so we're gonna keep talking about Anatomy and you know like before you do anything before you start learning any type of science you need to learn basic language so we first thing first we need to talk about anatomical planes and the language associated with it many of you already know that but kind of to bring everybody on the same page so we have three major planes in a human that can cut through the human body okay and they will separate human body in parts right the coronal well we'll start with mid-cycle it's a old plane right here okay this one will separate the human body into the left and right or sinister and extra parts okay now the not only we need to know the anatomical terminology you know the Sinister and dexter we also need to know the directional terminology how do you talk about body parts and a relative position towards each other so midsagittal plane allows us to use the terms lateral and medial lateral is farther from the midline and medial is closer now let make you an example so my ear he is lateral to my eye does that make sense now in order to figure out which term you use you know if I if I have a question for you on the exam your shoulder to your neck what is the proper terminology you put it sagittal plane and imaginary psychical plane and I think okay shoulder neck shoulder will be lateral right nose to the cheek nose will be medial to the cheek Sam makes sense you get no Holly so again well let's look at this lady right here so have a midline okay if something is closer to the midline it's gonna be medial if something is farther from the midline it will be lateral so when we talk about two body parts we use medial lateral okay we're gonna use more examples you can use more examples you know and you will learn more about it okay it's pretty much like if I'm an anatomical position my palms are lateral to my hips make sense just just the repetitive use of it will make it comfortable with the directions now how many meet sagittal planes do we have only one that's right because it's mid sagittal you can only you know have one point cutting in halves but you can have multiple sagittal planes why focus so much on mid sagittal sagittal plane imaging for instance this is the mid sagittal plane that's the image of the human body you can see you know you can see the rectum you can see the the vertebral column right now if you will move the focal plane back and forth meet sagittal plane will become sagittal like if you cut through here or here how many sagittal planes can there be as many as you want write as many as you want depending on the focal plane okay transverse plane this one horizontal okay it separates the body to the superior and inferior portions or cranial and caudal causal means closer to the tail again remember anatomical terminology is relative we don't say torso is cranial or torso is causal if I will ask you or so to the abdomen door so to the abdomen is superior or cranial okay those seniors if I ask you I don't know buttocks to the head inferior or causal does that make sense so it's something to something again I will give you questions like that you will have a question something to something is got it it will be coronal or frontal plane you can see it right here it cuts the body like this okay separates the body into the anterior and posterior portions other terms that are synonymous to anterior and posterior ventral and dorsal so my forehead and the back of my head my forehead is ventral to my backhand does that make sense my memory region is anterior to my lumbar region that makes sense again be able to operate with this terms ventral dorsal anterior posterior okay now there's an oblique plane which is not shown from this on this picture oblique plane is the one that cuts the body at an angle it doesn't have any directional terminology associated with something like this okay that's oblique plane you can have as many oblique planes at as many angles as you want how many transverse planes there are transverse what about here what about here what about here right here how many huh as many as I want right I can cut the body at any pain you place what about the the coronal plane huh it's mainly a one right because I can do this I can do this I can do this it's all going to be coronal or frontal plane does that make sense okay understand what is the plane I may show you the picture and ask which plane am i pointing at understand which terminology is associated with a particular plane okay any questions on that now the last well not the last but another piece of terminology that sometimes is a little bit confusing proximal versus distal before we talk about proximal and distal I want to ask you a question how many limbs does a human have four no five is something awkward for but your limbs do we have two arms two legs right everybody that we have four limbs is a head head is it a limb no everybody agrees on that good because proximal and distal generally is used for leaves proximal and distal is used as the relation of the you know how close it is to the attachment to the trunk so your arms attached to the trunk at your shoulders your legs are attached to the trunk at your hips if something is closer to the attachment to the trunk it is proximal your elbow is proximal to your wrist makes sense something is farther from the point of attachment it's digital your ankle is distal to your knee does that make sense the reason why we don't use it one of the reasons why we don't use it in the head that is considered to be a part of the trunk when we talk about the trunk we include head neck and the body okay limbs are separate my clear now there argue they're going to be questions when you will have to say something - something is proximal distal I don't know anterior posterior inferior superiors that make sense always assume that I'm talking about the person in the anatomical position which is this well I don't need to show my feet but that's this okay so in this case your palms are facing forward does that make sense that's anatomical position