hyoeun injury so we just finished up talking about how the electron transport chain is utilizing the NADH is from the krebs cycle how it's utilizing the NADH is from the transition step and integrating that into pushing protons out into the actual intermembrane space now we have to discuss how these NADH is specifically from glycolysis are actually being incorporated into this process also so let's go ahead and get started on that so if we look here we're going to have NADH s right so let's say here I have my NADH here's my NADH that I generated from that stuff what's going to happen is this NADH is actually going to be converted into in a D+ but how is that how is this happening let me tell you so if you guys remember you're going to have a molecule kind of in this area here and his name is actually going to be specifically oxaloacetate but from now on we're just going to you're going to see it as oh eh eh ok just City that you guys know I'm going to say oxaloacetate but it's going to be written as Oh a a because I'm kind of lazy so Oh a a is going to react with these NADH a--'s when it reacts with these NADH is it's going to get converted into malate okay it's going to get converted into malli so there's going to be some oxaloacetate out here in the cytosol and it's going to get converted into malate now I'll explain how this Oh a is actually coming out but what enzyme is catalyzing this if you guys remember from the Krebs cycle it's actually called malate dehydrogenase so malate dehydrogenase was taking the NADH s and dropping it onto the oxaloacetate to form NAD+ and malate now why did I have to do that why can I just like you know I use this why I have to do that specifically Oh a a isn't able to get transported across the membrane but malate can and we'll see why so now we're going to do is we're going to take this malli we're going to see exactly how it's working over here okay so now let's say I take my malli write that malate that's coming over here it's actually going to get pushed in so there's a specific transporter for the malate so here's a transporter for the malli once the malate is in the mitochondrial matrix you know what's going to happen with this guy look what's going to happen with this guy it's really cool this malli is going to come over here it's going to come right over here when it comes over here something really really interesting is going to happen so it's here I have malli when malli comes over to this area there's actually going to be a specific molecule in this area okay so now look what happens malli is actually going to come over here and it's going to be acted on by specific molecule in this area you know when you have malate and you want to convert malli back into oaa so that you can get drop off those hydride ions there's a specific enzyme a specific enzyme that pulls those electrons off of the malate and transfers it on to someone else okay so what happens is is I'm going to take this NAD+ in the vicinity and convert it into an a D H right I'm going to take those electrons off of the malate rip it off of the Mallee and convert it into NADH when I do that this NADH is that NADH so then look what that NADH can do over here this NADH can actually be involved in this step right there so specifically what's happening that NADH is generated from this step from going from malate right and I'm going to rip off some of those electrons that I got from this NADH I hear this is going to get reconverted back into oxaloacetate okay now and this oxaloacetate is very interesting because what's he going to do now because I generated oxaloacetate how is this oxaloacetate going to get back out okay let's come back over here what happens is let's say here's your oxaloacetate your Oh a a oxaloacetate is going to combine with a specific molecule it's going to combine with a molecule referred to as glue to meat which is an amino acid right when these two molecules interact with one another look what happens the glutamate is going to specifically transfer an amine group onto the Oh a a when it transfers it onto the Oh a a the Oh a a is going to turn into a Sparty which is a specific amino acid that aspartate is going to move out through this shuttle this is part two gets spit out into the cytoplasm and then you generate from this part you'll also generate what is the glutamate turn into Lena Oh a transfer is an oxygen onto glutamate and converts them into alpha keto glue to rate now what happens this is sparked eight is super cool because anyway I told you we got to figure out how that LA is coming into play look what this guy is doing this aspartate coming over here and it's going to combine with something else really cool so let's say here's our spar tape this is Sparty is going to react with another molecule out in this vicinity you know that molecule is called it's called alpha keto blue terrain this is one of the actual components of the krebs cycle where from that transamination reaction alpha key to glittery is going to react with the aspartate so Sparty it's going to react and guess what you're going to get out of this reaction a spark it's going to transfer his amine group off onto alpha Q to gluten and that will regenerate your glutamine who will also get pumps back in the aspartate is going to get reconverted back into oxaloacetate where does that I saw a lacet eight go back into this reaction to keep holding and plucking those hydride ions off of the NADH to convert him into NAD+ and take these electrons and get them in to be involved in the electron transport chain so again let's explain what's happening one more time so what is happening NADH is can't get across the actual mitochondrial membrane so what do they have to do they have to disguise themselves in a different way so what they do is they drop electrons off onto oxaloacetate through the malate dehydrogenase enzyme converting it into malli malli can cross the mitochondrial membrane how malli comes over here and it passes through as the aspartate coming out that malate has been doing what the malli is being acted on by a specific enzyme you know there's an enzyme here that's converting the Mallee back into oxaloacetate and plucking off and getting some any of the H's what would that enzyme be called it be called specifically you already know this enzyme guys this enzyme here specifically called malate dehydrogenase it's stimulating this stuff malate gets converted back into oxaloacetate and at the same time what happens the nav positives that are in this vicinity are picking up those electrons that are disguised in the Mallee coming from ooh coming from this NADH out here then what happens as the Mallett gets its electrons plucked off of him into nadh that NADH is this NADH going to start actually we draw in a different color