central area called the Nucleoid. And in this central area, you can see this round pink line.

If it's not visible again I'm drawing it over. So the pink line you see here is called DNA. Which is also called genetic material. Now if you notice you might be seeing dots here.

These dots are called ribosomes. We call them ribosomes. and what these ribosomes do is they make protein in their body it helps in protein synthesis so you can see it is a very simple cellular organization at least from the eukaryotes it is very simple there is a cell wall which protects their whole cell there is plasma membrane which does various functions and protects and also helps in movement of things There is an area in the middle which is called cytoplasm and there is an area in the middle of the cytoplasm which is called Nucleoid which contains their DNA and apart from that there are small dot like structures in the whole cell which will make proteins and those are called ribosomes so their body organization is very simple Now if we talk about eukaryotic cell How does eukaryotic cell look like?

How the composition of eukaryotic cell will be? So if we talk about eukaryotic cell, first of all we will see generalized eukaryotic cell After that we will see what types of eukaryotic cell are there So if we see generalized eukaryotic cell Again let me draw the structure I said membrane which is present in every cell whether it is prokaryotic or eukaryotic so what will be that membrane that membrane is our plasma membrane so here the membrane I am drawing this membrane is plasma membrane and in between this membrane the space inside this membrane I had said that there is some empty space inside this membrane and this space is called what this space is called cytoplasm keep drawing with me you will understand it well and time to time our cell will also complete right so it is cytoplasm I am drawing empty space here ok ok son so this is our cell now see son nucleus is present here in between let us assume that nucleus is present in between we will see what is inside the nucleus later first we will see the nucleus so this is our nucleus Now see, there are some structures attached to the nucleus. The structures attached to the nucleus wall are called endoplasmic reticulum.

These are called endoplasmic reticulum. And around it, there are some structures like this which are called Golgi bodies. I am drawing here roughly, these are our Golgi bodies.

These three things are very close because their functions are dependent on each other. That's why they usually lie close to each other. So these are our Golgi bodies.

These Golgi bodies that I am drawing, I just told you about the endoplasmic reticulum, these are called cell organelles, which I told you about a while ago. There are some other parts in eukaryotic cell, those are called what? Those are called cell organelles.

So these are the cell organelles. Apart from this, there are nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies. And apart from this, there is another structure of this type which is called mitochondria. Quantity varies. their quantity is not fixed they have different quantity in different cells so it is called Mitochondria after that you will see apart from this you will get many dot like structures in different plants they have different levelings so in eukaryotic cell you will get to see different cell organelles of this type and if you see if we do their leveling so this is our what?

this is our mitochondria so this is mitochondria what will it do? in mitochondria energy will be produced so it will produce energy Similarly, this whole space is called cytoplasm. I just said that cell is a functional unit because it has a lot of chemicals. Different things are working in it which is working in cytoplasm. This is the nucleus which we call as manager of the cell.

This is the nucleus in between. If it is not visible, I am writing it again. So this is our nucleus. and after that these are Golgi bodies and this is endoplasmic reticulum this is endoplasmic reticulum so these are some important parts Apart from this, there are many other things in a cell which we will definitely see in higher classes but mainly for now we have to see all these things and this outer layer is known as Plasma Membrane This is our plasma membrane So this is a basic diagram of a eukaryotic cell Now depending upon the type of cell, there are modifications in it. But there are some common things in eukaryotic cells like endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, mitocondria, cytoplasm and nucleus.

Apart from that, if we look at the type of cell, then there are some additions in the plant cell and some additions in the animal cells. As you will see, what happens in the plant cell? Plant cell has plasma membrane Plasma membrane is there Along with this additional plant cell has cell wall I said in the beginning that cell wall is not present in every cell It is present in some cells And cell wall is present in plant cell What is the function of cell wall? Wherever it is present, protection is the main function So what is in the plant cell? In the plant cell, cell wall is present.

So this is also eukaryotic cell. Apart from this, there is one more addition in the plant cell. What is the addition?

