this meeting is being recorded uh hello again we are going to continue on chapter four chapter two i'm sorry molecules of life and um so let's go ahead and as i mentioned before uh there are four uh organic molecules your textbook talks about it what is the definition of organic here it gives you this one right here that gives you or did i turn on i'm sorry let me make sure my pen is on okay so uh the definition of organic is given to you guys right here organic molecules containing carbon and hydrogen and are associated with cells no okay carbon and hydrogen or i should add carbon to carbon carbon and carbon okay and i should say also and carbon to carbon so for example uh the molecule co2 if you look at it this molecule uh you know when you've heard of this molecule before co2 you exhale it when you have some uh food and then the food breaks down and then you exhale carbon dioxide what happens carbon dioxide is not an organic molecule or even carbon monoxide you know comes from the exhaust pipe of cars that is not even organic molecule why because there is no carbon to hydrogen or carbon to carbon molecule in here so that's why these molecules are not organic molecule what is organic molecule well glucose molecule the sugar you had this morning with your breakfast or or proteins or fats they are all organic molecules which we will get into them in a minute okay before i move on the uh the four the four major molecules i call them macromolecules or i call them uh building blocks uh okay uh you know i call them uh building uh blocks okay these building blocks are uh for our living organisms all living organisms are carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid which this session the second portion of this chapter two is going to elaborate on them oh okay so uh molecules of life again uh continuing dehydration reaction a type of synthesis chemical reaction that removes water linking you should see that with some examples but what happens if you have for example quickly if you have a sugar molecule and a sugar molecule here when you want to combine them together what happens to give you this molecule right here so they combine together what comes out of the combination of these two is a water molecule h2o so that process is called dehydration because you're removing a water molecule from combining these two molecules together i hope i'm making some sense if you have the opposite of dehydration is hydrolysis if you have a glucose mole two glucose molecules are attached to get a disaccharide and what happens with some enzymes or something you want to break this okay if you want to break this opposite of that you have to give it a water molecule if you give it a water molecule then you can break them down to two separate sugar molecules and you will see these uh later on with some examples i hope okay let me get some coffee please forgive me i'm drinking coffee or something um while i'm later okay here we go perfect so here they're saying subunits these subunits could be amino acids it could be uh sugar molecule could be a fatty acid you will see that i hope and then you combine these two together you get water molecules that's dehydration which i gave it to you right there the definition of dehydration right here opposite of that opposite of this it is right here uh it is the um let's go back to hydrolysis right here when you add water molecule to a molecule and then there uh you know you break them apart right here you add water molecule right here you break them apart it's called hydrolysis hydro you guys it means the water lysis it means breakdown let's go back lysis lysis it means break so when you break down uh these molecules it's called hydrolysis of course we kind of hold water then let's go ahead and the first building block that i'm going to talk about your textbook uh the first one your textbook is image building blocks or i call them macromolecules building blocks macro molecules that means macro it means huge they're huge molecules you will see them use as energy source implants can be structural made up of very very important make sure you know this made up of carbon hydrogen oxygen carbohydrates they do not have nitrogen and while your text is giving the ratio the ratio of the water of hydrogen to oxygen is two to one so these carbohydrates they have a lot of uh hydrogen okay so and then you will see them so the ratio is two to one let's move on um the monosaccharides monoit means one okay and saccharide it means sugar so simple carbohydrates are monosaccharides disaccharides made up of single sugar molecules it has a carbon backbone of three to seven carbons this is a pentose has five carbons yes you will see that uh that is glucose the most common and is using uh immediate energy source uh for uh our body here is a glucose molecule uh i guess your textbook did not mention it no it did not mention it but before these molecules become i would like to show you something becomes a ring but glucose molecules are just straight the carbons uh they did not show it in this diagram that's okay but they are straight and then what happens in plants uh they go ahead and make a ring out of them okay so that would be a an example of a glucose molecule for simplicity reasons a lot of times they do not show all of the carbons and hydrogens in here so somebody look at this they know it's a glucose molecule it has six carbon 12 hydrogen and six oxygen if you want we can count them but you do it at home please here is carbon number one carbon