what's up everybody so in this video we're going to be talking about transport um this is b3.2 H um HL okay so remember in a separate video I covered all of this stuff here the hearts and the vessels right all of the animal transport stuff in a separate video okay now this video we're going to cover mainly plant transport okay mainly plant transport and a little segment on fish C circulatory system and then we're going to do some questions and answers which are not only going to be about this video's content but the whole of b3.2 okay b3.2 ho so make sure you try those out um to test your knowledge a bit okay so let's first quickly go and finish this segment on the fish circulatory system so remember in our in our in in the other video we talked all about the heart and the circulatory system in animals right so we know how the basic way that it works is we have this heart and this heart is going to pump out of this archery this big artery a lot of fresh blood with a lot of oxygen and it's going to be a nice high pressure right because it's coming straight from the heart it's a lot of force that the heart gave into this vessel so a lot of high pressure blood and then it goes down into little um smaller archeries and eventually what what do we call this capillaries right now this capillaries um is the area where this oxygen and nutrients are going to leave to the surrounding area the cells here that need them right so all the oxygen is going to leave here and the these cells are going to use this oxygen in cell respiration to make ATP which is the money of this of the of our body and they may make some byproducts like carbon dioxide by some waste products that they will send into this capillary and to be taken away so you can imagine the blood pressure here was really really high because it's really close to the heart but by the time we reach these tiny tiny capillaries the blood pressure is very slow and the blood is the blood flow itself is really really slow so the so even slower will be these the the blood when it's draining from this from these capillaries the blood pressure here will be really really low as it comes back to the heart because it's so far from the heart right so these vessels closer to heart will have high pressure and the further they get they will be low pressure so this is going to be very low pressure draining in this vein back towards the heart but now this dirty blood the heart will take it right and pump it into our lungs we call that our pulmonary circulation because pulmonary just means lungs now what do you think is going to happen the pressure now the pressure is going to increase again right because the heart is pumping it out again with high speed so the pressure is going to be nice and high in this vessel here and again it's going to slow down and slow down until we reach the capillaries where we can have exchange happen again now this dirty blood can be cleaned up again oxygen can come from the lungs into these capillaries and the carbon dioxide can all leave right when we exhale it and when we inhale oxygen so the blood pressure is going to be really low because we're again very far from the heart now so this vein that's coming back towards the heart will have low pressure once again so you can see this is our circulation we call it a dual or a double circulation because firstly the heart will pump the blood to our systemic circulation then it will come back and then it will pump it again so it pumps it twice there's two separate kind of circulations here two separate pumpings that happen one pump will bring it back here it will come back to the heart and the heart will pump it to a different place dual circulation that's very crucial to understand because in fish it's a bit different and I want to show you a little picture here so in fish if we take a fish a fish is different because they have single circulation look at their little heart remember our heart has four chambers right because we have a double circulation double circulation fish only has two little Chambers two Chambers they only have a single circulation look how it works here's a fish heart right and it's going to pump the blood look it's going to pump it this way all the way where it's going to pump it to the gills right the gills the gills is the place it's like the lungs of a fish okay okay remember the gills is you can see it on a fish and that's where this is the specialized area of a fish that is made to extract oxygen from water right humans can't do that no way we'll drown right we'll defin if you put me under water long enough I ain't going going survive I don't know about you but I'm not going to survive but this fish if you have a gill this thing is specialized to extract oxygen from water okay anyway so the hard pumps it it's going to be you can imagine at this point how's the pressure going to be high pressure right it's coming from the heart so it's going to slow down slow down now into into this little capillary system the gills some oxygen will come in some carbon dioxide might leave now but at this point right the pressure is much slower again it's very far from the heart so we can imagine the pressure now is going to be lower again but now look whereas for the human after we pump it to our lungs it's going to come back to the heart so we can Pump It Again to our body to our upper and lower body but that's not how it works for fish for fish it's going to now come straight to the body it's now going to go directly here from the gills to all the parts of the fish's body instead of going back to the to the heart to then be pumped to the body so I can see that's different so it's going to go straight here from the gills with low pressure very low pressure all the way down to the to the body whatever the whole fins whatever all the areas that need this this Blood right but you can imagine the pressure is low so it's very low very low and then all the way back to heart and now the pressure will be high again so you can see that's a very key difference okay this fish have a single circulation so the limitation of this circulatory pattern that we're talking about in fish compared to animals like me and you is that um there is a huge loss of blood pressure when the blood is within the capillaries of the gills because the blood is pumped with a lot of pressure and now the Press now the blood pressure is very low and now it doesn't go back to the heart to gain pressure again to go to the whole body it's going to go from the gills very slowly with very low pressure all the way to body so you can see how it's different the disadvantage of the system is the whole pressure idea