so if I ask you what is the relation of your nose to your mouth your nose to your mouth is superior you always use the plane it's easiest to separate them like you cannot really separate nose and mouth using massage it'll or coronal plane does that make sense okay I will do my best to avoid ambiguous questions like if I ask you ear and nose okay it's kind of can you separate them like this sure yeah you can do anterior-posterior or you can do medial lateral right I will try to avoid questions like that I always check my questions so and if there is something coming up during the exam you must come to me and talk to me about it okay make sense it's me one few more terms EPSA lateral and contralateral so this is epsilon your spleen in your descending colon and this is contralateral ascending and descending colon what does contralateral mean what do you think opposite signs Apes electro same side so your left leg and your left arm are Apes electro your left arm and your right arm a contralateral that make sense left leg and left arm keeps electro same size left our left arm and right arm contralateral opposite side from the midline recall intermediate in between so sternum is intermediate to the ribs okay genetalia are intermediate to the coxal bones for instance nose is intermediate to the eyes now for some reason that's the concept that causes some reason struggles deep and superficial closer to the center of the body farther from the center of the body what is the most superficial structure of your body mm-hmm skin make sense everything is deep to the skin does that make sense excellent there are some organs that have several layers anatomically defined layers to them for instance your kidney has the outer layer that is called cortex and the inner layer that is called medulla so cortex - medulla is superficial very good does that make sense excellent that's good because I'm gonna ask you all those questions understand the idea of deep to superficial like your muscles are generally superficial to your organs like skeletal muscles that make sense the organ is a deeper section cross section and longitudinal section one of the best examples you take the straw you cut it across you have the cross section pretty much that's sort of a cross section of the blood vessel does that make sense you cut it along you have longitudinal section so if you come back to the human body transverse plane will produce what type of section cross section mid sagittal and coronal will produce longitudinal quite an interesting thing you have Humpty Dumpty you know Humpty Dumpty right does it really have longitudinal cross-sections it's pretty much spherical you cannot do longitudinal or cross there's no difference right you've got to have something that's long you can do it in human you can do it on the snake you can do it on anything that's melon gaited take a cube it doesn't matter which type of section you do they aren't different there's no difference between cross and longitudinal just to give you a perspective on that does that make sense so only Ellen gated structures can be cut in a cross section or in the longitudinal section and we're going to deal with those structures we're gonna deal with link well we're not gonna deal with intestine but brain there's gonna be longitudinal there's gonna be cross-section okay any questions now we can move on there you go muddy regions it looks intimidating I know but I'm gonna guide you through this and I will tell you how to approach the memorization of either body regions or muscles or bones okay so yes you do have to know all the body regions that are listed here however it's not short answer exam so your exam questions will look like you're gonna see the same dude okay that same guy with arrows pointing in a certain section and you're gonna have you know four answers you pick one make sense it's multiple choice so how in my opinion you may use different strategies that's fine with me but in my opinion what is the best way to approach this regions don't try to everything same time you know how do you eat an elephant piece-by-piece that's right it's the same goes here okay piece by piece focus on the head first or the leg or arm whatever you like more okay and then move on to another part and mainly nays make perfect sense okay so let's start with the head frontal and occipital that's easy right now ears vortac the tightest media inflammation of the ears tightest media or tick region another name for this is you can run into it auricular aur I see you lar yes no it's not from online textbook I'm not sure that online textbook has this one it probably should I'm not I'm not hundred percent sure it's from some other it takes the Pearson textbook oh the PowerPoint it's on the blackboard all powerpoints are in the blackboard I'm giving you powerpoints absolutely sure yeah and you're going to see that same dude in the lab that I will put up today so you will have the dude without labels and you're gonna have the least and you can label yourself does that make sense now face eyes orbital or ocular synonyms makes perfect sense right nasal aural so far I don't think I'm telling you something new now few things that make absolutely no sense mental that's eugene okay and one thing that you didn't encounter yet your cheeks you have to know that it's buckle so I'm telling you now know that V u CC al let me write it so it's B u CC al chick okay you may have heard the term like a buccal swab swap done from you know inside of the cheek got it can we move down cervical so neck it is not in the uterus it's the neck because cervix in Latin means neck so cervix of the uterus means neck of the uterus when we talk about cervical region it's this one right now a little sort of a addition if I want to say there's a wound in the back of the neck how would you say then the proper terms huh cervical but how does the surgeon know that it's not in the front not in the side but in the back but steering aspect of the cervical region make sense front of your trunk there is a lot so this