It is a very big storage structure. Because the plant does not have any other structure to store. So to store near the plant, there is a big structure inside the cell. And that structure is called This structure is called Vecuole.

In fact, 80% of the plant cell volume gets occupied by Vecuole. Similarly, what will happen after that? Like every eukaryotic cell has a nucleus.

There will be a nucleus in every eukaryotic cell. As I told you earlier. After that, endoplasmic reticulum will be attached to this nucleus.

As I have already told you that there are Golgi bodies related to this, which I have shown you. But there is one more thing special in the plant cell and that is a structure called chloroplast. Apart from this, there is a structure in the plant cell which we call chloroplast.

It is a green color structure. In some, it is colorless. However, Chloroplasts or in broader term this is known as Plastids.

Mitochondria is a common cell. No cell can be formed without mitochondria because mitochondria makes energy and every type of cell needs energy. You can see plant cell is also a eukaryotic cell.

This is also a eukaryotic cell. But what is the addition in this? Cell wall is the addition.

Vecal is the addition. Plastids are addition. These are the three things that are our additions.

If we talk about the functions, then what will be the Vekol? Excuse me. Vekols are storage organs.

It can store all kinds of things in the plant. This is the function of Vekols. If we talk about Plastids, then there are two types of Plastids.

There are two types of Plastids. I am writing here. So there are two types of plastids, remember, two types of plastids, one is colorless, there is one type of plastids, they have no color, again what are plastids, they are some structure, it is just a structure, remember, we have some cell organelles and some colorless plastids which we call leuco. Leucoplast means it has no colour. It is colourless.

Leucoplast stores nutrients. They store nutrients. Like protein, carbohydrates. The other type of plastic we can call chromoplast. Next plastic is chromoplast which has coloured pigments like dyes similarly these plastic have natural dyes which we call pigments and they are of different colours because of these we get to see different colourful flowers red, yellow, green, blue, all different types of flowers are because of these so There are two types of Plastides in the plant, Leucoplast which stores nutrients, second, Chromoplast which stores the colour and apart from this the green coloured Plastide which is very famous in itself, it is called Chloroplast.

So, Chloroplast is a special type, a special position is given to it. So, Chloroplast is a special type of Plastide which contains special pigment called chlorophyll and without chlorophyll photosynthesis is not possible without chlorophyll, we may not be able to do it today because somewhere, directly or indirectly we are dependent on them so plant cell is also a eukaryotic cell but what is there in them? these are some of our modifications if we see the same in animal cell then what is there in animal cell? in animal cell, you have Cell wall is not present Remember, there is no cell wall in the animal cell No Plastids are present You will not see any type of Plastids And if we talk about Vecals So, Vecals are indefinite That means, they are very small and not visible or absent but what happens in animal cell in animal cell there is a good thing that is a good cell organelle which is called Lysosome what is Lysosome it is a cell organelle which is also known as suicidal bag why it is called as suicidal bag because it removes cell debris death removes cell debris so this is very rare in plant cells it is not that there is no lysosome in plant cells but very rare in terms you will see lysosome in plant cells so cell organelles death removes cell debris it is abundant in animal cells Plant cell is not totally absent but not abundant.

Apart from this, there is another very special structure in the animal cell called Centriole. Again, you will definitely study about this in higher classes. Centriole is a structure made up of proteins and it helps in cell division.

What does it do? It helps in cell division. But again, we don't have to see much in detail about them because it is not required.

so animal cell it is also eukaryotic cell but it does not have cell wall nor it has vacuoles. Lysosomes are abundant in this cell and centriole is present which is absolutely absent in plant cell. So these are some differences between plant and an animal cell. Now if we talk about what makes our cell?

What are the things that make our cell? So we can easily answer that what are the things that make our cell? First of all, our cell is made up of what?

First of all, our cell is made up of Number 1, what did I tell you? The first membrane that is present in everyone First we will see universal things about modifications. Number one is plasma membrane.