there's very low pressure because it doesn't go back to the heart to get that pressure again to be sent to the to the body the systemic circulation okay so that's really it you need to know about the fish circulation it's a single circulation compared to our system of a double or dual circulation okay that's really it so that's it for fishies okay just because you you all really wanted to know about fishies right okay let's now go into plants so plants are pretty pretty interesting to be fair okay I I'm I'm not really passionate about plants I don't know about you I didn't really love the whole plants part when I did IB Biology it's like I'm I'm really not much of a nature guy but this is pretty interesting and hopefully I can help help you understand it a little bit for those who are not that passionate about it like I was but yeah let's just let's just let's just try and make the most of this okay so here we got our plant beautiful glistening plant here okay let's look at the parts we got the um the soil here right the roots embedded here in the soil the soil it's got a lot of minerals lot of ions a lot of water okay very key um and The Roots is there right and um and we also have this little part coming out from this from The Roots which holds the plant up essentially is the stem right and then at the end of the stem we may have a leaf maybe even some fruits or flowers okay but this is the typical plant here now why did I put dadon well dadon right when we have plants there are two big categories of plants monoc caladon plants and diadon plants you need to know that when we talk in general about plants in the IB it's always going to be die cot Theon don't worry about what that means just when you see this word when you have an exam question don't lose your mind it's just one category of plants okay one huge category of plants because there's two categories monocots and dicots okay now the confusing thing with plants is right we know things need to move around in this plant okay things may need to go from the root to the leaves or from the leaves to the fruits and so on things need to transport into plants as well but plants ain't got no damn heart there's no heart so how in humans our heart is responsible for transport for moving blood all around our body so that all the cells can get it but a plant doesn't have this thing so how are things moved around how on Earth okay you got to understand like this a straw you know a straw a plant right before I bring in the straw okay before I bring in the straw remember we talked about plants a little bit in other videos as well for other chapters so I'm just going to kind of reention this to you guys if you guys forgot it you know the plant it has two kind of pipes in it you know you know me and you we've got archeries and veins and all these kind of pipes a plant has their own little pipes two plant two uh two kind of pipes you got to know about the xylm and the flm right we're going to talk a lot about the flm in this video now the xylm right remember the xylem is the part responsible for bringing up water from the roots to the leaves to all to the rest of the plant right the xylm is the one transporting water from roote upwards from the bottom to the top right that's important and how does that happen again because you don't learn the details in this chapter but I want to recap it for you guys because I know you cover it in in another in another video in another chapter but we need to recap it here for you guys to understand because we're always going to comp compare here flm and xylm and I don't want to talk about xylm and FL if you don't if you've already forgot what a xylm is okay so again the xylm brings up fluid from The Roots upwards how does it do that again remember our leaves the leaves they can sweat kind of like me and you and we call that transpiration so the sweating of plants is called transpiration so they will lose water and when this water leaves do you remember what they leave through these little sweat pores like me and you have sweat pores right plants kind of have their own little sweat pores which we call stamata or sto and they leave through these little holes out into environment okay we call that transpiration now when the water leaves it creates a sort of suction thing a suction effect kind of like the way when you drink from a straw from a from a bottle when you when you when the when you bring water out of the straw right that causes um water from your cup to come up right because then you suck water out of here and that creates this kind of suction this negative pressure we call that negative pressure suction is just negative pressure so when you when the water leaves from this from this plant from this Leaf through the stata it creates a negative sucking pressure kind of like when you suck on a straw and that causes water to move up the xylem okay um to the leaves so you can see this transpiration idea causes water to move up um in columns in the xylm right but let me ask you now this question what if there was no Leaf what if there's a plant without a leaf or what if what if these tomato are closed remember in very humid conditions in very wet conditions transpiration doesn't really want to happen I don't know if you guys remember that but just bear in mind in really humid conditions these tomata they stay closed because the plant doesn't want to um there's no there's no Gra because the air is so wet the water doesn't want to go in there because the air is already so wet there's no gradient for the water to want to go anywhere so it stays and the stamata stays closed so in these scenarios where there's no leaves or or the stamatas stay closed and no transpiration can happen then what do you think happens do you think no water gets moved at all like do you think the plant just stops functioning no there's one other way which the root is responsible for that is also going to help us bring water into the into the root and up the stem okay so there's another way besides transpiration we know transpiration can cause the suction and move water up the xylm but when that doesn't work then what then if that is not possible then how else can a plant cause water to move up the xylm we got to look at that right now okay uh this is what I just said okay you guys can read that if you want so just a quick recap let's look here at the root so here's our little root we know in the root right there's the xylm which is this X I think of I think of it like X for xylm X for xylm right it's right there in the middle and then we have some FL some other pipes we're going to talk about fls later don't worry about them now but xylm is