C bu tomorrow yeah yeah are we live and I have with me here miss a from the student no stranger to the YouTube lives that's see the kind of settings oh I could do this too so um I know the drill exam tomorrow so you're not going to was no set time talking and thing imagine having to do CXC imagine having to do CXC hey biology biology supposed to be you know supposed to be normal thing man normal thing but for those of you all who don't find is normal thing uh yes um I for a second I thought I might have to bring the bio I might have to teach the bio because two minutes is ago is when i k he just touched down Hey listen listen so I sent out the link for the live right and I'm like any topics guys I plan to come here for a casual hour for a little small little genetics question and you know move on but when you see topics that are coming so I'm like all right I need a PowerPoint so Bry coffee and I say all right let's go um my apologies one time this this slideshow was made literally in the last hour um I pull from like crash courses I've done from since 2020 to now you know so like I just pull questions trying to cover the topics that people basically indicated um so all right well I leave you all in the capable hands of Miss a last time we we were doing something in the live ail wasn't even watching the chat so you see the chat now I am seeing the chat I seeing the chat we have 650 people here press like on the stream share it up I've seen people shouting um topics and thing but we already picked topics and um set up slideshow so it's two minutes in a take it yed it I starting a chemistry stream 8:00 but it look like this bio stream not going to finish 8:00 when this stream GNA finish like like when I can't say but what we can do is probably pause at 8 and then I'll probably come back later in the night or something it'll come back later all right so you pause at 8 Touch the chem touch AEM and we come back with the bio don't wor yourself somebody say doem tomorrow but done I done link up with Mr already and I done set the live stream we just do a little taste a little taste a little taste and then we come back the bio all right so allia let we flow all right so guys this is not a crash course one right this is some set topics that people kind of indicated um in the different group chats that I pulled from and and I'm going to try my best to go through as much as we can in the little time that we have available right I hope biology show you guys some love as well too right so basically from the syllabus nobody ask for any questions from section A right when I ask was the problems so while I'm not going to do anything from section A since um put some respect on Section a still plenty marks going and come from section A so make sure you review it right it's not going to be the majority of the paper no it's not um the majority of the people will really come from section B however still throw your eye on Section a right don't just disregard it all together okay so moving on to section B right moving moving on to section B the first topic that that was requested from section B was nutrition yes there's a Bio exam tomorrow now it's kind of late to be realizing that right so with the nutrition at this point I kind of left different annotations up so I could save my time from having to like write on the screen right so we just going to keep this moving real quick so the first thing in terms of nutrition in terms of plants you have to understand photosynthesis because plants are autotrophic organisms which means that they are able to make their own food and they do that by the process of photosynthesis so you should be able to Define photosynthesis and when you define photosynthesis it is a process by which your plants use inorganic substances substances existing in nature your carbon dioxide and your water in order to make glucose and oxygen while knowing this equation you also need to know the chemical equation right so you could write this as a word equation which is simply carbon the word carbon dioxide plus water giving you glucose and oxygen right you can write that out in words not going to write it basically but then you also have to know the chemical equation and the chemical equation must be balanced which means that you see those sixes thrown in there um you have to make sure and include those in equations and balance just means that you have to have the same number of atoms on one side of the the arrow as you have on the other side of the arrow that's as simple as I can put it right right so you must know the chemical equation there are certain conditions that must be present for photosynthesis to occur so one you're going to definitely need light right you need light you need chlorophyll and there are experiments that you should be familiar with that proves that light and chlorophyll are necessary for photosynthesis but you're going to have to find YouTube videos on that right we don't have the time to go through those but familiarize yourself with those experiments right we're going to get to respiration just now so um we going get to respiration just now so I'm not discussing that just yet we still in photosynthesis right um I think that's it for what I wanted to discuss here so then figure two shows the diagram of a cross-section of a leaf of a flouring plant the leaf is the main photosynthetic organ of the plant so the majority of photo synthesis is going to occur there which means that that leaf is going to have a number of adaptations that make it well suited to its function right so you have the so they they want you to label the structures um a b c and d what I want you to pay attention here is that the lines point to specific cells not not to specific layers so identify the cell and not the layer right so a b c d a is your upper