number two carbon number three carbon number four carbon number five carbon number six and it has five as i said six carbon 12 hydrogen you can count the hydrogens and of course six of hydrogen right here is another hydrogen in this diagram sometimes some textbooks draw it for simplicity reasons they do not draw the carbons right here or in he even get in simpler they did not draw any hydrogens or oxygen here but they just want to make sure that you know one of the corners this is a hexagon has six sides maybe you should write that word glucose is a hexagon molecule it has six sides and then if you would one two three four five six sided molecule do we have molecules that are five-sided pentagon you've heard of pentagon in washington uh dc yes we have pentose but i'll mention it as a pentagon disaccharides die it means two right you have it on your prefix suffix and saccharide is mean sugar so disaccharides there are combination of two monosaccharides together and of course joined by the process of dehydration you're removing one water molecule from both of them one water molecule is removed that is sucrose table sugar the sugar you put in a sucrose the sugar is in your milk some of your intolerant to it it's lactose okay and you cannot take dairy products because of that sugar your body cannot break down intolerance is also cannot be breakdown to uh lactose here it is so you have two glucose molecules combined together your o-h of this one with a hydrogen of that one it gives you the water molecule right here and then these two are combined together this trigger and that trigger combined together by the oxygen between them so the process is combining them together and i talked about it dehydration breaking them down of course if you want to break that molecule you want to break this molecule down right here you want to break it down you've got to give it what h2o when you give it h2o right here you break it down those two so the process called hydrolysis when you give it water molecule to break it down it's hydrolysis lysis as i said it means breakdown so polysaccharides when molecules they have more than uh two uh you have um there is a number i used to say that in biology one but um i guess here we are going to get it it's a long polymer of glucose subunits so what happens a polymer poly means many right you guys know it is poly it means many so polymer so this is a sugar molecule sugar molecule sugar molecules trigger molecule and they are combined together of course then this is a polymer okay so a monomer polymer uh subunit in this case sugar molecule is a subunit right here that is starch so polysaccharide example of polysaccharides are starch glycogen cellulose very common in mother earth okay on the surface of the mother earth um anywhere in the ocean in the sea uh on earth but anyhow energy storage for plants glycogen energy storage for animals uh and then cellulose we cannot digest it as the one that is found in plants here is the one in potato what happens uh distort is i should write it down starch molecules can be straight or they can be branched what i mean so the sugar molecules oops sorry uh right here they are oh we have um um right here they are either straight okay i hope you know what i'm talking about or your branch and you will see the glycogen in human is not and then that one branches okay so the glycogen in human you will see it's all branch it's not um straight you will not find that in um right here here is a glycogen the carbohydrates complex carbohydrates in human which is always branched and that is in the liver in your muscle cells you find glycogen make sure you're familiar with these terms later on glycogen later on during semester we need these terms so you can understand digestive system you can understand respiratory everything else excuse me i'm sorry okay the cellulose is a different story cellulose is a fiber that we cannot digest i'm not going to go to alpha beta and alpha and beta linkage you're not taking bio one but cellulose is also a a complex carbohydrate plants make them and then uh what happens uh we eat them in order to have a bit of uh diges you remember i think i should mention this when we eat when metabolism we talked about i said i will talk about it later on but metabolism is when you eat mashed potato potato it has straight for example some of the starch molecules uh polysaccharides in there they are straight so what happens when we eat them in our intestine they break down to single sugar molecules right here and then these single sugar molecules in our liver being put together only and only and only branched so we do not have straight sugar molecules in our cells if you would uh it's all uh it's all branched so that's what you know so i gave you the definition of a metabolism example of metabolism breaking it down in our digestive tract right here breaking it down break down the starch and then be put together in our liver and our muscles as glycogen right here okay let's move on explain differences uh between so make sure you know please study these things and close your notes and be able to answer these questions the next one is lipids so lipids they are they do not dissolve in water unlike carbohydrates they do not cellulose but sugar you know the sucrose can be dissolved in water as you know like hydrophilic polar groups so diverse in functions and forms found in the form of triglyceride fat and oils phospholipids and steroids most of the fat we eat in our diet is triglyceride and you