the thing that's going to move water and minerals from the root up okay so how does the root do this I we really just got to figure this out how the heck does this root do this I'm to show you a picture so let's zoom in here to the root okay to the root so here we got our root inside our root we got xylm we got flm remember I just showed you here we got xylm we got flm in this simplified picture I'm just going to put the xylm here okay I'm just going to put the xylm here and surrounding the xylm what do we have besides the flum we have this little um cortex which is just um a thick layer of stuff okay don't worry about it too much so hopefully so this picture is relatively simplified now remember there are cells here there are cells here at the root okay surround um in the root these cells here I'm making one here very very big so we can see what's going on just bear in mind this is not there's not like there's one huge cell and many small ones I'm just zooming into this one so we can get this effect okay so how does this route do it do this idea how does this roote help bring water in and move and and help Force water to go up the stem this is how look you see this cell here these cells on the roots they have some little channels remember I don't know if you guys done transport yet membrane transport but these channels right these channels can help things pass through pass through the membrane so for example let's say this one is is made for this guy oh is made for this guy let me quickly fix this for you guys before it drive me nuts okay this will be better so you see these right here in the roots remember I told you in the soil so this brown part is the whole soil there's some water right it's not water like thick water it's just Little M water molecules everywhere um it's not like it's not like a pool of water you know if you look at the if you look at soil you notice it's a bit moist right so there's a little bit of water it's not like soaking wet all the time it's just moist so that's why the water here represents and then we have some minerals like ions like magnesium like calcium things like that like ions okay so they're floating around in the soil now these cells what they can do is something awesome they can bring in these ions so they can make them go into the cell and then put them into the xylm okay so that's pretty cool they can do that either passively so these guys can either diffuse in down their cons ation gradient so say there's a lot of them in the soil and a little bit in the cell then they can come in down their concentration gradient or these these these cells can pump them in through active transport remember active transport needs ATP because you bring it from a low concentration to a high concentration right so either of these two ways passive transport or active transport these little ions or minerals can be brought into the xylem okay so let's say we bring them in through active transport passive transport whatever way they get pumped in here into the xylm and now they build up okay so we get a lot of these guys get a lot of these guys okay let's put I'm going to put some red ones in here whatever they're all these little minerals little ions you guys get the picture right so if we have if this constantly happens and these cells pump in all of these little ions and mineral rolls into the xylm what's happening the concentration of these ions are increasing okay they're increasing they're getting very concentrated very concentrated this means we have a um a very low water potential here a very low water potential that means water wants to go there there's very little water potential it's very concentrated compared to this soil now the soil has very high water concentration so very high water potential but the inside of this root has very low water potential it's very concentrated we know the water wants to even it out we don't want the xylm to be so concentrated compared to the soil so what's going to happen is if this area inside the xylm is getting so concentrated we know this is going to trigger what it's going to trigger osmosis it's going to trigger these little water molecules to follow and come in okay because they want to even out this concentration when it's water remember osmosis is the movement of water from an area of a lot of water to an area of low water or an area of low concentration to an area of a low solute or mineral concentration to an area of high mineral concentration right now there's a lot of mineral concentration here right A lot of them so the water wants to come in to balance it out we call that osmosis right so it comes here so now look what do we do we brought in all of this water so now the water pressure here is really really high let me bring some more in for you guys the water pressure Now is really really high and that means what if the water pressure is really high the water's got to go somewhere so the water's going to start pushing that way and that way happens to be up so if you can see the water keeps coming in because of this mechanism now the water is going to push the water molecule next to that and that water molecule is going to push the one next to that eventually forcing them all to go up the stem and to the leaf so that's very important so other than sorry so other than oh my God here so other than transpiration the root can also play a roll and bringing in water into the root um into the into the stem and up up the up the plant up the stem okay by using this mechanism of pumping in minerals and I'm making water follow sorry I'm just going to okay so hopefully that makes sense that's that's very important to understand so that's it for xylm let's now go to our flm so remember for the xylm I said we talk now about it a lot the ym is responsible for what bringing water up from the root upwards to all the cells that need them right now remember the xylm we covered this in another video the xylm is actually dead it used to be many many little cells linked together and then those cells died and the cell wall or the cell wall disappeared and now they became like a pipe right so the xylm is dead that's very important it's just like a a pipe that was formed by dead cells okay that's key to understand because you're always going to be asked to compare xylm and flum in exact questions and one of them is the fact that the xylm is dead and the flm is actually alive okay so make sure you know that the xylm is dead cool now let me show you something else so now what does the flm do the flm so the Flom let me show you here looks like this okay going to show you now the flm is the combination so we have the xylm here now the