epidermal cell as I saw some of you talking about B is going to be your poyan mophy cell C your vascular bundle particularly the xylem and D your spongy mhil um cell so these are the various layers of your Leaf your Leaf is well suited to being the photosynthetic organ because one it has a large um surface area that is going to be able to intercept light light is important for photosynthesis it I'm talking too quickly so I'm going slow down right so light is important for photosynthesis the leaf is thin right because you need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and that has to diffuse into the leaf through tiny holes at the bottom of the leaf called statter so carbon dioxide has to diffuse in water is going to move up into the leaf through the xym so that's how you're getting your two raw products you're going to get your carbon dioxide diffusing in your water moving up by via the transpiration stream to the leaf and then your so that's how you're getting your raw products right so the leaf is thin it has a large um lamina which is the surface of the leaf to be able to intercept as much light as possible the over your up upper epidermis you're going to have a waxy cuticle which helps to reduce the amount of water being lost by the plant because the because the plant is losing water it's going to put the plant under stress so it also has adaptations in order to minimize water loss right um in your various layers your palisade mophy layer this one is going to be the main layer where photosynthesis occurs right and the adaptations that those particular cells have for uh photosynthesis is that it has large prominent V vules in the middle of the cell that pushes all of your chloroplast to the periphery or to the Border allowing them to um intercept as much light as possible which one is the where the guard cell somebody ask about the guard cell the guard cells control the opening and closing so this is one guard cell here the guard cell control the opening and closing of the stomata got it right um so yes so the Palisade misil cell has a bunch of adaptations allowing it to Max imize the interception of light the more light you have available is the more the photosynthesis can occur your sponging misil cell you could see that all of those cells are much rounder in shape compared to the Palisade mophy cell and that allows for looser packing so that you can have these air spaces in this section to allow for your carbon dioxide to diffuse in so sometimes they might ask you a question like if all the airspaces was filled with water what problems would the leaf face and it's going to to be being getting the carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf right um so there that was that question there how um if all the air spaces were filled with water what what you would have do right so moving on to nutrition looking at your various food tests right so you have your tomato fruit is placed in a juice extractor to be quite honest it could tell you about whatever type of fruit right whatever type of fruit whatever type of food they want to test for your major food nutrients so you need to know your basic food tests right so if you're testing so no matter what type of food they testing they're going to look for reducing sugar protein lipid and a carbohydrate right so if they're looking for the reducing sugar you have to know and be able to describe that procedure and you're going to use Benedict's Regent for your test reducing sugar so you can test reducing sugars and for non-reducing sug sugars so your reducing sugars are going to be all of your monosaccharides and your non- reducing sugars mainly are going to be like your disaccharides the reagent that you use is going to be Benedict solution which is blue in color for for this test using Benedict solution you must heat sometimes they will describe the experiment to you and they would leave out that heating step and ask you well will you see a color change or not if it has no heat if it if it isn't heated the reaction does not occur and you do not see any color changes right so you have to be able to describe that for protein you're going to use as I'm seeing in the chat so so what's it test of protein you're going to use your bat reagent which is also blue in color but with your protein test you it don't you don't require any heat right so you could just mix equal parts uh your baras Regent equal parts your test solution and observe for a color change so both your Benedict Regent and your barious Regents are blue but the color changes are going to be different for both of them right so when you do your test reducing sugar um a negative test is that the Benedict solution remains blue positive test is any color change to either green green yellow orange or red a lot of students are under this misconception that red is the only positive result for your Benedicts test and that's not true if it remains blue it's negative only blue is negative green yellow or orange red all positive and the reason why we have this variation in the possibility of what positive could be is because this this Benedict's reagent is this test is semi-quantitative which means that the more reducing sugar present is the more red you're going to get and and the more more red the solution will look so breaking that down Benedict solution is blue in color if there's a small amount of reducing sugar present there will be a little bit of red precipitate for a little bit of red in a blue solution is going to look green add a little bit more red a little bit more reducing sugar it's going to look yellow add a little bit more red a little bit more reducing sugar it's going to look orange and if you add a lot of reducing sugar then it's going to look red red right so again anything green yellow orange red all of those