so that it's not confusing so NADH and this NADH here so what is actually coming from this step NAD+ to NADH this NADH is that NADH and then look what he can do he can go and drop those electrons off onto electron transport chain and it can go and actually help to produce protons out into the inner membrane space so he's also involved that's amazing but how do we get that Oh a back out what did I tell you that Oh AAA is going to have to combine with something because he can't get across the membrane so what Oh a does is it combines with glutamate glutamate is an amino acid so in other words he has a amino terminus and a carboxy terminus he transfers his amine group onto Oh AAA which converts him into a new amino acid called aspartate Oh a a is going to transfer his oxygen group onto the glutamate converting him to alpha-ketoglutarate aspartate can now make it through the actual membrane and so as the malate coming in a smartie is coming out what do you call this they call this the malate aspartate shuttle it's so beautiful all right now as the aspartate comes back out here what's happening with the aspartate because we have to regenerate the Oh a the aspartate comes back over here and combines with alpha kita gluta rate alpha ketoglutarate then does what accepts the amine group from the aspartate converting him back into glutamine who will get transported back in then what happens the aspartate when it lose its amine group and gains an oxygen from the alpha Q T literally it gets reconverted back into a a and then Oh a a is regenerated in this process that is how those nad ages can get in through that mechanism now we have to do another mechanism all right this next mechanism is kind of cool also so what it's utilizing instead of the actual a malate is using a different molecule so let's come over here for a second so let's say over here I take those NADH s and I want to take these NADH s and I want to unload them onto somebody who can I unload it on to look at this let's say I have I'll do it in blue here let's say I have here a specific molecule which is called dye hydroxy acetone phosphate you guys remember this from glycolysis right it's one of the actual components of the glycolysis and then what happens is if he gains hydride ions he gets converted into what's called glycerol 3-phosphate now dihydroxyacetone phosphate will get converted into glycerol 3-phosphate whenever the NADH is drop off those electrons are those high drives right then what happens with the glycerol the glycerol 3-phosphate has a specific channel that he'll bring him into the mitochondrial matrix and it's doing that because NADH can't get through the actual membrane so glycerol 3-phosphate get out into this vicinity so now what is the glycerol 3-phosphate in the two let's see you know glycerol 3-phosphate it's actually going to be acted on by another different molecule so look what happens over here you see this guy right here this fadh2 let's say here I bring the glycerol 3-phosphate so I bring the glycerol 3-phosphate into this vicinity as I do I'm going to take an F ad molecule and I'm going to convert it into fadh2 now as I convert my glycerol 3-phosphate by having these fa D's pull and pluck some of those hydrides and electrons ion off of this glycerol 3-phosphate what is it gonna convert it back into it's going to convert them back into dihydroxy acetone phosphate so now I'm going to generate this dihydroxy acetone phosphate what did that do for me i generated fadh2s where do fa d h2s go there go right here and they can be utilizing this step but to make it very very specific and so it's not confusing let's do it in another color here so let's show here that this is a different f ad going to a fadh2 and again this fadh2 here can be the same fadh2 there which can be utilized in the electron transport chain okay now that we've done that that's another way that we can get those NADH hydrides inside the mitochondria you know there's one more way one more way and then we're going to go on to the electron transport chain okay so let's say this last mechanism here you know we have what's called a specifically fatty acids so we'll talk about this we undergo beta oxidation steps so there's these molecules that we actually have to bring into the mitochondria in order for them to bring into the mitochondria they have to have what's called a co a on them so let's call these the fatty Asil Koei's these fatty if co a's are very very special and what they can do is they can do the same thing with that fa d def ad h - reaction so now if I come over here I can do this same thing I'm going to come over here like this and what happens is let's do with the same color here this F ad can react on this fatty of CoA and pull some electrons and hydrides off and convert it into fadh2 you know what that does to this fatty of silica let you know what this is doing its oxidizing him its oxidizing them to make a double bond and so specifically we call the results of this in oil co de okay and this is going to be done by an enzyme called a a co co a dehydrogenase enzyme okay so this is actually going to be done by a this enzyme here working is called a seal Co a dehydrogenase and we'll talk about this whenever we get into fatty acid oxidation and then whenever glycerol 3-phosphate is going into DHAP and this fa d to fadh2 reaction is occurring this is through a glycerol 3-phosphate what do you think it is dehydrogenase enzyme and he's also stimulating this step and this is stimulating this step and this is just another way for us to be able to generate fadh2 whereas those fadh2 is going to go they're going to be involved in the second component of these fadh2s are these fadh2s and they're going to be pushing to this step here and that can be involved in the electron transport chain alright so now in this video we've gone over the ways that we can get the nadh is from where from glycolysis if there's if there's aerobic conditions because here's the key thing if you guys remember this any of the h is only dropping these electrons off onto the electron transport chain if there's oxygen you guys remember though I told you in glycolysis that if there is no oxygen the NADH is get unloaded on to pyruvate and converts them into lactic acid so this is only occurring if there is oxygen present and how can you do it three ways one through the Mallee to spark a shuttle the other one is through the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle and this third way is generated whenever there is beta-oxidation so this last step here is a component of beta-oxidation and we'll have an individual video on that alright guys so that covers this part in the next video now we're going to go over specifically how the ATP synthase is generating ATP by oxidative phosphorylation