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The Federalist No. 10 Overview

May 8, 2025

Federalist No. 10 - Excerpts Annotated

Overview

  • Author: James Madison
  • Focuses on the benefits of a well-constructed union in mitigating factional violence.

Key Points

The Problem of Factions

  • Factions are groups of citizens united by a common interest or passion, often adverse to the rights of others or the common good.
  • Instability and Injustice: Factions introduce instability and injustice in government, often leading to the tyranny of the majority.
  • Causes of Faction:
    • Human nature and the inevitable diversity in opinions and interests.
    • Unequal distribution of property is a principal cause.

Methods to Address Factions

  1. Remove Causes of Faction: Impractical as it involves either destroying liberty or ensuring uniform opinions, both of which are undesirable.
  2. Control Effects of Faction: More feasible; involves structuring government to manage the impact.

The Role of Republics

  • Republic vs. Democracy:
    • Democracy: Direct rule by the people, prone to majority tyranny.
    • Republic: Representatives are elected, refining and enlarging public views.
  • Advantages of a Large Republic:
    • Greater selection of candidates, reducing the likelihood of corrupt officials.
    • Diversity of opinions and interests makes it less likely for any one faction to dominate.
    • Larger number of parties increases security against oppression.

Federalism and the Constitution

  • Balance of National and State Interests:
    • National government addresses broad interests, while state governments handle local issues.
  • Protection Against Majority Tyranny:
    • Large republics provide a balance between local interests and national governance.
    • Ensures individual rights are less likely to be oppressed by a single dominant faction.

Conclusion

  • A well-structured union and large republic offer remedies to the diseases of faction by promoting a system where diverse interests can coexist without dominating one another.
  • Encourages the support of federalism to sustain the republic's integrity and protect citizen rights.

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