After reading all this, if you can't tell, then it will be very sad. What will happen? Plasma membrane will happen. Second, if we see what will happen next?

Next is our cytoplasm. What is the cell made of? Cytoplasm, the matrix in which everything is present.

And after that, who is it made of? Our cells are made of cell organelles. Now these cell organelles are of different types. All the cell organelles are not given in the book. We will discuss only those given in the book today.

So let's start with the plasma membrane first. So when the discovery of the plasma membrane took place, At that time, there was a lot of controversy. A lot of people used to think that what is the purpose of plasma membrane? A lot of different theories were made. Different theories were proposed.

And later it was observed that actually plasma membrane is made up of lipids. Meaning fatty compounds. If you don't understand lipids, then understand fats. It is made up of fatty compounds, lipids, carbohydrates and proteins. Now the next problem is that if plasma membrane is made of lipid, how is it made of protein?

How is its arrangement? There were many theories on it. And later, a theory which was widely accepted, which everyone accepted, and the name of that theory, that model is Fluid Mosaic Model.

the name of the theory was fluid mosaic model excuse me so Nicholson singer and Nicholson named two scientists proposed this and what was in this they believed that our plasma membrane is an ocean and what are the proteins in it proteins are floating icebergs As I have kept it here, you can see what is Gulabjamun, you must be wanting to eat it. So what is Gulabjamun? Where is Gulabjamun floating? Gulabjamun is floating on sugar syrup. Similarly, Singer and Nicholson said that the plasma membrane is a sea of lipids on which proteins float.

Which means, Our plasma membrane is actually fluid in its nature. So, if I want to show you the structure, the structure looks something like this. Okay, just wait.

In this way, in our membrane, in this way, in our membrane, there is an ocean of lipids. These are all lipid molecules. And there is not just one layer, there are two layers of lipid molecules. so there is a layer on top and a layer on the bottom so I have put this wave here so that we can be sure that it is of flowing nature so these are all lipid molecules again I am repeating, those who are not able to understand lipids, understand that they are made of fatty compounds lipids are fatty compounds this is actually a what?

this is actually a chemistry term so these are all lipids molecule and in the ocean of this lipid molecule what did he say in the ocean of this lipid molecule our protein molecules float that means they are randomly present if one molecule is here then it is possible that the other molecule will be somewhere here So they are present like an island, they are present like an iceberg, randomly present hota hai. In fact beta, kuch protein to aise hota hai jo sirf or sirf ek hi layer mein upar upar se present hota hai. And if we talk about carbohydrates, then carbohydrates are found in very low quantities, 1 to 2% quantity, either they are attached to proteins like this or they are attached to lipids.

So carbohydrate molecules are present like this, they do not have their own direct individuality, most of the time they are attached like this. So this is the structure of what? This is the structure of fluid mosaic model, which was proposed by whom? this was proposed by Singer and Nicholson's so leveling key a gram they can beta to update sake ho this is the lipid layer ticket this is the lipid layer or lipid K do layer hotel a yard rakhi a so is he like a big about plasma membrane called lipid by layer be kaha jata hai because lipid K do layer hey yeah yeah beta this is the protein This is protein. All these red colored things are proteins.

Some are on the outside and some are on the inside. And then in pink color, it is our carbohydrate. So now if I ask you, what is our plasma membrane made of? So our plasma membrane is made up of, what?

Made up of Protein, carbohydrates and lipids PCL You can remember it as it is made up of protein, carbohydrates and lipids Now let's talk about functions So what are the functions of plasma membrane What is the function of this structure So the first function is protection This is the first boundary in any cell Because what I have told you Every cell has a membrane Cell wall is not present in our body cells. So, in such cells, plasma membrane is the protective layer. Second, it helps in transportation.

It helps in transportation of substances. That means, things that go inside or outside the cell will not be able to go without the permission of plasma membrane. So, it helps in transportation of molecules. across the cell. Whether it goes inside the cell or out of the cell.