will see it so about 80 90 of the fat we eat in our diet are triglycerides and we eat some steroids and we eat some well cholesterol i should not say steroids in a phospholipid so triglyceride made up of one glycerol and three fatty acids make sure you know these things function in energy storage insulation cushioning and some two forms fat and oils fats usually animal origin and solid at room temperature oil is usually plant version and liquid at room temperature here we go as you can see uh these are like carbon you know these things carbon carbon carbon covalent bond covalent bond i forgot to mention that with glucose molecules covalent bond covalent bond so between the carbon and carbon is a covalent bond so a lot of a lot of carbons at one end again it's an acid group and the other end is a methyl end so it would be just like this so you guys can see this this is just carbon carbon carbon carbon carbon carbon one end is acid end and the other end is the uh methylene maybe i should here we go the two n are different yeah this is a better example one end is acid end and the other end is a methylene i hope you guys can see this okay so they are different molecules if they are like hockey players in old days they are missing some hydrogen they are missing some hydrogen right here then it's called um unsaturated fatty acid this is a saturated fatty acid it means all of the hydrogens are attached to carbon this is unsaturated fatty acids remember carbon must have four covalent bonds attached to it very important information you should know i will ask that in your quizzes and exams hydrogen has only one covalent bond carbon has four covalent bond hydrogen has one uh carbon has four nitrogen has three and oxygen has two covalent bonds but anyhow so if you're if the molecule is losing some hydrogen then the bond between them must be double covalent bond and you studied that we talked about it in case of hydrogen in the past so that's what fatty acids are now if you have a glycerol molecule right here and the glycerol molecule attaches this is a glycerol molecule attaches to a fatty acid they draw a short chain of fatty acids usually a little bit longer than that another chain of fatty acid another chain fatty acid so you have one two three fatty acids attached to one glycerol so the name of the molecule is triglyceride and what happens what process the process of dehydration so the o-h of this fatty acid from the acid end combined to the hydrogen of the glycerol gives water how many water molecules three fatty acids attached to a glycerol three okay i hope i'm making some sense and then if you want to break this molecule your cells of your body will do this for you if you want to break it you need three molecules of water which is called hydrolysis so this is fatty acid number one fatty acid number two fatty acid number three and of course this is one glycerol which has three carbons okay so let's move on and the way i show it in the classroom i say you hear my three fingers i hope you guys can see this this is a glycerol attaches to three fatty acid so this is a triglyceride you need three water molecules to break it down and then when you want to put your cells of your body put them together of course you uh you form three water molecules okay triglycerides are hydrophobic uh so it will uh clump together in body as fluid emulsifiers are molecules that surround triglycerides and uh disperse or emulsify them that is during digestion which i think we will talk about it when we get to the digestive system a little bit more but this could that be some of these waxes uh one fatty acid attached to an alcohol uh prevent the loss of moisture from body surface and that is in uh cerumen or ear wax all of those you will see them on top of the arthropods insects fatty acids long chain of carbons as i mentioned this i think this is a better diagram so this is a fatty acid remember this all long chain of fat is a one end is acid in so coh is acid and then the other in is a methylene can be saturated or unsaturated i showed you guys what they mean so um there are a few look at these numbers you don't have to memorize these numbers uh most fatty acids have even number of carbons even number of carbons there are a few ones that have an odd number of carbons just extra information for your brain and then here it goes talks about the saturated and unsaturated i'm not going to go ahead and talk about it anymore unsaturated fatty acids which is like here they lost the hydrogen here and saturated fatty acid unsaturated trans fatty acid it means uh the trends did they draw a cyst so this could be they are not showing a cis here trans fatty acid in one hydrogen is on this side one hydrogen on that side they call it trans if both hydrogens are on the same side in some organic molecules it's called cis but anyhow let's move on um fatty acid concluded saturated fatty acids contribute to atherosclerosis disease accumulation of fats in your blood vessels and then trans fats are man-made and contribute to heart disease uh more than other types of fatty acids or unsaturated trans fats or unsaturated fatty acids usually plants do not make them but very rarely but they they could be implants but the missing hydrogens are on opposite cooking causes the this uh formation of the uh on unsaturated fatty acid trans fats in past the recommendation for total amount of fat uh in a 2 000 calorie a day we supposed to eat a diet that has 2 000 calorie a day and then the tide was 65 grams and now