are positive right for protein your bi rent is also blue so if it remains blue that means no protein is present people trying to talk to me on Whatsapp during the live I know right Christiana don't worry L you're going you got this you got this right with your bat Regent your positive color change if if if protein is present what color you expect to see for protein you're expecting to see you're expecting to see purple so guys are trying to pack in as much in the time but I am going to sub because it makes no sense if you don't understand right so you're going to see purple now purple is a positive result however remember like if they see if they show you pink pink is a very light shade of purple so don't fall for that pink is still going to be a positive result it just means that the amount of protein present is going to be a little bit right with fat in this case they told you that you have a water mark on the filter paper which means that they did a grease spot test for fat but you can also do an Emulsion test as well so with your grease spot test that's when you're simply rubbing the piece of fat on a piece of filter paper and you're going to look to see if the wet spot that is created if that wet spot remains after a 5 minutes if it dries and the spot disappears it means that the fat is absent but if that translucent spot remains it means that it means that uh fat is present in the in the food right so that is how you test using the grease poot test your Emulsion test your fats are soluble in organic solvant they are soluble in alcohol so what happens is that you mix your food with alcohol to see if any fat in it is going to dissolve in that alcohol and then you mix that alcohol with water and if you see it looking cloudy that's the ulion forming that's a positive result for lipids if you mix it if you mix your food with ethanol and then mix that ethanol with water and it still remains nice and clear it means that that food did not have any lipid present right so know that even though this question didn't test the Emulsion test that is a second test for lipids that can come right and then your test for starch which is the easiest and the simplest of them all which is going to be using your iodine reagent and iodine reagent is yellow brown in color and so if it remains yellow brown it means that starch is absent however in the presence of starch it's going to make a blue black color change which means that starch is present okay so that's your brief recap of your that's your brief recap of your food test moving along to the digestive system right you have to be able to identify the various organs in your digestive system one is pointing to so it's coming one is pointing to the liver two is going to be pointing to the stomach three is pointing to the leaf shaped organ that's going to be a pancreas four is pointing to your large intestine your large intestine is also known as your colon and F and five is pointing to your small intestine so the process of putting food into the mouth that is going to be called ingestion right that's where it starts the food gets into your mouth it's going to be chewed by your teeth right you have different types of teeth your iners and canines to the front are going to breaking off the food bringing it into the mouth your premolar and your MERS they are going to be crushing and grinding the food breaking it up from larger pieces of food into smaller pieces of food which is going to be mechanical digestion right so you have mechanical digestion and you also have chemical digestion both of them begin in the mouth saliva produced by salivary glands are going to be mixed with the food as it's being chewed right do we have to learn to draw this or just label you should be able to sketch a layout as well as label right the um what was I talking about so you have Sal saliva being released into the food your saliva contains salivary amul which is going to be the first enzyme you meet right that is going to start your starch digestion in the mouth right the mouth has a pH of roughly 7 to8 so it likes a neutral to slightly alkaline environment that is going to be the optimal phage for the activity of your salivary amulet right eje is going to be different and we're going to get to that to the end right so we have both mechanical and chemical digestion occurring in the mouth what I want you to know and to stress is that mechanical digestion does not end in the mouth it continues in the esophagus in the stomach and in the small intestine because the entire elimary Canal is aligned with smooth muscle so as the muscles are Contracting and relaxing they are also going to be helping to break up the food into smaller pieces and why do you want to break up the food into smaller pieces that is going to increase the surface area available to your enzymes which carry out chemical digestion mastication is going to be that process of the food being ground and broken up into um by your teeth right so mastication is basically chewing um so after you have two day food mix it with saliva you're going to form a Bolas which is a ball of food that you swallow that's going to move down the esophagus into your stomach your stomach is a muscular bag that's going to be contracting and relaxing chunning and converting that food into chime your food could spend all the way up to for between an hour to 6 hours in your stomach right it's going to then be slowly released into your small intestine so now you have your liver and you have your pancreas and both of them both of them are part of your digestive system but food actually doesn't physically flow through your liver or your pancreas the reason why they're there is that they make they make substances or juices as we like to call that help in the breakdown the chemical digestion of your food