Without the permission of the plasma membrane, it will not be able to go. Now when we talk about transportation, then there are different types of transportation of things across the plasma membrane. So there are different kinds of transportation.

There are different types of transportation. In brief we will see what are the different types of transportation Number 1 point if we see in different kinds of transportation What happens in each transportation Like you will see fatty compound Fats Now our plasma membrane is also made of fat And if we talk about fat molecules So they will not have much problem in their movement Similarly, if we talk about gas, like Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, so these are gases, they also don't have any problem in crossing the plasma membrane. So, some molecules are such that they can randomly cross the plasma membrane. That type of movement is called diffusion or you can say simple diffusion.

So, what will be the kinds of movement, kinds of transportation? Number one will be simple diffusion. What will happen in simple diffusion?

Molecules will move from higher to lower concentration. That means where the molecules are more, whether they are outside the cell or inside the cell, molecules will move from higher to lower concentration. Suppose this is plasma membrane, if there are more molecules here and less inside, then they will move towards less from here.

That is simple diffusion. And I just said what are the simple diffusions of things across plasma membrane? It is gases.

It will be of gases and some of our simple lipids, simple fats. What will be their movement? Simple diffusion will happen.

That means there will be normal movement. Next if we see, next type ki kya hoti hai so next type ki jo movement hoti hai it is called pacillated diffusion It is called Fascielated Diffusion. Now what happens in Fascielated Diffusion?

In this also molecules move from higher to lower concentration but but it helps someone. Like sometimes what happens is you sit in exam and you get some answers that is normal diffusion. Sometimes you don't get any answers so what do you do?

You ask your friend to tell you the answer. friend you get the answer and you write the answer that is Facillated Diffusion that means you are not able to move in plasma membrane but you are taking help of someone to move this type of process is called as Facillated Diffusion and what will be the definition here it uses carrier molecules carrier means it takes help of someone it uses Carrier molecules which are some proteins only, it uses carrier molecules for movement. I will tell you the example also then it will be more clear.

For example, let's talk about water movement. Now see what I told you, our plasma membrane is made of lipid. Lipid means oil or fat.

Up. Water and oil can never mix. If you look carefully, water and oil, water and tail never dissolve in each other.

So what is water? Water will never be able to enter the plasma membrane directly. Because what is the plasma membrane made of?

Plasma membrane is made of oily substances. So water will not be able to move directly. So what does water do? Water helps some molecule. I told you that there are some proteins in the plasma membrane.

Similarly, there are some special proteins. Water goes inside through the help of those proteins. This type of movement is called Fasciated Diffusion.

Here, water cannot move by itself in the plasma membrane. It moves through the help of proteins. And we will call such movement as Fasciated Diffusion. Next type of movement is called active diffusion. Active diffusion also has movement.

It just requires energy molecules. Normal diffusion is not possible. Normal diffusion means where the quantity is more.

it moves towards the lower part of the body that is normal diffusion but in active diffusion there is no such movement it uses energy ATP is used the rest of the process we saw the facilitated diffusion and simple diffusion both the process does not require energy molecules move on their own but here in active diffusion there is a requirement of energy and molecules can move in any direction at least in both directions this movement is called active diffusion clear? I have told you about 3 types of diffusion simple diffusion of gases nothing is needed in this no energy or help is needed from high to low second is facilitated diffusion energy is not used in this too but a helper is needed here Third, I told you about active diffusion. What happens in this? Active diffusion requires energy.

Molecules cannot be used without energy. For example, if we tell you that the movement of ions in our body is like this. Like talking about sodium ions, potassium ions, their movement in our body is through active diffusion. Apart from this, there are many other types of movements in our body.

For example, one movement we can call as Exocytosis. This is called cell vomiting. Now, the cell doesn't vomit.