flm here next to it is the combination of two cells companion cells and SE tube cells so these two is flm flm make sure you understand that flm these two and they are living cells okay we're going to talk a lot more about them now now what is the purpose of the flm well the flm has one very important person very different from the xylm it has a job of trans it's a transporting pipe for organic molecules such as sucrose maybe amino acids and those kind of things like basically think of it as nutrient nutrients or food of a plant so it's a transporting pipe for food of a plant from one place to another okay so for example let's say the leaf it makes a lot of food right because we know the leaves um they do photosynthesis so here's going to be a lot of glucose sucrose whatever a lot of organic molecules now this these molecules um the rest of the plant may need them cuz maybe this this little area here the root or the stem can't do photosynthesis but it still needs um glucose and stuff to survive right and all these food to survive so this for example or this fruit even okay it needs glucose and or sucrose and things to survive but it can't make food by itself so this this Leaf will make it and then it will need to be delivered to these other areas that need it now the the pipe that delivers the food to these other areas that need them is called the flm okay so key difference xylm transports water from the root upwards flm transports food around the plant it can be from top to bottom or bottom to top wherever the food is needed Okay so that's one other difference xylm only is transported from the bottom upwards flm transports food from top to bottom bottom to top wherever the food is needed okay we're going to see exactly how it does that it's really quite interesting to be honest okay now first things first this will make sense it looks like a whole mess now I believe you but it's going to make sense so we first start here with this guy okay we're zooming in here so we're going to um this this this part here is the top and and the bottom here is represented by this part part okay so what is this guy here this little cell here this little cell is going to be our source it's going to be a um a kind of cell that is making food okay making food for example Leaf cells so the source is a cell where there is net production of sugar or sucrose or food okay a place that can do a lot of photosynthesis so they can make a lot of we're going to represent our food of this candy bar here okay this candy this sweet okay so it's making a lot of these guys okay it's making a lot of them that's the source The Source now we want to somehow send this food from this source to the sink okay the sink is an area that requires food or would like to store the food the area that needs food okay but can't make it by by themselves okay so for example a sink can be this fruit because this fruit needs sugar to grow and nutrients to get bigger and bigger and maybe seeds maybe there's some seeds that need it so that they can Bloss so they can um um grow as well and form a plant right sink is any cell or place that acquires sugar or wants to store it okay one place that can't make it by themselves so the sink you can think of like a sink with water right the sink collects all the water so the same with the sink here it collects all the food it's the area that can't make it by themselves so the sink here depends on the source so how on Earth are we going to get this food that the source makes to the sink using the flm pretty interesting it's going to be cool okay so the sink The Source makes it okay that's that's important now there's obviously a lot of little Channel and little proteins um that through which things can travel between the source and this companion cell we're going to see what this companion cell and the C2 really do okay but basically what you need to know is that this companion cell is constantly constantly being given all of this candy constantly all of this food so it's full full full full okay it's full of these candies full High concentration The Source actually doesn't have that high of a concentration because the moment it makes it it's sent to this companion cell the moment it's made it's taken away how remember there's something called active transport I don't know if you guys are familiar with that because it's in the transport video active transport is a kind of transport a kind of way of moving something from one um against a concentration gradient so you can see here the source will make all of these food but the companion cells has already so much of it because the moment it's made it's taken okay how is it moving from this low area concentration to this High area by active transport this little pump here you see that little pump there that little um protein it is the moment this thing is made it's going to take ATP and it's going to take this food and it's going to pump it across okay so that's how so the active transport take this food and puts it into the companion cell so moves it against the concentration gradient now we have so much of these little um these this food here in this companion cell okay this companion cell um now you can see since there is a high concentration in this companion cell and there's I'm telling you there's very very little in the SE tube cell the SE tube cell has very little but the companion cell has so much because it's constantly being put pumped into here using ATP okay so this one's full full full so what do you think is going to happen do you think these guys can just passively move into the SE tube cell yes of course as long as there's a door and there is a door what do we call that door that you see how between the companion cell and the SE tube cell there's all of these little slits we call them plasmo desata okay it's like a Channel or like a hole between these cells connecting them because it's very important this plasmo desada is super critical because um these SE tube cells I don't know if you've noticed they have no nucleus and they have very very few organel so they can't make their own food they can't make their own proteins or anything like that but thanks to the companion cells companion means like someone who's helping you who's supporting you right so this companion cell is supporting these SE tube cells because they don't have their own nucleus or anything like that so they really depend on the companion cells and thanks to these plasmodesmata things can easily go from the plasmodesmata into the SE tube cells very easily just it just needs to go through this little door right um let me show you that so so SE tube cells SE tube cells do