right so your liver is going to make bile and store it in your gallbladder the pancreas is going to make pancreatic juice and release that into your small intestine somebody is asking what is peristalsis and that is the action of your muscles of your smooth muscles that help to move the food along your Elementary Canal so that process of swallowing the Bolas down your esophagus your esophagus is um Contracting and relaxing the muscles of esophagus to move that food down right so the bile stored in your gallbladder the importance of bile is that it's going to emulsify fat which means that it's going to take larger globules of fat and break it up into smaller globules of fat again to increase surface area for your lipases lipases are enzymes that break down lipids uh once we get to so your stomach produces gastric juice that contains enzymes that start your protein digestion um your in your small intestine you're going to have intestinal juice being produced by your intestine you're going to have your pancreatic juice also mixing with the food there as well as your bile the small intestine is your main digestive organ where chemical digestion is going to be completed right what remains after that your undigested material is going to go into your large intestine or your colon which is going to be important for absorbing things like water and any like vitamins and minerals that remain you can have those being absorbed there and as water is being removed from the undigested material your waste is going to get progressively more and more solid it's going to be stored in the rectum and then removed from the elimary canal via eest um Miss what about the hydrochloric acid in your stomach the hydrochloric acid in your stomach is important for killing any harmful substances in your food as well as creating the optimum pH environment for the pepsin that has to start protein digestion in the stomach so I have our next slide um state two reasons why enzymes are referred to as biological Catalyst in this question you have to know that a catalyst is going to speed up a chemical reaction but remain unchanged by that reaction so that's what a catalyst is it's going to be biological because it's naturally made in the body so that's why it's biological catalyst these are your enzymes they are not changed in the chemical digestion process however they do speed it up for it to happen at a reasonable piece right the link at the bottom there I already did a live with Mr Springer we were looking at focusing on enzymes so if you need some more enzyme helpe especially when with regards to experiments go check that one out after right so they want you to describe chemical digestion of your carbohydrates fats and proteins from the mouth until they are absorbed in the small intestines and I'm going to I know apologies there are a lot of words are going to come at you here right so for your carbohydrates in the mouth it's going to start in the mouth with salivary amulet that's going to convert your starch into moltos it's a stepwise breakdown starch does not go directly to glucose it goes from starch to moltos moltos is a disaccharide which which is two glucose residues join together right then it's going to stop in the stomach because the the hydrochloric acid in the stomach is going to make the phb too low salivary amul cannot work in the stomach so starch digestion is is going to um star inje is going to start back in the small intestine right so stomach ERS your stomach contains this hydrochloric acid but and it your your stomach is supposed to have a nice coating of mucus to protect the stomach from the strong acid it has in it but sometimes the walls of the stomach is start to get damaged and you could develop stomach ulcers Miss move your camera please um yeah yeah yeah I move it I move it all right have more there right cool um so in your small intestine your pancreatic amulet which is going to be from your pancreatic juice from your pancreas is going to continue any starch that was not digested in the mouth so you're going to have more starch being converted into molto but the molos isn't done yet then in your um intestinal juice you have other disaccharides that you consume so the more taste that was produced from both your salivary and pancreatic amulet they're going to be broken down into glucose glucose is a final product of digestion then you have sucres your normal table sugar that you use to sweeten your tea and your juice Etc sucrase is the enzyme that breaks down that sucrose into glucose and fructose right glucose and fructose final products of digestion as well as you're going to have lactose right that is going to be the enzyme breaking down your milk sugar into galactose and glucose galactose and glucose are also final products of carbohydrate digestion right then we have to talk about what happens to your proteins right protein digestion does not start in the mouth but it's going to start in the stomach with pepsin converting your proteins into peptides which means that you proteins are going from large proteins into smaller proteins SI is small intestine right miss when you finish your page allow us to screenshot Please Mr spring there's any way for us to get this I don't know to make these SL available no um you could send it to Kavita and she'll put on the disc all right that's have disc yes so I can send a PDF of everything that you see on the screen and you could pull it from the from Discord as he says right yeah so yeah so your pepsin is going to break your protein your bigger proteins into smaller proteins then you have Tron also converting larger proteins into smaller proteins but your smaller proteins are not fully broken down as yet right the 25 marks Christian that's a bit generous I think it is let me see if I had a kept a copy of how