Lecture Notes: Chemistry Concepts and Gas Laws

Composition and Temperature

• Troposphere Composition:
  • Oxygen: 78.9%
  • Argon: 0.93%
• Temperature Extremes:
  • Can reach as low as -93°C

Gas Laws and Equations

• Boyle's Law:

  • Relationship: ( P \propto \frac{1}{V} )
  • Equation: ( P_1V_1 = P_2V_2 )

• Charles's Law:

  • Temperature relation
  • Standard temperature: 273°C

• Ideal Gas Law:

  • Equation: ( PV = nRT )
  • Constants:
    • R (L atm/mol K): 0.0821
    • R (J/mol K): 8.314

Avogadro's and Related Constants

• Avogadro's Number: ( 6.022 \times 10^{23} )
• Boltzmann Constant: ( 1.38 \times 10^{-23} )

Calculations and Conversions

• Pressure and Volume Calculations:
  • Example: ( P_2V_2 ) with specific values like 0.84 ATM
• Density and Molar Mass:
  • ( \frac{W}{V} = \frac{PM}{RT} )

Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures

• Dalton's Law:
  • Partial pressures and mole fractions
  • Example calculation for oxygen and other gases

Molecular Speed and Kinetic Theory

• Root Mean Square Speed:
  • Equation: ( \sqrt{\frac{3RT}{M}} )

Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry

• Balancing Reactions
• Example Reactions:
  • Involving compounds like carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, etc.

Practical Applications

• Calculation of Mass and Moles:
  • Using molar volume at STP

Miscellaneous

• Photochemical Smog and Pollutants
  • Compounds like chlorine monoxide

Conclusion

• Various topics and calculations were covered including gas laws, molecular speeds, and environmental chemistry terms. These topics form the basis of understanding chemical behaviors in different conditions.

Note: Many calculations involve approximations or specific values for illustrative purposes.