not have their own nucleus and they don't have many organells very few uh so they depend on the com the companion cells for the metabolic activities for example maybe they need some ATP the companion cells they can make their own ATP they can break down food to make ATP that ATP can then diffuse down into here down the concentration gradient to the SE tube cells and the SE tube cells can use those ATP for themselves so just basically they're like a they're like a a little person that needs help like they're struggling okay but the companion cells there for them but the combination of them is the flum okay so again recap The Source makes all this food it gets pumped immediately with active transport using ATP into this companion cell so the companion cell has a lot of these building up and thanks to that we have this gradient so it can flow down into the SE tube cell now if that keeps happening okay okay then guess what then the SE tube cell will also get very full okay so the concentration will get very high what do we know about osmosis we know the xylm here right it's got little holes in them that is permeable to water so if this area gets so concentrated what's that going to stimulate that's going to stimulate osmosis because the water is one to is going to is is going to want to move from the xylem into the seeve tube cell to dilute to dilute all of this um all of this food right this is is going to want to move by osmosis okay so let me show that here so here here we go the water will now because of this High concentration gradient osmosis is going to happen water is going to move from low low concentration of food to high concentration of food to dilute it out okay so I'm going to put a big little um a big little what does that mean I'm going to put a big little water here okay because now water's moving in so now there's a lot of water here okay we when there's a lot of water creating pressure here because when water comes rushing in by osmosis we have this high water pressure what do we call that we call that hydrostatic pressure so we're gonna have a high hydrostatic pressure because Hydro means water um uh so it's going to be high pressure so hydrostatic pressure refers to high water pressure so now we have this high water pressure right and now this wi water pressure imagine like a wave you know have you ever stood in the ocean and a wave come wave comes over and smashes you it moves you around right the wave hits you and it moves you to some other place the same here same way here when the water comes rushing in it's going to smash all of this food and send it somewhere else okay it's going to send it's going to smash it down here some of it will move down here some of it may move up okay whatever but it's going to smash this water and it's going to cause it to move down okay because now there's a lot of pressure this water and it wants to spread out the water is going to want to move down here so so the pressure isn't all in one area Okay so the water comes in by osmosis smashes this causes all of these all the water to move down along with this food right so the food is going to be moved down let's move some food down So eventually the food's going to be moved down but guess what when the food moves down here something interesting happens remember this is the sink the sink can't make its own food so the concentration here in the companion cells is really really low they they're desperate for food they ain't got any food let's move some of this water down more I mean this sugar so if all the sugar was moved down here right High concentration here low concentration here they really want this food they ain't got any they're starving very easy now when this the this food reaches this area it can diffuse down its concentration gradient passive transport from from an area of high concentration of this food down to an area of low concentration of food making it nice and even right and now this companion cell can again pump it into the sink cell that needs it that's perfect now this fruit can grow bigger and the seed can grow as well okay that's awesome now this process right of this whole um movement down of the sugar and the water is called translocation I'm going to put it here for you guys so translocation is the movement of organic molecules such as sucrose by the way they love to call they love to give it this name the combination of this water and all these organic molecules like sucrose and all this food they call sap okay the sap so the sap here is moving is being moved down we call that translocation so translocation is the movement of organic molecules such as sap through the flm tissue or the SE tube ele element specifically of the plants down that's called translocation so translocation happens in the FL okay awesome that's very very important I hope that makes sense it is it is pretty tricky when I'm going to look at a nice summary of this this whole shebang now okay this whole shebang okay let's look at it slowly I want to make sure this makes sense for you guys so first The Source cell what is a sore cell again any kind of plant that can make their own food own sugar own organic organic molecules is a broad term it just means anything like sugar like amino acids anything with carbon in it okay anything anything like that glucose anything like that okay so the sore cell makes lots of organic molecules such as sucrose which is transported to the adjacent companion cell by active transport remember this active transport going to pump it across so there's a lot of them in this companion cell then what then we have the sucrose is then transported by passive transport through the plasmodesmata to the Sea tube element so there's a lot of them building up here because of this active transport and there's very little in the sea tube element so they just diffuse down through these plasmo desata now what here the sucot concentration is very high and water potential is very low so when the now the sucrose is building up here in the sea tube elements okay so it's very high concentration very little water very a lot of food but very little water so that creates low water potential so water wants to come in to dilute all of that okay so that stimulates osmosis from the xylm into the SE tube elements now this water influx will cause a high hydrostatic pressure like a wave which will push the sucrose down or the any organic molecules doesn't have to be just sucrose down the sea tube elements towards the sink now the sink remember has a low sucrose concentration so this will create a gradient for the for the sucrose to diffuse by passive transport into the sink cell okay without