uh the research indicates that this type of fat ethan is more important than the quantity well yeah it flops back and forth but one thing i want to mention while you're here one gram of fat it gives you nine kilocalorie okay one gram of carbohydrates it gives you um four kilocalories and then one gram of protein it gives you four kilocalories and then one gram of alcohol it gives you seven kilocalories i would like you to know okay um it might come up during semester but uh yeah i would love to know okay when you read a food label like this very important guys please spend a few seconds on this slide i know you might just like to go fast and then go to your kitchen and look at the food labels a little bit and see what's going on the total fat saturated fat we said that is supposed to be good and then cholesterol okay 30 milligram percent of the daily value if you eat one serving size that's per serving size 220 grams serving per container there are two i don't know what food is this it doesn't say it understanding okay but anyhow dietary fiber zeroed and then sodium the void this is loaded with sodium uh that's what most food uh processed food are they are loaded with sodium and fat that's very unfortunate i thought michelle obama made a deal with walmart to reduce the amount of sugar sodium and fat but i don't know what happened after she left i hope you guys watch your diet i'd like to take a few moments um and mention please watch your diet i'm not saying just get the habit of reading the labels all the time yeah you should maybe at the beginning and after a while it becomes a routine for you what foods need what food not to eat but remember your body is your temper and you shouldn't respect it uh by putting junk food in there a lot of sodium a lot of fat in there oh boy you get to age 40 50 maybe even younger houston we've got a problem okay but anyhow just pay attention to your diet the next one is phospholipids structure you know a good thing is to take a nutrition class that's another thing i highly recommend for you guys we cannot spend much time in here on nutrition and i used to teach it uh but not anymore that has the story of its own uh phospholipids structure is similar to triglycerides but one fatty acid is replaced by polar phosphate group and you will see that have a polar hydrophilic head it has a head and tail so the head is made up of uh polar hydrophilic and nonpolar uh hydrophobic tail so this molecule is very unique it has a head that is hydrophilic and a tail that is a hydro hydrophilic and the tail that is hydrophobic are the primary components of plasma membrane it means cell membrane every cell has a boundary plasma membrane cell membrane and then form a binary hydrophilic heads face the water solution and then i hope right here so that's a phospholipid look like these are the two fatty acids okay this is the head and these heads are facing water which is either outside of the cell or inside of the cell outside of the cell is water inside of the cell is water so that's where there are two layers if you would of these like all your cookies uh i had some oreo cookies i didn't bring it for you guys but that's okay uh the inside of the cell is full of water outside of the cell is full of water the head are facing the water because they are hydrophilic they love water and these tails they do not like water they are hydrophobic okay so that's what the cell membrane is pretty much made up steroids lipids made up of uh four fused carbon rings remember why we say steroids are fat well you remember this one so if i make one ring and you will see a picture another ring and another ring and another ring it has four rings can you guys see my rings a little bit it's out of um okay so right here so he has uh four three rings and each type different in functional group attached to each other that is uh cholesterol is an example of a steroid and then components of mineral and precursor to other steroid molecules that's right so the steroid molecules like testosterone estrogen they're all being made from cholesterol and then you eat a diet that is full of cholesterol here they are is imagine if i make all of these carbons remember on corners i talked about that in glucose molecules on corners there are right here they are carbon and i can make this straight okay the rings can come straight like this so that's why steroids are fat molecules they belong to these macromolecules estrogen progesterone and cholesterol is meaningful okay so i think that's all we talked about your textbook talk about uh steroids let's go to protein very important function support enzymes uh speed chemical reactions and support your skin as keratin transport molecules so when you take maybe throughout the semester we go over these things a little bit more but make sure you know these especially chapter two for rest of semester we need that information protein functions continue defense hormones uh and emotions all of this um proteins are made up of amino acids so you remember the subunit of protein molecule is one amino acid here one amino acid here one amino acid here one amino acid here one amino acids here and they're combined together that's a protein molecule okay so uh components of amino acids are carboxyl and r group each amino acid different in our group which i show you right here make sure you know the components of amino acids amino acids they have an r group which is different from one amino acid to the next amino acid okay they have an acid group you