The thing comes out of the cell. things come out directly and not in small quantity but in large quantity so this is called cell vomiting exo means out and cytosis means to come out of the cell the second movement is called endocytosis it is called endocytosis which means cell eating cell eating means that things move inside the cell that means endo means in and cytosis means again cell So, in exocytosis, the cell will be outside the body and in endocytosis, it will be inside the cell. And the bacteria or viruses that exist in our body do not move through active, passive or normal diffusion. They move in and out through things like endocytosis or exocytosis in our body.

That means there are various types of transportation systems in our plasma membrane. So, there are two main functions of the cell, one is protection and second one is transportation. Next, if we talk about what is cytoplasm? So, in the background you must be seeing a jelly.

We eat jelly in kindergarten. So, what is cytoplasm? It is a gel-like, fluid-like space inside the cell. So, what is cytoplasm?

It is a semi-fluid or gel-like or we can say gel like paste inside plasma membrane but outside nucleus remember this because kids get confused in this also but it is outside the nucleus This is called plasma membrane. Let's say this is a cell. This is a plasma membrane. This is our nucleus. This whole area, outside the nucleus, inside the plasma membrane, this whole area is called cytoplasm.

This cytoplasm does not exist inside the nucleus. This space inside the nucleus is called nucleoplasm. so if you think that after plasma membrane whatever space is there it is cytoplasm that is wrong after plasma membrane and outside the nucleus the space that is cytoplasm the space inside the nucleus is called nucleoplasm so we have to remember these two things and if we talk about the main function then it provides the surface for all chemical reactions for all chemical he cube it a heretic a key reaction for all chemical reactions of cell in fact cell organelles be Johanna who can present a was cytoplasm me he to present a provide surface for cell organelles as well so yeah main function a hamara cytoplasm key a surface provide cut the air chai wo cell organelles coho chai wo beta chemical reactions coho okay so about a cell organelles so what are the different cell organelles can echo to beta bohot sorry cell organelles say but we are going to discuss about mitochondria okay which is the power half of the cell we are going to discuss about endoplasmic reticulum which is very very important for protein synthesis in eukaryotic cell and then we are going to discuss about golgi bodies which are known as packaging hub and then we are going to discuss about plastides which is present in plant cell wall in brief and vecholes which is given in NCRT, we will discuss about them only there are many other cell organelles like peroxisomes, lysosomes but these are not given and we will not cover them in today's lecture so first let's start with nucleus so if we talk about nucleus, inside the cell remember I am not drawing cell here, I am drawing nucleus only so this is the nucleus and nucleus has two membranes, two protective layers Nucleus have two protective layers which are outside, it is called outer membrane this is called outer membrane and the inner membrane is called inner membrane so this is the inner membrane after that this empty space is called nucleoplasm it is called nucleoplasm after that Here also there is a space in between the nucleus and this is called Nucleolus. This structure is called Nucleolus. So you can see this is the structure of the nucleus.

Now what is there in the nucleus? In the nucleus, in the nucleoplasm, you will see such long thread like structures. You will see such thread like structures long. And these thread like structures are called Nucleolus.

Chromatin Fibers What we call them? Chromatin Fibers Which is nothing but DNA It is an arrangement of DNA We saw in Prokaryotic Cell that DNA is present randomly in the middle But here we see in long, small, thread like structures called Chromatin Fibers So what is this? This is nothing but arrangement of DNA only It is formed by mixing with some protein and forms this type of structure proteins are present in between So we see long thread like structures like beads.

These are called chromatin fibers. Again I am repeating DNA. And this is Nucleolus. There are some structures inside Nucleolus which are called RNAs. But again these are not required right now.

So you can totally ignore RNA. We don't have to see so much RNA right now. So we will see DNA structure. remember for now so this is the part of nucleus now see if we talk about outer membrane inner membrane what is their main function protection and apart from this what is in outer membrane some holes are made there are some pores in the outer membrane through which things are in and out across the nucleus and these holes and pores in the outer membrane these are called nuclear pores these are called nuclear pores and through these things exchange across the nucleus otherwise the membrane of the nucleus is not like plasma membrane in which all those movements are there the movement of things is only through nuclear pores talking about nucleoplasm So this will also provide surface like cytoplasm for different chemical reactions plus for chromatin fibers DNA is very important, as we look, as we are, it's all due to DNA That's why DNA is called genetic material We will see a little further what it is, for now remember it is our genetic material Nucleolus is also important This is a type chemical which we call RNA and what happens with them? It helps in our protein synthesis.