no need for ATP now lastly when all of this all of these guys went down here by passive transport now this area will have a lot of water okay um now this water doesn't want to stay there anymore because remember it came in here why did it come in here in the first place it came in there in the first place because there was a lot of this food and wanted to dilute it but now that it brought all of this food down down here and this food left into these companion cells and into the sink cells now the water's all alone it it's it it came there for a reason but now that reason left so now it's going to flow back in here by osmosis because now this area is more concentrated because there's no more food in this area so now this area is more concentrated with minerals and things like that so it's going to do osmosis back and return to the xylm okay and move back okay so that's important so the water moves down and eventually back into the xylm okay so in this portion in the S SE tube elements the water potential is higher there's a whole video on water potential so if you don't know what it is I really recommend you watch that to make it make sense for you guys uh high water potential or low sucrose or food concentration leading to osmosis um from the from the SE tube into the xylm okay awesome so because we just mentioned xylm and FL a question they love to ask in the IB is to compare the xylm and the flum it drives everyone nuts because it's such a specific question a lot of people don't actually know so let's make this easy for you guys four ways you in which you can distinguish them there's multiple choice questions that can be asked um distinguish compare and contrast questions all of these things so I really recommend you know this okay so what's the difference let's see if you guys can do it you should be able to do it okay let's see what is the xylem and the flo made of well the xylem is dead remember it's dead it's non-living it's made up of dead things dead cells flm is made up of living things remember the companion cell and the SE tube cell they are living they have organel they're making things they're working they're functional okay and the reason why by the way they call it the SE tube cell is because it's like a Civ it's got these little it's not like a normal cell that's closed so things can't go through it's like a pipe like a seeve so things can go through here very very easily okay that's why the things don't go directly from this cell to this cell because it's got a membrane the things can't easily rush through here and go all the way to the sink it first has to go in here where it can very easily transport through here with no restrictions okay that's kind of why we have this whole flow in the first place otherwise things could just go directly from the source to the sink right okay now what else transports minerals and water the xylm and the FL transports food any organic things right carry two the leaves from the root so the xylm moves things from the um I messed up here guys no carried to the leaves from the root no it's right from the root to the leaves this one is carried from the sink to uh to the sink from The Source right from the source down to the sink okay last one Direction so the xylm always moves upwards from the root upwards it's unidirectional it doesn't move both ways whereas the flm can move things up and down it's bidirectional right when we look at it here when it rushes in here the water could have pressed could have squeezed these guys up and down okay so depending where the sink is the source can send can the source can send these organic molecules by the flum up or down depending maybe the source maybe the sink happens to be higher maybe the sink happens to be lower wherever area needs it so it can go up and down okay that's very important know these four four ways to distinguish the xylm and the flum okay and that's really enough now awesome we're done with this whole whole thing let's do some questions guys so remember this is not only going to be about plants and things like that it's going to be like what we covered in this video it's also going to involve the whole animal transport thing okay so which vessels carry deoxygenated blood let's go back to our little heart here which vessels Tried by yourself first right okay okay we know deoxygenated blood comes from our lower body and upper body after it used up all the oxygen and it comes back to our right atrium which will then pump it into what our right ventricle which will then pump it where into our pulmonary artery which is going to the lungs which is why it's called pulmonary and it's artery because it's going away a for away let's show me show you here the pulmonary artery okay so this has deoxygenated blood meaning blood without oxygen or very low oxygen levels Okay cool so the vessels that that contain deoxygenated blood would be the vavas the inferior venacava super vava um or the pulmonary artery all of these vessels contain deoxygenated blood okay blood with low oxygen so let's see pulmonary artery is here okay why not coronary artery remember the coronary artery is the vessel that supplies the heart itself and the artery um it's the coronary artery is going it's supplying the heart itself so it has fresh oxygen to give the heart itself the aorta remember the aorta is this big bad boy here sorry wrong place the aorta is this big big red vessel coming out here and it's red remember that means it's oxygenated it's fresh full of blood it's coming from the left side of the heart first the left atrium left ventricle then out of the aorta and this blood is going to be oxygenated and go to all our body our upper body our lower body to supply them with fresh oxygen Okay so it's going to be a it's not B because of why I told you it's not a a c because of the aorta has all this oxygenated blood and the pulmonary vein why not the pulmonary vein let's go back to the pulmonary vein the pulmonary vein comes from the lung right towards the heart with what fresh oxygen okay so it's bringing fresh oxygenated blood from the lungs so it's definitely oxygenated so it can't be that one so the answer is definitely a so it's very important you can see to know your Anatomy to know the names the structures of the heart because they can ask you a very specific question like this one okay next now we're going to look at a circuit see if you guys really got it nailed the diagram shows the human heart here okay and they're all going to show you different kind of cartoon versions of it so I recommend you look at a lot of pictures on the internet to be familiar with all the little funny little versions they show