remember i showed them to you in a fatty acid it could be hydrogen here when you solidify hydrogen here so it has acid group they have central carbon they call this a central carbon okay and they have amino group that's what they call them amino acid amino group amino group amino group and so they all all amino acids have and of course a hydrogen group hydrogen here so look at the hydrogen look at the hydrogen look at the hydrogen so all amino acids have these four in common acid hydrogen central carbon everything attached to the central carbon amino group what makes them different and we only have 20 amino acids 20 amino acids that's all we have 20 amino acids in nature there is about 120 but in human human has only 20 amino acids okay and of course they all have their names baleen glutamic acid lysine tryptophan aspartic acid cysteine this one causes your hair to be curly or if you have too much of it in your hair by genes if you do not have much of it because it has sulfur growth it performs a disorder okay here all your textbook does not have this but i thought i'd give it to you and you don't have to know it but look they all have the acid group the amino group central carbon and hydrogen and this is the r group this r group is different than this r group that r group is different than that r group so this r group is different than that r group this r group is different than that r group they're all different okay so how many you have 20 of them and of course there are two amino acids that they have sulfur right here cysteine and methionine okay but then yeah so protein bound the polar covalent bond between two amino acids uh it's a peptide bond that's what uh you know if you have amino acid here you attach it to amino acid here the bond right here the covalent bond between these two is called a peptide bond okay this is amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid polypeptide uh three or more amino acids linked together here is an example of course when you want to put these two organic molecules together amino acids you form a water molecule oh of the acid from the acid of this amino acid and the hydrogen from the amino group of this amino acids combined together and here is your peptide bond and of course you give out a water molecule you want to break that one you need h2 oh okay i made some sense and of course the process hydrolysis going this way going this way the process going this way is hydrolysis going that way the process is dehydrated you know this by heart a uh proteins three dimensional shape is closely linked as function denaturation okay when you break down a protein molecule for example you have a protein molecule like this and you break it down like this become like that then this this molecule cannot go back and like this anymore and that's called denaturation when you change the shape of a molecule that's very very important in biology that's called denaturation so cause in extreme heat or ph and also steering can change they didn't mention here mechanical steering it can change the shape disrupts the proteins function okay levels of protein that's another thing i want to talk about uh primary secondary uh tertiary levels of structures so let's go over that um very important i did cut off some papers for you guys here amino acids right here when they're combined together you guys can see this when you're combined together like this by peptide bond one end of the protein molecule is acid and the other one is amino group right here one end always and one end you can see that so they say acid end amino end so when the amino acids are combined together just straight line that's primary okay so this is an example of a primary structure then secondary structure there are two different types of secondary structure one of them is pleated which is called beta right here you guys it's called beta sheet they are like this like accordion and here we have familiar foreign they're pleated okay so that is an example of and there are amino acids in here they are attached together when they are pleated and of course hydrogen bonds you remember that we talked about it caused these pleated sheets it's called beta sheet when they are helix they're twisted like this okay when you're twisted like this that is alpha helix okay either beta sheet or alpha helix and of course again hydrogen bonds this amino acid here is have attraction with that amino acid there so hydrogen bonds cause these twisting or pleated so these two are example of a primary and a primary straight chain nothing big deal okay uh and then of course you have second example of a primary would be your insulin okay in your body secondary it would be in your protein uh in your muscle cells so yeah protein structure continued tertiary the 3d shape of entire protein determined three bonds type ionic covalent and hydrogen bond coronary yes do we have we do have a picture of it so if you have a protein molecule which is tertiary it would be for example you have some portion of this molecule that all combined together is tertiary as uh pleated and the other one is for example twisted so they combine together and that would be an example of a tertiary where do you find this your myoglobin the protein molecule myo globin myoglobin is a protein molecule found in your um in your uh muscle cells and of course here is a disulfide bond i talked about it there is mostly a cysteine here and a cysteine here is another disorder and cysteine here and cysteine here and of course these are