whole thing it's highlighted in orange so this whole orange thing is thoracic it's pretty much something like this that's all thoracic got it it involves some smaller regions pictorial which pretty much covers the the pectoralis major muscle it just mammary its the region around the nipples and auxilary it's hard to show but auxilary is the region it's your arm piece got it now in the back have scapular that's a shoulder blade the anatomical name for the shoulder blade is scapula ya vertebral which makes absolutely perfect sense right you have lumbar on the sides so it's lateral to the table region an inferior aspect of you know your back does that make sense so that that comes the trunk oh no not yet yep abdominal tummy okay umbilical region your belly button and then inferior to abdominal you have pelvic you can think of pelvic that's you know that's where your urinary bladder is you feel it is being full when you wanna pee okay and inferior sort inferior to pelvic is in green oh it's growing inguinal doesn't really include the genitalia Janet Ali is the pubic region okay it kind of goes smaller you smell like it like an inverse pyramid you go from pelvic tune we know pubic does that make sense now if you turn gentlemen around we will see the region that is called perennial region it's a small part of pretty much the skin between the annal orifice and a janitor okay in between the legs that make sense now opera lips go do it nobody knows that Dracula and tiebreak he'll now untie means before in front so before brachial antebrachial region does that make sense so far you have antecubital so anterior aspect of your elbow it's antecubital okay posterior aspect is olecranon there are the reasons for that olecranon fossa right here nor the credit part of the okay now carpal carpal tunnel syndrome polymer so for interviewer digital Pollock's now some of them you have to memorize powder makes sense right carpal makes sense this is called dorsum of the hand so it's not shown here okay dorsum of the head and that pretty much concludes the Opera lips now lower lips start with box'll it's just hips go to the femoral just lies and then distel the thighs on the anterior aspect is patellar it's your knee and the pleats heel which is the back of your knee that makes sense now if you go down crural is your shin sorrel is a cough darcel region is the ankle calcaneal region is the heel plantar is the sole of your foot and hallux is the victim proper memorization of the regions now will help you a lot and we're going to talk about bones and muscles because in many cases those bones and muscles repeat names for instance muscles that move your thumb will be cold but dr. pollicis longus for instance pollicis Pollux thumb okay muscles that refer you know move the big toe will be Hollis's helmick's okay go Canyon region for instance has the same name as the heel bone just go canyons so please work on that this is your study guide okay quite literal that's your study guide I'm not gonna ask anything that is not here and I'm not gonna ask anything that I did not explicitly told you to know buckle or dorsum of the hand so only two things that I have added any questions yes we're in killer I don't bother I mean it's just two synonyms if I'm not gonna ask specifically regular if you know or teak that's fine okay any questions let's move on cavitus you must know body cavities and you must know to which aspect they belong to we have two aspects the ventral aspect and dorsal aspect red is the ventral aspect or ventral cavity yellow is the dorsal aspect for dorsal cavity dorsal aspect includes two it includes cranial cavity and vertebral cavity you have to know what each cavity contains so cranial contains brain there typically contains spinal cord does that make sense awesome now on this picture do you understand the sort of advantage point this one on on your you look on your right to understand the vantage point you're looking at the body up front this it's a frontal view so what you can see is the cranial cavity and you can see a part of the vertebral good that clear okay let's move on yes sure sure and tell me if I'm going too fast okay that's the whole dorsal cavity is the yellow one yeah it's it's parts cranial and vertebral vertebral cavity now ventral cavity the front one the red one contains some more divisions first of all we can divide ventral cavity into the whole thoracic oh sorry thoracic portion okay and abdominal pelvic portion so thoracic is the cavity above the diaphragm abdominal pelvic is below the diaphragm are we clear abdominal pelvic is further divided into the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity which organs would be located in the pelvic cavity what do you think good kidneys no bladder reproductive organs rectum rectum so whatever is very very low okay it's like like here okay this part abdominal what you're gonna find an abdominal spleen liver yes lean liver stomach pancreas this whole appendix belongs to in intestines right so the whole intestinal thing you can look at this two gentlemen and the lady over there okay pretty much the abdominal cavity is open so you can see the stomach a little bit of a lever whole intestines kidneys are hidden there okay no smaller stuff pancreas and gallbladder there makes sense now thoracic cavity to pleural cavities right and left what's in the pleural cavities lungs you will have a question about the cavities and if I ask you if I ask you about the pleural cavity you have to recognize whether it's the right or the left pleural cavity am i clear okay you will never see any pictures that's my promise you will never see any pictures that you haven't seen before good clear in the center that's whole thing is called mediastinal cavity which can be further separated into the superior mediastinum and pericardial cavity what's the precordial what pericardial cavity contains heart superior image as to them the thymus is fine you organ which all of us pretty much lack of this age there's it's a fork shaped gland that is important for