much marks this question was for I didn't ah but it usually don't pass like a six to eight marks right um Miss will the live be posted yes it will but I'm not too sure when right so we have your small proteins now then you're going to have your peptidases which are going to break down the peptides into amino acids so your final product of protein digestion is going to be your amino acids right lipids your lipids are broken down which is probably going to be the simplest it's going to be broken down by your lipases bile does not break down lipids however it takes the pieces of fat from larger pieces of fat to make it to smaller pieces of fat then so we describe that as the emulsification of fat once that happens then your lipases have a larger surface area to act on and they are going to break up your lipids into glycerol and fatty acids right so that's where your glycerol and your fatty acids will be your final product of lipid digestion so you have to with the highlighter boy right so you want to note these as your final products of your different macronutrients oops no not m right so that digestion for those that asked moving on to the respiratory system some people ask for this figure five is a diagram of a human respiratory system name the label parts A B C D E and F so you should be able to label the various components of your respiratory system right so a is going to be pointing to your n cavity right which you should when you're breathing in you should be taking air in through your nostril not your mouth right so that's a question that they can ask and the reason is because your nasal passages has a bunch of adaptations that help with the filtering of the air so they don't get particles dust and bacteria ending up all the way in the lungs right so that's something that you should note B is going to be your farings right which is going to be an area that is common to both um with air coming from your noals as well as well as your mouth then you're going to go to C which is going to be your trachea and your trachea is held open by rings of cartilage but not complete Rings c-shaped Rings because your trachea and your esophagus run um back to back so that the reason why you have the c-shaped cartilage is so that as whenever a bow us of food is passing it's not going to be hitting the rings of cartilage all the way down right so that's just a question that could be an overlap between those two systems right so your trachea is your windpipe that is going to get air towards the lungs and then that trachea divides into two into two broni broni is plural broncus is singular right so you're going to have your bronos and that's particularly pointing to your right broncus right so in these cases you might want to be specific when it's pointing to one side so the pointing to one you say broncus if if they had the lines pointing to the two of them you would say broni e is showing you your lung particularly your right lung and F is going to be your diaphragm right is the larynx and the trachea the same thing no the larynx is going to be a voice box which are some muscles that as you exhale as air passes over it it allows you to make sound and that is what you know you use for talking Etc right so no that is not sorry that should be yes that should be your left broncus and left lung my apologies let me fix that right thanks for that one right so we also have to note about aerobic respiration so respiration isn't simply just moving air into and out of the lungs that's particularly breathing so you should be able to distinguish between breathing and respiration respiration is the chemical process by which we take the energy that is stored in glucose and produce ATP which are tiny packets of energy that we could use to pay for any energy dep dependent reactions within the cell all cells must make their own ATP so that's why your cells must have your mitochondria which will be the site of your chemical respiration right so somebody saying respiration is legit photos is inverted and that could not be further from the truths come and join me for cap biology and you'll understand why right but in terms of looking at the chemical equation which is a summary of the entire process it can appear to be inverted but the act the two processes the two processes are actually quite um different they involve different enzymes different stages Etc right [Music] um somebody ask question question it disappeared re so you're going to so chemical so this is the chemical equation it still has to be balanced so you're going to use one molecule of glucose plus oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water so these will be your products but these are considered byproducts because the main point of this is to produce ATP to pay for your chemical reactions the Discord link Mr Springer will I don't know help me that direct you guys to where that will be right so differences between respiration and breathing have a nice table here for you so breathing is going to be simp is is the process or we also call it ventilation that's just simply moving a into and out of the lungs right respiration is taking the oxygen made available from breathing taking getting it to the respiring cells so that the oxygen could be used to help Liberate the energy from glucose to make your ATP that is going to be a tiny pocket of so that's going to be your adenosine triphosphate so and you also should be familiar with your ATP ADP cycle which I didn't have a question for but it's basically whether ADP is when you have two phosphate groups attached you use the energy from glucose to add a third phosphate group to give you ATP right I think on that would be both on the student hubs Tik Tok and Instagram I did a video on the ATP ATP ADP cycle right describe how oxygen in the atmosphere becomes