Overview
This lecture explores the key reasons behind English colonization of North America in the 17th century and introduces the foundation for later discussions of specific regions and colonies.
Differences Between English and Other European Colonization
- Unlike Spain, much of English colonization was led by churches, joint stock companies, and those seeking religious freedom or personal gain.
- English settlements were more compact and had a higher population compared to French, Dutch, and Spanish colonies.
- In 1660, English colonies had about 58,000 colonists, far more than New France or New Netherland.
- English colonization focused on economic influence, providing raw materials and creating markets for English goods rather than conquest.
Main Reasons for English Colonization
- Wealth: Desire to compete with Spain and France for riches and resources was a driving force.
- Joint Stock Companies: These investor-funded companies aimed to start profitable colonies in North America.
- Religion: Ongoing religious persecution (Catholic vs. Protestant) pushed groups like Pilgrims, Puritans, and Quakers to seek freedom in the New World.
- Social Change: The enclosure movement in England displaced peasants, leading many lower-class people to seek new opportunities overseas.
- Population Pressure: Growing population led to increased numbers of beggars and vagrants, encouraging emigration.
The Enclosure Movement
- English lords fenced off common lands for sheep grazing, forcing peasants off land and disrupting traditional rural life.
- Displaced peasants became vagrants and often migrated to cities or considered emigration to the colonies.
Preview: Colonial Regions
- The lecture will analyze the Chesapeake colonies, New England, the Middle Colonies, and the Southern Colonies, starting with Virginia.
- Virginia is highlighted as the most influential colony, central to American history and the origin of American slavery.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Joint Stock Company — A business entity owned by investors who pooled capital to fund colonies for profit.
- Enclosure Movement — The process by which English lords fenced off common lands, displacing peasants.
- Chesapeake Colonies — Colonies in the region around Chesapeake Bay, notably Virginia and Maryland.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Prepare for detailed discussion on the founding and significance of Virginia.
- Review notes on reasons for English colonization and the role of joint stock companies.