your immune system Imus oh it starts to disappear pretty much it starts to decrease at about age of 710 and it it doesn't disappear completely but it shrinks a lot it still produces some t-cells even in your 70s but it's mostly active during the childhood okay any questions on the cavities again you're gonna see exactly the same picture without labels okay regions and quadrants abdominal pelvic quadrants you can see them in the upper no sorry at the bottom okay look this is simple really upper right upper left and lower right the lower left that's it I mean not rocket science at all okay now understand the distribution of organs between those quadrants I will not give you like a tricky question sort of where is the intestine it's everywhere okay but certain things you gotta have you gotta know sort of a whole month for instance that you spleen in the left upper your lever is in the right upper it's probably the most important because if you have a patient with cholecystitis which is the inflammation of the gallbladder it's going to be pain in the upper right quadrant does that make sense if you have a patient with splenomegaly it will detect splenomegaly in upper left quadrant here makes sense so you got to know that stuff the basic try to kind of imagine this picture just keep it in mind and that's one more study tool I will let you do now anatomical regions the abdominal pelvic regions it can be up your abdominal pelvic area can be divided into nine regions and I will ask you to know all of them and I will you know on Anatomy exam you will see the arrow going to the region and then the question about my clear umbilical this in the center are on your bill but so far make sense where it is just look at it okay that's a village epigastric and hypogastric AP means what above hypo means below so Bob the stroma can below the stomach it's not very accurate but kind of a way to make an association and remember that my clear now side Regents right and left hypochondriac hypo means below below what hypochondriac quandary ribs yes means below the ribs left hypochondria can write hypochondria got it lumbar region well they are this Regents are at the level anatomical region which is lumber left lumber right lumber so the full name would be left lumber abdominal pelvic region right lumbar abdominal pelvic region okay and these ones are illiac sport and we know well there's an in greener region right here but they are called iliac as well because if you kind of do this to your hips if you hit on your hips here you will feel the bone this bone is the coxal bone Heba and the part that you feel here is the iliac crest okay or ilium does that make sense nein abdominal pelvic regions four quadrants questions okay of course but look I'm gonna provide answers so you will not get the answer you will not get say there's an exam the arrow points here I'm not gonna give you is that left iliac or left in green oh I'm not that type of person believe me know that make sense so my purpose is not repealed membranes body membranes there are three of the three types cutaneous mucus and serous membranes nucleus membrane is only skin okay you have heard I bet terminology like you know subcutaneous injections subcutaneous tissue cutaneous means skin it's dry and it type of material and we're gonna talk about it pretty soon mucous membranes line organs that are open to the exterior environment give me examples no sin side of the nose yes huh eventually yes it's deeper in the middle ear yes expanding it is ah Fergus if you go farther it's Tomac open to the environment really are you eating the food yes your think about your digestive system it's a hole in you it starts at your mouth and ends in your anus it's very complicated hole but it's a hole and this entire hole is exposed to the environment when you eat something it's dirty so gotta have mucous membrane protecting now there was a mention of nostrils can you expand on the nostrils how do we call the whole thing nostrils lungs Oh respiratory system it is all exposed right air gets all the way down what else is open to this so we got digestive we got respiratory what else they they are yes eyes that's mucous membrane what else hmm well it's kind of a part of digestive you can count it skin is cutaneous it's structurally different because it's it's a different protective zitz it's not mucous here because it kind of gets yeah it gets more pounding than mucous membranes there you go I was waiting for someone to tell me that reprimand to the outside if you think about it there is I mean I'm not saying that you know it's like a a wind rolling through the urethra but technically something can get in there okay and if you female reproductive system is more open than male because of the size of the orifice okay yeah it is open so so mucous membrane okay vaginal mucosa the urethral mucosa glans penis because it makes sense serous membranes these guys cover the organs in the body so they aren't open to anything they actually cover the organs if you would I don't know butcher the animal you cut it open and take out I don't know the intestines how does it feel the fresh organs slimy they feel slimy that's those serous membranes and we're gonna I'm not going to talk about they structuring you know we're gonna do some conversations serous membranes that surround organs like at an intestines or hard lungs they produce secretion watery secretion what's the purpose of that secretion first and foremost from what so if you say jump or run what organs are gonna do against each other gonna rub right they're gonna hit and rub and you don't want them to get damaged okay so that serous secretion provides lubrication to the organs make sense that's the function so serous membranes they aren't exposed to anything except each other they aren't exposed to the outside no way all right my clear I'm gonna ask you know you're gonna find such-and-such membrane in blah blah blah or much a membrane and the organ system alright so we're going to continue with anatomical terminology next class