foreign [Music] so the way that the Lodo CT scan works for screening is that we do a scan of the chest to look at the entirety of the lungs for any spots or nodules a nodule is any white spot that shows up on the lungs it's white because the CT scan is just in black and white so any spot that shows up on the lungs that's not supposed to be there is considered a lung nodule and that's really what we're looking for with low-dose CT scans of the chest so if something is found then we will have to evaluate that when we interpret CT scans for low-dose lung cancer screening the Radiologists use a framework use guidelines for interpreting the scans so that everyone is on the same page and using the same language so they will look at features of any spots on the lung including how many there are what size they are what shape they are and they will give the low dose CT scan a score so that's called a lung rad score and the lung rad score can be 1 one two three or four along RADS one means that there's no spots on the lung and the person should come back in a year a long Reds 2 means there's a small spot but it's not concerning for cancer and again we should just scan again in a year a lungrad's three is when there is a small spot on the lung that is probably nothing to worry about but might require closer follow-up than one year so if you got a long Reds three you would be recommended to come back in six months for a follow-up CT scan there are different categories of lung RADS four which are related to how suspicious something looks on a CT scan so from looking at the CT scan we can often get a pretty good idea if something is probably cancer or probably not cancer but there's a lot of gray in between so if there is something on your on your scan which looks a little concerning you will likely be recommended to have some additional tests um the other tests that might be done are additional scans so you might do more CT scans in a shorter uh interval of time a shorter follow-up than one year or you might do something called a pet scan which is a full body scan that looks for areas that are lighting up that are hot or active like a cancer might be or you might be recommended to have a biopsy usually we don't go straight to a biopsy unless we do really think that there is a good chance that this could be a Cancer and we don't want to waste any time waiting around to watch it there are a lot of different types of nodules and of course the Radiologists have clear guidelines for themselves to know of each different type of nodule in each different size of nodule which should get the lung red score so when you see your CT scan result you should see a lung red score and a number and that's your easy way of knowing if the scan was okay or if there's something that needs more follow-up when we talk about a baseline low-dose CT scan that's your first scan that you ever got and it's more common to find a nodule or an abnormality on a baseline scan because many people have nodules and have had them for years and we never knew about it and they never cause any problems so on the Baseline scan we might see something that actually has been there for 10 years but we just didn't know it was there um so that scan would be followed up in the future with another scan to monitor the spot and over time we would realize that that's not a concerning spot because we would be able to monitor the the behavior and see that it's not growing over time nodules can be characterized as solid or part solid or non-solid and that really just refers to whether or not you can sort of see through the nodule so on the CT scan a solid nodule is like looking at uh um at something that's opaque um you know like a black metal something you can't see it through it at all a part solid nodule is something that you can partially see through on the skin so you can partially see something behind it like a blood vessel um this would be something like looking at a frosted glass window where you kind of can see behind it but you can't see very clearly behind it and a ground glass nodule or a non-solid nodule is a nodule where there's an abnormality a white spot in the lungs but you can see through it you can see what's behind it in the lung um again the Radiologists will have guidelines to tell them which size and which characteristics of each of these nodules will lead to the lung red score that you get on your low dose CT scan but you might read something about different types of nodules a solid nodule is more likely to be cancer although many solid nodules are not cancer and most of them are not cancer