you guys okay um so you're familiar and not get confused so which shows the sequence of blood flow in the heart let's see let go a first three okay three is here so what's three this is our right atrium right atrium okay and then they say four that's so far right flood does flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle and then one oh no see one here is our big aorta okay and the B blood gets pumped from where into the aorta the left ventricle into the aorta so it's not going to be 341 what comes after four here this vessel here five the pulmonary artery okay not the aorta so it's not going to be a what about B where's four oh so four is the right ventricle so they're saying The ventricle into three oh no that's backwards that's from The ventricle into the Atria no blood does not flow that way so it's not going to be B what about this one so it's seven uh seven here I'm not very good of Roman numerals so seven here is left atrium then they have eight that's left um ventricle that's right from the atrium to The ventricle and now the last one is one so yes aorta that's right goes from the left atrium left ventricle into the aorta that's going to be right it's going to be C we're going to eliminate D just in case let's see so it's eight left ventricle and then they have seven oh no that's Atrium that's revers never goes from The ventricle to The Atrium so the answer is going to be C for sure cool next what is the position of hard valves when the blood pressure is highest in the aorta so let's go back to our little picture here okay so when the left ventricle contracts very hard the blood pressure is going to be very high in the aorta because it's sending all this blood from The ventricle into the aorta during this stage what is the condition of the valve remember when this ventricle contracts very hard this valve is going to be have so much blood pressure on it and it's going to go open and when it opens now all this blood is going to rush into this aora having allowing it to have a lot of pressure so during um when during the phase where the aorta has a lot of blood in it a lot of pressure this valve the semi lunar valve is definitely open what about this valve here remember the blood from The ventricle can go either here or there but the blood going this way is going to shut this a atrial atrial ventricular valve right it's going to all the blood is going to hit hit the wall here and make it closed so during this phase the semi lunar valve will be nice and open and this valve will be nice and shut okay let's see if they have that option okay semi lunar valve will be open yep and the Atri ventricular valve should be closed let's see if that's true yeah B let's see yes it's B see so make sure it's very key to know which valves are open when okay because they could ask you and this question comes up an insane insanely frequently so make sure you really nail down all all those valves when they're open and when they're closed very important okay next one this is a plant one for you guys the diagram below shows part of a vascular system remember vascular just means pipes or vessels um so in a plant it's the FL and the xylm in a in an animal like me and you it would be the arteries and veins and all that so the diagram below shows part of a vascular system of a diyos plant I told they love to use this word just to confuse the nature out of all the students but I told you this is just a one big category there are two categories of plants monoc codons and die codons just know the ones we talk about in IB are dicots they're the most common ones the most common kinds of plants okay so just know don't shut down when you see this word which process is indicated by the arrows look at this let's see if we can compare this Al little picture this looks here like the source cell looks like the cell making all of the little um organic molecules and it's constantly being pumped into here by active transport that's why it's you see here it's so concentrated here because it's constantly being put in here and now because of passive diffusion it can go down its concentration gradient this is the companion cell remember into the SE tube element it comes in there they they didn't show the um the xyum here but now the xylm would have osmosis happen and the water would come rushing in here causing High hydrostatic pressure and forcing all of these organic molecules to go down to this area here to be able to diffuse into the companion cell and down into the sink okay the area that needs all of these sugars right that can't make it by themselves so what is this so this whole process just shows what the flum does which is what translocation so you can see all of these answers have translocation in it now which vessel does it the flm or the xylm the flum so we can automatically come down to A and B okay let's see from the now let's look at here from the sink to the source or from the source to the sink always from the source to the sink so we know it's going to be B so you didn't even have to care about passive or active if you knew that it was translocation and you knew that it happens in the flm and you knew that it's from source to sync you can already know that it's B you don't even have to know Passover active but we are big brainers so we know it's active why because it this whole process needs ATP we need ATP here to pump all of these organic molecules into here into this companion cells without that this whole process won't happen right so this process is active so we call it active translocation okay hope that makes sense and you can see the diagram looks pretty similar to the one we we Ed to explain this whole concept right okay we got one more here for you guys for multiple choice we can just do some uh a few short answer questions what causes heart ventricles to fill with blood look at them try try your best okay okay you see our ventricles here what causes them to fill with blood when this valve is open what valves is called the atrio ventricular valve and when the Atria contract they can cause blood to come in here okay so two things can cause them to get blood when this valve opens the Atria ventricular valve and when the Atria contract and cause blood to come into here those two things okay so we can see here it's not a um it's not going to be um let let's see what is do you think it's one only atrial contraction well yeah I told you atrial contraction does allow blood to go from into the ventricles right okay what about B one and two okay we know one's true closing of interventricular valves no I just told you for blood to go into the ventricles the atrio ventricular valves need to be