Bipolar Disorder - Lecture Notes

Overview

Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by dramatic mood shifts, including periods of mania and depression. It affects approximately 2.8% of the U.S. population, with an average age of onset at 25 years.

• Mania involves high energy, reduced need for sleep, and loss of touch with reality.
• Depression can lead to low energy, lack of motivation, and feelings of hopelessness.
• Both mania and depression can result in impaired decision-making and potential psychotic symptoms.

Symptoms

• Episodes of mania and depression can vary in duration and intensity.
• Symptoms can include:
  • Psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations or delusions.
  • Mixed episodes where both mania and depression occur.

Causes

• Genetics: Increased risk if family members have bipolar disorder, but not absolute.
• Stress: Life events can trigger episodes.
• Brain Structure: Differences in brain size or activity may contribute.

Diagnosis

• Involves physical exams, interviews, and lab tests to rule out other causes.
• Requires at least one episode of mania or hypomania for diagnosis.
• DSM is used to determine specific type of bipolar disorder.

Types of Bipolar Disorder

1. Bipolar I Disorder: At least one manic episode, may include depression.
2. Bipolar II Disorder: Alternates between depression and hypomania.
3. Cyclothymic Disorder: Chronic fluctuating mood disturbances.
4. Other Specified and Unspecified: Significant mood elevation not fitting other criteria.

Treatment

• Psychotherapy: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), family-focused therapy.
• Medications: Mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, antidepressants.
• Self-Management: Recognizing early symptoms and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
• Complementary Approaches: Exercise, meditation.

Related Conditions

• Anxiety, ADHD, PTSD, substance use disorders.
• Misdiagnoses such as schizophrenia or borderline personality disorder.

Treatment Considerations

• For Women: Risks related to pregnancy and medication.
• For Children: Controversial diagnosis, requires comprehensive evaluation.

Coping Strategies

• Identify stressors and triggers.
• Avoid drugs and alcohol.
• Maintain a routine and learn from past episodes.
• Form healthy relationships for support.

Supporting Others

• Recognize early symptoms to prevent serious episodes.
• Communicate effectively and react calmly.
• Provide support and understanding.

Conclusion

Bipolar disorder requires ongoing treatment and management. Early diagnosis and a multifaceted treatment approach can help individuals maintain stability and quality of life.