These make our ribosomes. So, Nucleolus is a central part of the nucleus. Now, let's come to the next point. If we talk about the next point, then I will talk for a while here. I want to show you the structure above the chromosome So here you can see this is the structure of chromosome So nucleus contains DNA I have already written the other things about the functions of outer membrane and inner membrane I will tell you about this structure only So it contains DNA DNA is full form of Deoxyribonucleic acid It is a chemical which is our genetic material Remember it is our genetic material What is genetic material?

So what does genetic material do? It stores information. Genetic material means it stores information and pass it to next generation.

Just storing information is not enough. This child is also transferred to next generation. That is Genetic material, like we look like our parents, our eyes, our hair, our height, we look like our parents, why? Because this DNA which I am calling genetic material, it has so much capacity that it stores information and passes it on to the next generation. So that's why we call it genetic material.

Apart from this, DNA is DNA form and act shaped structure. It forms the DNA. It forms an X-shaped structure which is called chromosomes. What do we call that? We call this structure chromosomes.

And these chromosomes, sometimes we call them our hereditary units. So, don't get confused. Whether X-shaped structure is a chromosome or DNA, both are the same. DNA is the same which makes X-shaped structure with proteins.

So we call them chromosomes. If we talk about chemicals, then it is DNA. And if we talk about its arrangement, then it is gene. But we have to see one more thing.

What is there in chromosomes? What is there in chromosomes due to which it is happening? Because of which we have this thing. transfer kar par hai.

So that is called genes. So in chromosomes or in DNA, assume this is a whole DNA thread, there are small fragments of that DNA, which have the capacity to store information, which make up proteins. In short, if I tell you directly, then what are genes? genes are small fragments of DNA which make up proteins and this information is very important because our eyes are colored because of proteins our hair is made up of protein our skin is made up of proteins called collagen, so proteins are very important so genes are fragments of DNA They are fragment of DNA which will pass information to next generation.

It is a fragment of DNA that passes the information. So remember what is DNA? DNA is a nucleic acid, a chemical which is found in our nucleus, in the nucleoplasm. Sometimes we call them chromatin fibers. Sometimes if...

in egg shaped structure we call them chromosomes and in this chromosomes, in this DNA there are some fragments which pass information to next generation and those parts we call genes so these are two different parts of the same coin so genes, chromosomes, DNA we should not be confused so now let's come towards the next cell organelles that is endoplasmic reticulum So endoplasmic reticulum means small tubes So endoplasmic reticulum is a small tube like structure attached to the nucleus And if we talk about the function of endoplasmic reticulum First of all endoplasmic reticulum helps in protein synthesis it helps in protein synthesis how I will tell you this first of all we will write the point second it also helps in lipid synthesis and apart from this not only synthesis it also provides strength to our cells we can write three main functions of it so see how it helps in protein synthesis Notice that you can see dots on the endoplasmic reticulum. You can see dots up to here. So, there are some endoplasmic reticulum in which a structure called ribosome is attached.

Remember, we just studied about ribosome in bacteria which was doing protein synthesis. You can see the same type of ribosome in our endoplasmic reticulum. and the ribosome attached to the endoplasmic reticulum is the source of protein synthesis.

And the ribosomes in such endoplasmic reticulum are called Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum because it looks rough Now imagine this is your skin if it is plain it will look smooth if it has a lot of pimples it will look rough so it is endoplasmic reticulum when it has ribosomes then its surface looks rough in the microscope so we call it rough endoplasmic reticulum and it makes protein Endoplasmic reticulum does not make protein but it makes protein from the ribosomes attached to it Similarly, the smooth one, in which you can see there are no ribosomes, this is called smooth endoplasmic reticulum and what does it make? It makes lipids, fat molecules. And apart from this, you can see its network, it has made a net type structure in the whole cell, due to which the overall cell also gets a strength, a support.