available to human blood for delivery to all of your cells explain how this process differs from the way plants obtain oxygen for respiration so very quickly there's a common misconception that when you breathe in you suck air in that's going to inflate your lungs like a balloon right that is not how air gets into your lungs right so it's kind of actually the reverse you have your rib cage your rib cage has a bunch of muscles in it that you can contract to move your rib cage up and out or to drop it back down right your lungs is vacuum sealed to your rib cage it's not attached but it's vacuum sealed to your rib cage so just like I could attach this piece of paper to my mouth by sucking on the paper I created a vacuum between my mouth and the paper so the paper will stay attached to my mouth as long as that vacuum is there and that is why your lungs remain attached to the um or adhir to the rib cage so what you do to get lungs to get air into your lungs is that you're going to contract some muscle the intercostal muscles that will move your rib cage up and out right once that rib cage is up and out your lungs are going to move with it so your lungs expand that drops the pressure inside of your lungs and air is therefore going to be sucked in from the atmosphere to that low pressure environment right so I have that stepwise here for you so your humans are going to inhale your atmospheric oxygen which is going to be oxygen in the air is going to be inhaled through their nose or mouth when your diaphrag contracts your diaphragm is usually in a doome shaped position when it contracts it flattens so what that does is that it increases the space within your chest cavity giving the lungs room to be able to expand right so by Contracting your external intercal muscles and your diaphragm your rib moving up and out your diaphragm flatting flattening you are increasing the space or the volume of the lungs inside of your um chest cavity right that is going to drop the pressure and cause an inflow of air because the pressure inside of your lungs is going to be much lower than your atmospheric pressure so it's the air is going to flow from high pressure to low pressure so the air is sucked in right once it's in the lungs now it's going to be at the gous exchange surface the Alvi within your lungs is the site of gous exchange so the Alvi is where now your respiratory system is going to meet your circulatory system you're going to have your this question was nine marks right so you're going to have your alvus and your capillaries being being over your alvus right so that means the blood is going to be brought into very close proximity to the alvus and the air inside of the alvus right you're saying too much writing remember you could get a copy of these slides from the Discord after the live is done right so I want you to focus on what I'm saying and understand what I'm saying because just writing down these answers I'm going to make the answers available to you right right guys hold on hold on so this is a topic that is common to both HSB and bio right so once you get the oxygen to the GES exchange surface the oxygen in the air in the alvus is going to be in much higher concentration than in the blood so it's going to diffuse into the blood right so we're going to get the oxygen from the air into the blood and once it's in the blood that is part of your circulatory system that is going to get it to all of your cells so the oxygenated blood now where the oxygen is going to bind to the hemoglobin in your red blood cells in the blood right that is then going to go back to your heart via your pulmonary veins and then your heart is going to push it out the A and all around the body right so then your capillaries are going to bring that oxygenated blood very close to all of your respiring cells to reup them on oxygen and to take away carbon dioxide and other we products get that could you try again see reminding me business guys yeah so this is respiration this is this is breathing getting oxygen into the body right it's going to be fairly similar for getting carbon dioxide out once the carbon the the carbon dioxide is brought in your deoxygenated blood it's going to diffuse in the opposite direction right in plants plants have a much larger surface area to volume ratio which means that its surface area it's contact with the atmosphere is a lot more compared to the volume of the organism itself so it could rely simply on the diffusion of oxygen when necessary through the stomata but it can also get that oxygen as a product from photosynthesis as well right so to be fair this was one of the more challenging questions in terms of breathing but the reason why I included it is so that you can have the steps that it would take to get the oxygen to the to get the oxygen to the respiratory surface so this is the respiratory surface zoomed in this is going to be your alvas here and this is your capillary surrounding your alvus right so you're going to have deoxygenated blood being brought here right and at the end you're going to have your oxygenated blood right your deoxygenated blood is going to be brought to the lungs via your your pulmonary artery right and it's going to have a high concentration of your carbon dioxide right so once it gets there it means that that carbon dioxide is going to be higher in the blood and lower in the alvus so a is showing you the diffusion of your carbon dioxide out of the blood and into the alvus right then that deoxygenated blood is also low in oxygen so the concentration of oxygen in the alvus is going to be high and the blood is going to be low so B is showing you oxygen diffusing down its concentration gradient into the blood right so this not my mommy calling me in the middle of this live right so this is going to be