open if they're closed then the doors closed so the blood can't leave the Atria and go into the ventricles so it needs to be open so it's definitely not two so it can't be B what about two and three Well it can't be two like we just said so not going to be C what about d three only opening of the semi new lunar valves when we go back to this picture what happens when we open the semi lunar valves this one does that help blood go into The ventricle no right that actually helps blood leave The ventricle because now it's open and blood can leave okay so it's going to if we come back to our question here the answer is going to be a one only they if they put an option here of if this one here said opening of atro ventricular valves then the answer would be one and two but it's saying closing okay okay that's awesome that's five nice multiple choice questions let's quickly do um some short answer questions for you guys okay so State the primary difference in flow pattern between lymph fluid and blood okay remember the lymph fluid idea here let me come back to it remember you have a lymphatic system we have many systems in our body and the lymphatic system is a kind of system that's part of our immune system and what it does is it removes all this excess tissue fluid because we know constantly we have nice the plasma fluid from the blood going in here and delivering nutrients and all that to these lovely cells that need them but there needs to be a balance fluid is coming in here but fluid also needs to be removed otherwise it builds up and you can have diseases like that this lady is not fat it's simply fluid accumulation because her little lymphatic capillaries ain't working well okay so what's the difference between the lymphatic system flow and our blood flow if you look at our blood flow it's like a circuit okay we know it it moves around in the circuit over and over whereas the lymphatic capillaries all they do is bring blood from our capillaries to our veins that's all they don't have like a whole circuit they go from one place back to one place so they bring blood from these capillaries to the vein that's it so it's not like a circuit that's how you're going to answer that question so Pretend This was a one more question blood is in a continuous circuit pathway like I said whereas lymph vessels pick up lymph fluid in the capillary and release it black into the vein that's the difference in their flow pattern okay next question state three adaptations of capillaries to facilitate wrapper mole exchanges basically state three things that make capillaries good at their job because we know capillaries is the site where we have all these molecular exchanges or all these nutrients leaving well let's go back to this picture so three things let me show you first thing um capillaries are very branched look how branched they are like like the whole this whole capillary bed there so many branches that is very efficient because then we can supply every single cell if there was just one long capillary here then all these cells all around in our body would take so long before they get their delivery because then this this um um this capillary the fluid would leave but it would take forever to move all the way here so because of all this branching all of these cells can get their own special um uh how do I say own special unique just for them delivery okay like personalized delivery okay so that's very important the second thing is the capillaries are very thin one cell thick so it's very easy for fluid the plasma to exit and squeeze and squeeze out of these guys because it's not a long distance to travel remember the archeries are very thick they're many many many many cells thick so we'll take forever for the fluid to leave and that's why it never does whereas these capillaries fluid leaves very easily because it's very very thin so that's the second thing the third thing is there are little holes little fenestrations it's not clear in this picture but there are little holes that these capillaries have which allow the fluid to squeeze through pretty easily okay and that's unique cuz arterials don't have those holes okay so that's very important and it's pretty easy to ask that in um um certain short answer questions now last one heart sounds ldub remember when you listen to someone's heart you're going to hear ldub ldub ldub okay those are the um each heartbeat makes two noises so ldub rest ldub rest ldub rest are two s sounds and they are caused by valves closing suggest a reason why there are only two hard sounds when there are four valves well let's go back here I can't find it guys okay here so remember the reason why is because our Atria contracts simultaneously so when the Atria contract they send their blood at the same time into their respective ventricles okay now when the ventricles contract they contract at the same time and they send their blood out of their vessels respectively okay so you can see here when the ventricles contract remember I told you you when the ventricles contract that causes the blood to push on these valves and shut them closed so at the same time these atro ventricular valves are going to close because the two ventricles contract at the same time so this atro ventricular valve is going to close at once and this one is going to close at once so they will make one noise which we call l l okay it's going to make that noise then when these blood when this Blood leaves into so the left ventricle blood leaves into the aorta and the right ventricle leaves into the pulmonary artery eventually this valve is going to shut because there's no more blood causing it to be open okay there's no blood rushing in there So eventually these valves are going to shut so these two semi lunar valves are going to shut at the same time and that's going to be called dub so the first two valves the at ventricular valves closing is going to make a l sound and these two closing at the same time is going to make the dub sound so despite that there are four valves because two of them close at the same time there are only two sounds ldub ldub okay so I'm going to reveal it here for you guys the right and the left side of the hearts are beating in synchrony both at andle valves close at the same time love sound and the both s l vales CL at the same time dub sound that's why okay so that's it for this video I know there was quite a lot of things I hope these questions really helped clear things up a little bit for you guys but this was really a huge chapter and if you guys got all the way here then my hats off to you guys and um I hope you guys will smash it and I'll see you guys in the next one