So, if you see this, I have mentioned here that strength to the cell. It also provides strength to the cell. So, these are some main function of endoplasmic reticulum. Similarly, next point is Golgi apparatus.

So, Golgi apparatus is called processing hub of cell. It is also known as processing unit or processing hub of cell. Why?

Because whatever thing, whatever thing, the proteins and lipids that are made from endoplasmic reticulum are modified here now let me give you a common example I have a water bottle if I sell this water bottle in the market will anyone drink water from me? obviously not because it is not sealed it is not sealed, it is unsealed People will think that I don't know what is this shoe, what is this water, what kind of water is this? People will not take it from me. Similarly, when the endoplasmic reticulum makes a protein in the cell, makes a lipid, the cell does not accept it first because it is in raw form.

Now, what does the lipid and protein made in the endoplasmic reticulum do? By manufacturing, by modifying it, by packing it properly, by sealing it, it gives to the cell that take. Now it is sealed.

In this case, the cell gets happy and takes the proteins. So whatever is made here, it has processing here. That means whatever sugar is added here, whatever protein is made by cutting and crushing, it is finally made here.

So that's why it is called processing you need. Because what will happen here? Modification of substances. modification of substances will be made from endoplasmic reticulum that means final goods will be made here and after that all those things will be delivered to the cell or wherever it is needed, it will be delivered so that's why I said in the beginning of the class that nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and golgi bodies are close why? you must have got the answer come on, stop the video here write the answer in the comment box below and those who have not known yet, I will tell you What did I say about the nucleus?

It is DNA that stores information So what will the nucleus do? The nucleus will order the endoplasmic reticulum first that I want protein, make protein As soon as the order of the nucleus is given, the endoplasmic reticulum will make protein The protein that it has made is not the final good Then Golgi will convert it into final good and after that it will present it to the customer that your product is ready. So that's why I said that these three things are very close.

So now let's come towards the next cell organelles that is mitochondria. So this is the structure of mitochondria. There are two membranes of mitochondria, one is the outer membrane.

which is present outwardly one is inner membrane which is present inwardly outer membrane and inner membrane in inner membrane you can see this type of folding which are called cristae in folding we call it cristae and in the middle you can see this empty space that is called mitochondrial matrix and here every part of mitochondria is important outer membrane, inner membrane, crystal, matrix all are important but why it is important we will see in higher classes for now you have to remember only one function that mitochondria is known as Powerhouse of cell. What is this? Powerhouse of cell because it produces energy. As it produces energy. What can we call this?

We can call this chemically ATP. Which means adenosine triphosphate. Look, the living organisms, adenosine, triphosphate is not necessary.

If you don't remember, forget it, there is no problem. I have written down to understand what ATP means. When we talk about living organisms, if we talk about energy in our body, we actually store energy in the form of chemical bond.

We store in the form of chemical bond. And the name of that chemical is adenosine triphosphate which is made in our mitochondria so for now we have to remember only this point about mitochondria next if we talk about cell organelles it is present only in plants it is present only in plant cells it is absent in animals and if we talk about the cells made of plant cell wall is made up of cellulose it is made up of a cellulose now what is cellulose? cellulose is nothing but a carbohydrate remember in fact the most found the most abundant carbohydrate of the world is cellulose which is found in the cell wall of the plant but only in the cell wall cellulose in a he would die is ke alaavah thore more or be cheese a hotel minor quantity may present hotel akin who does a rude hair which are called back teen jokey or a type key carbohydrate he had or beta hemicellulose jokey again which hamari carbohydrate he put a hair yes are a cheese a milk or hamari cell wall but not the hair or cell wall key ever put metal hum function they K its main function is protection the gap Its main function is to provide protection. If you see a little structure, there is no need for a detailed structure.