high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide and that is going to go back to the heart via your pulmonary veins yeah so Q here is showing you your red blood cell right p is your capillary right that will eventually join back up into the venules that will join up into your pulmonary vein s is going to be the alvus itself right and R is going to be the layer of moisture inside the alul right so that layer of moisture is important because the gases must dissolve before it diffuses across right right explain how human beings use anerobic respiration during exercise so the normal equation that we use for respiration is your um C6 h12 o6 plus yeah oxygen to give you your six carbon dioxide plus six water plus your ATP right so usually oxygen is present right the red color is a bit hard to see in the green all right well I'll try to stick on the white because then it gets complicated right so instead when oxygen is absent respiration aerobic respiration can't occur so your body is going to resort to anerobic respiration and anerobic respiration is a highin shortterm loan right so it's going to help you out running a bind for a short amount of time however it's going to eventually work against you and that debt has to be repaid Pronto as soon as you stop exercising so when you're exercising your demand for ATP is going to increase because ATP is going to I just block it with the text right ATP can't see what the equation or the camera e Mr you there you have to pop me in another Corner please you will miss move I am not running the layouts so Mr spring I will have to move the camera but what I could do is probably just write it to the bottom here I think I'll have enough space right so C6 h126 plus 602 to give you a 6 CO2 plus 6 H2O plus ATP right you can see to the bottom there this is both HSB and uh biology CC biology but we doing it here for the CC biology people that are writing tomorrow right so oxygen so once you're exercising your ATP demand goes up so oxygen is going to be used at a faster rate however there a limit to how quickly you could provide oxygen and when that oxygen runs out your body is going to opt to switch to anerobic respiration in anerobic respiration instead of breaking down the glucose into carbon dioxide and water it's being broken down into lactic acid lactic acid is still a high energy molecule so it means that you're not getting all of the energy that was in the glucose so you're going to be producing a lot less amount of ATP compared to aerobic respiration right so this only produces two molecules of ATP in for anerobic respiration compared to aerobic respiration that you could have gotten anywhere between 36 to 38 molecules of ATP so it's much much much much less efficient than aerobic respiration so you should be able to make some general comparisons between aerobic and anerobic respiration right Miss do we need to know the amount of energy produced no so you don't have to know that specific specific detail ATP and ADP we talked about those a little while ago um but it's the energy currency of the cell so this the two molecules of ATP that you're getting allows the muscle to be able to contract for a little bit longer than it would have if we had just run out of oxygen and stopped right um so it allows it to be able to contract for a little bit longer lactic acid isn't fully broken down but lactic acid is also toxic to the body which means that the more lactic acid you're converting glucose into lactic acid the more you do that it means that it's going to be building up within the muscle and it even starts to diffuse into your blood as well so this acid start to be circulating around your body and it affects your brain and other organs right um not wor tic we taking a little pause in the next 10 minutes swinging over and doing moles for chemistry and we coming back in hour that possible the hour that will be 9:00 little TI like could probably make it like 9 9:30 to be safe 9:30 all right well I certainly live 9 9 so we coming back 9:3 so in 10 minutes we going on everybody I know all you want to CR by right now but watch the chat the chat like no no no no a you have something to do right now something like that well I mean My Babysitter is going to leave so you know I have my children out there minding the right so we have to let a sort out her and then 9 she could come back so while actually gone we now wasting time we hit them some you understand you understand chat give chat give me a chance give chance don't understand too so so so look camera kind of stup mind outside figure well it it looks so it will just be an hour and a half and we coming back and we could go for long right after 9 we could go for long maybe yeah after that by time we come back we'll be focusing on section c I'll be doing the whole mitosis meiosis I'll be doing natural selection I'll be doing some inheritance style questions we will we will get we'll focus on section c really coming when I come back all right so we just so I don't know it just funny to me because the chat the chat trying not to use obscenities teacher no we do not want and he came right now but we have to take a breeder in an hour our breeder but while we taking the breeder we not going to waste time we get hit a little moles on time even if you're in taking it in full 100 you will be glad that we do the mes for chemistry and Monday when you come back on Saturday and you're revising chemistry right so she will come back fast M will organize her kids and she'll come back so let me just get the rest the next 9 minutes here and then we swing to swing to Kim all right so we continuing so this lactic acid it's not being fully broken down and it's toxic to the body so your your muscle is going to start to cramp up it's going to affect your brain your vision is going to start