all alpha helix these are pleated or maybe they are primary so it's a combination of things then they did not show you uh uh yeah okay quartering uh quarterly if you have this protein molecule twisted right here and feed it that's one just you know you can separate them uh like your hemoglobin and there is another protein molecule but they are connected together okay so they are two separate like your hemoglobin the one that is found in your blood hemoglobin okay hemoglobin is an example of a coronary structure myoglobin is an example of tertiary structures so hemoglobin you have four they call it subunits okay so let's move on and then uh i think the last one is a nucleic acid i hope i stayed within my half an hour time limit i did not have my watch with me this uh on my lap i didn't have it earlier a polymer of nucleotides so what is a nuclear nucleic acid and nucleotides um i will talk about them let's see what i you know i can explain things better with the picture sorry about that components of nucleotides very important you should know that a nucleotide components of it's a phosphate at five carbon pentose sugar remember that a five carbon sugar molecule pentose we talked about it and a nitrogenous base which is uh i will talk about those a little bit functions uh store information on genetics that contain instructions for activities of essential life conducts chemical reactions okay here it is structure of a nucleotide you have a uh nitrogen containing base right here you have the sugar right here and a phosphate right here and then i hope that this is a nucleotide uh nucleic acid concluded uh this is a deoxyribose nucleic acid i think i talked about that that's what dna stands for right here stored information on how copy itself specifies um we'll talk about this when we get to genetics chapter a little bit and then rna is ribonucleic acid and various types many functions that is some of the components of coenzymes which are regulated in gene and adenosine triphosphate atp is like dollar in your body without atp in your body you cannot be active you cannot do anything so very good diagram the differences between dna and rna very good they did it for you this has the oxy ribose this has ribose what it is this ah the oxy ribose is a ribose trigger five-sided bridging which does not have does not have one oxygen one o2 this one has o2 okay that's it that's one of the difference and these are adenine guanine thymine cytosine in dna but in but in rna you have adenine which you have it in dna you have guanine which you have it in dna you have uracil instead of thymine okay so you don't have thymine in rna you have instead you have uracil and of course cytosine you have them so three of them found in both one of them is not found in the other one okay double stranded of course like this and single strand like that and is it helix twist it that's what the word helix means is it twisted like this yes and the other one is not twisted so backbone of dna and some uh forms of rna is alternating phosphate sugar group so um dna look like a ladder so the legs of the ladder these are the legs of the ladder they have phosphate sugar phosphate sugar phosphate sugar same as this side phosphate sugar upside sugar phosphate sugar phosphate sugar phosphate so right here are the sugar molecules right in here i hope you guys can see this right here are sugar molecules and these are the nitrogenous spaces so the drunks of the ladder the steps of the ladder are the nitrogenous bases which i will get into it here in a minute um so the base nucleotides are commonly identified in their base since they are okay dna is double-stranded right here however take this ladder and twist it i showed you a twisted molecule of course amino acid but if you twist it okay the dna molecule this ladder you take and twist it i do not have one please forgive me then it is a double helix and they call it complementary bases adenine always bind with thymine and cytosine always finally warning right here that's what i was talking about the latter that is twisted okay and always always always i didn't need it's here in biology to use the term always adenine binds to thymine and guanine with cytosine easy to memorize it guys see g and c they are almost look like the letter i'm talking about the alphabetical letter so easy to memorize these two go together and of course thymine and adenine they do not the alphabetical letters they do not look alike so they go together but these two g and c if you memorize there are only four letters in computers you have z one one zero z11 here in biology we have four letters guanine cytosine adenine thymine that's it and here is the legs of you remember i talked about the lengths of the ladder right here so here is a phosphate sugar which is attached to the nitrogenous base right here phosphate sugar nitrogenous base phosphate sugar of course this is rna because why because it has uracil dna does not have uracil okay uracil it is in um it is in rna and of course this is dna let's go um atp another very important molecule uh we need to talk about uh right here i'll let you guys read those stuff let me talk about what is going on with atp atp has a pentose sugar and it has adenine okay and he has three phosphate sugar so what happens when you have um when one of these phosphate breaks down it releases energy it has three phosphate but one of the phosphate breaks down it releases three and uh it releases energy right here let me see okay so and that's it all right