But if you understand, that's why I have added. Here you can see that there are such big bundles of cellulose. This is how cellulose bundles are. And you will see that these bundles are tied like this.

Pactin, which I called Pactin Substances. Cellulose is present in the form of bundles. Who ties these bundles?

Pactin, long fibers of Pactin, which tie this bundle. And who connects one bundle to another bundle? Hemicellulose. Again, the structure is not at all important. Just remember that cellulose is made up of carbohydrates.

Apart from this, two different types of Pactin and Hemicellulose carbohydrates are also found in our cell wall and the main function of the cell wall is protection its main function is protection ok next if we see it is Vecoles Vecoles again it is present mainly in the plant cell 80% volume of the plant cell is occupied by what by this occupied by it. Vecoul occupies 80% of the plant cell volume. If we talk about the Vecoul of the plant cell, then there are not two membranes in the Vecoul, which we just saw in the mitocondria, in the nucleus.

Vecoul has only one single membrane and that membrane is known as tonoplast. The name of that membrane is tonoplast. That means what we can write here, only one membrane is present. So here only one membrane is present. Apart from this, if we talk about functions of coal, what will be the function of coal?

Storage. It stores things and that thing can be anything. It can be gases, it can be water, it can be waste product or it can be nutrients. like salt, sugar, whatever it is, it can store anything. So, this is like a plastic bag in which we can store anything.

So, vacuoles occupy 80% of the volume in the plant cell. They are only single membrane. Storage is the main function. In the animal cell, vacuoles are negligible. It is negligible in animal cell.

Remember, that's why I have used plant cell in this diagram. Now the last cell organelles are Plastids. I have already told you about Plastids. Plastids are of two types. One is Leucoplasts which are colorless.

In which nutrients are stored like carbohydrates, fat and lipids. Second is Chromoplasts. In which there are colored pigments.

Due to which we get colorful flowers. Here we will discuss about special plastic which is our chloroplast that is chloroplast and what happens in chloroplast? Chloroplast has photosynthesis chloroplast is important is special because here photosynthesis occurs photosynthesis happens because it contains a green pigment called chlorophyll So that's why chloroplast is called special. If we study its structure a little bit, then it also has two membranes. Chloroplast is also a double membrane.

The outer membrane is called outer membrane. The membrane inside is called inner membrane. Apart from that, in chloroplast, you will see many small building-like, stack-like structures. You will see small buildings. So these buildings are called Grana.

We call them Grana. And not only buildings, there are also bridges between the buildings. So that people can go from one building to another. So there are some connection between these buildings as well.

And this connection is called Stroma Lamila. We call this as Stroma Lamila. And apart from this, Here also you will definitely see some empty spaces.

Here also you will see this space, an empty space. And this space is called stroma. Again structure is not that important.

To explain I am drawing here. That a chloroplast looks something like this. Okay.

So here you can see long building like structures called grana. There are some connection between them called stroma lamina. And the empty space that is called stroma so what happens here is chlorophyll so here will be chlorophyll here also you will get chlorophyll diffuse all over due to which this overall structure which is it appears green in color so let's talk about plastides so I am telling you again here overall there are two types of plastides there are two types of plastides one is Leucoplast which is colorless another one is colored which is called chromoplast okay it is a colored plastids in leucoplasts nutrients will be stored like carbohydrate and all in chromoplasts colored pigment is stored like red green blue whatever it is or a special type of plastids also exist which is called chloroplast Chloroplast has a special pigment of green colour called chlorophyll which causes photosynthesis. So this is the plastid.

Again it is present only and only in plant cells. So I hope everyone is clear about the different kinds of cell organelles that are present in a cell or a prokaryotic cell. So with this today's lecture ends. Thank you.

Transcript for:Overview of Cell Structure and Functions

Transcript for:
Overview of Cell Structure and Functions