to you're going to start to see black in the corners of your vision and stuff and you're getting ready to pass out you really you really are right that is only when you try to run your 5K for for um for school and you never exercise or train for it right so however that lactic acid is going to force you to be bring the kids to the live at a week right the lactic acid is eventually going to stop you from exercising right so that means that when you either when you choose to stop or when your body stops stops you on the hole you collapse right you're going to still continue continue to breathe heavy for a while after you stop exercising and that is because you're going to still need the oxygen in order to break down the lactic acid so that you could fully break it down to get all of the ATP stored in it right while I on the break I will send the PDF on the Discord so that you will have it when we pick back up at 9:30 right CLA you watching the kids right I'll set up all camera so next I was going to start the circulatory system and we have 7 minutes right so I'll start and then we might like likely have to stop the break is going to be until 9:30 so figure two below is a diagram of a longitudinal section through the heart study the diagram and answer the questions that follow name the parts of the heart labeled one and two you're reming tooth bread for my child for you have to be able to label the eye yes right so one is going to be your left atrium and you're going to have two is going to be your left ventricle right but while we're here let's use the diagram to get a full recap right so we know that the two Chambers to the top are going to be your Atria Atria is plural for Atria is plural be plural right atrium is singular Atria is going to be plural right so you have your left atrium you have your right atrium your two lower Chambers are going to be your ventricles right so this will be your left ventricle and this will be your right ventricle so let's talk about how blood flows through the heart and then we're going to talk about how the heart operates on a whole right so you're going to have blood coming to the heart via your venar right so that's going to be bringing deoxygenated blood to the heart and it's going to bring bring it to your right Atria then it's going to flow through your tricuspid valve and go into your right ventricle right your right ventricle is going to contract and pump blood into your this is going to be your pulmonary artery and soon after leaving the heart it splits into two to take one to your left lung and one to your right lung so that's going to be to the lungs for to pick up oxygen and to give off carbon dioxide ven is plural Vena Cara is singular but you have two of them right so once it goes to the lungs it picks up oxygen it's re oxygenated then you're going to have your oxygenated blood blood coming from the lungs oops from the lungs is going to come via your pulmonary veins and it's going to come into the heart into your left atrium it's going to do we have to say Superior vava so you have your Superior pava and inferior vava um so I taught my students this so that they know it but at this level it's not really expected but just know that you have more than one so one bringing deoxygenated blood from the upper part of the body and one bringing dexy blood from the lower part of the body right so your left atrium is going to contract and then blood is going to flow through your mitol or your bicuspid valve into your left ventricle and then when your left ventricle contracts it's going to push that then takes blood to the rest of of the body right so that's how blood flows through the heart what you have to realize is not that you have blood entering your right atrium then that contracts into your right ventricle so on and so forth what happens is that both your Atria contract at the same time um to push blood into your right ventricle and your left ventricle at the same time right so both your Atria is going to contract together then you going you're both ventricles will contract pushing blood into your pulmonary artery and the a water at the same time so your Atria when they contract that's called atrial systo and when your both ventricles contract together that's called ventricular cysto right so every time you have ventricular cyol that is what coincides with a heartbeat or your pulse right well particularly your pulse right so the Atria contract to the Atria filled with blood from the lungs from the rest of the body then both Atria contract in atrial cysto pushing blood Tre of valves ha Tri trioset valve her Tri mital valve then once your ventricles filled with blood they are going to contract after pushing blood into your pulmonary arteries and your a water simultaneously so when you have that surge of high pressure blood being pushed into your a that is what you feel as your pulse in different areas of your body where you are Aries run close to the surface right arteries are way veins bring blood too yes Aries are defined by blood vessels that take take oxygenated take blood away from the heart veins are defined by bringing blood towards the heart so we up on that 8:00 there boys so yeah so you're going to match The Brak Miss christe is actually already live so what youall need to do is just search for the next live on my Chanel juming for the break for Kem listen to some Have Mercy Mercy juming for the break for km and we do km for hour and a half and then we coming back in with b and we finish off the night with B all right so we just going to do some chem mes know mesck each subject I can't say relax with some moles in chem because relaxing Swit over right so go and find the chem live stream going and set up the live stream to start at 9:30 Miss will be back at 9:30 love and blessings see you a bit