[Music] a pleasant day to everyone welcome to super doctors university college of allied medical sciences principles of medical laboratory science 1. first topic for this semester will be history of medical technology profession before anything else i would want to inform everyone that the main reference for pmls1 would be this book you may purchase this book from cne publishings or you may visit the website that is provided on the screen by the way this is not a paid advertisement of cne and i am in no way related or connected to cne at the end of this lecture the students should be able to discuss the history of medical technology in a global context you will also be able to identify the important personalities that played significant roles in the progress of the medical technology profession and you may also cite inventions and innovations in the medical technology field so let us define what medical technology is really about so this one is a branch of allied health professions that specifically deals with the study of various disciplines such as chemistry microbiology parasitology blood banking hematology clinical microscopy histology and histopathology among the other subjects so by the way class these are all your major subjects for the entire medical technology course so in your own words what do you think is medical technology and how will you describe a medical technologists one description that i literally love is that medical technologists or medical laboratory scientists or otherwise also known as clinical laboratory technologists perform and analyze the results of complex scientific tests on our blood and other bodily fluids such as the sputum so a sputum is like your phlegm saliva urine stool among the other types of bodily fluids that also includes wound samples so we are so let's claim it class that we are highly trained professionals that work in the hospitals and independent laboratories using sophisticated procedures and equipment let's talk about the history of medical technology in a global context in the early medical diagnosis time class they treat the disease as a mystery they also thought that when one becomes ill or has a disease it was believed to be caused by a negative interaction between the environment and also the body by around 300 bc to 180 hippocrates of cause who is also considered to be the father of medicine and at the same time the author of the hippocratic oath he used to taste the urine he listened to the lungs and observe outward appearances of a certain patient in order for him to give a certain diagnosis to that patient he was also able to conclude that if a patient has a blood or pus or the appearance of bubbles itself in the urine indicates chronic illness or any kidney disease another personality that you may want to know is claudius galen of pergamum he is recognized as the founder of experimental physiology he also created a system of pathology that combined hippocrates humoral theories with the pythagorean theory so this holds the meaning of the other four elements such as earth air fire and water this also corresponded to various combinations of the facial physiologic qualities of dry cold hot and moist these combinations of physiologic characteristics corresponded roughly to the four humors of the human body so when you say hot plus moist then it says that that makes it blood when you say hot and dry he described it as yellow bile when you say cold plus moist that is phlegm and then cold plus dry that makes it a black bile so that was galen he was really known for explaining everything in light of his theory and for having an explanation for everything for a recap this is hippocrates so he advocated the tasting of the patient's urine correlating it with certain types of kidney disease and chronic illness the greeks also class they were able to conclude that if his or her urine attracted ants then this patient has another kidney disease and that could be what type of disease that is diabetes the chinese were known for practicing immunization by inhaling the powder from small packs scabs the romance are known for developing surgical tools such as the scalpels the forceps surgical needles so those things the indians are also known for practicing toxicology in the form of agada tantra rufus of ephesus class he first described the term hematuria so what does hematuria mean so when you say hematuria that means hem blood yurya urine so hematuria is the presence of blood in the urine he was able to attribute it or correlate it to the failure of kidneys to its function in properly filtering the blood in the middle ages early christians believed that disease was either a punishment for a sin or a result of witchcraft or possession the diagnosis was superfluous so the basic therapy was prayer penitence and invocation of the saints lay medicine based their diagnosis and symptoms examination pulse palpitation percussion and inspection of excreta and even sometimes semen therefore the diagnosis by water casting or euroscopy was practiced and the urine flask became the emblem of medieval medicine patients carry their urine to their physicians in decorative flask so those that you can see in the picture class so they bring it they ship it into their doctors since the diagnosis at long distance was very common in the middle ages it was isaiah judeas who is a jewish physician and a philosopher who devised the guidelines for the use of urine as a diagnostic aid and if ever a physician fails to examine the urine of their patients the physicians or the doctors will be subjected to public beatings that's under jerusalem code of 10 90. the first book detailing the color density quality and sediment found in the urine was written around this time as well by around 1300 a.d euroscopy became so widespread that it was at the point of near universality in european medicine mr zakarius johnson paved the way for scientists who wanted to explore the invisible world and was able to understand further the disease causations so he was able to make the first jensen microscope so it is an eyepiece and a very simple objective from these early documented works medicine and medical technology advanced because of the high mortality rate caused by plagues and other diseases in the early 11th century medical practitioners were not allowed to conduct physical examination of the patient's body thus they relied solely on the patient's description of symptoms and their observations by the 18th century mechanical techniques and cadaver dissection were used to provide a more objective and accurate diagnosis and to understand the insides of the body in the 19th century physicians began using machines for diagnosis or therapeutics among these devices were john hutchinson's spirometer this device is used to measure the vital capacity of the lungs patients are asked to blow through this tube that is attached trying to move these three balls in order to exercise one's lungs there is also jules harrison's sphygmomanometer which is used to measure the blood pressure of a certain individual also the use of chemistry was pivotal in the diagnosis of diabetes anemia diphtheria and syphilis during this period the onset of mechanical and chemical devices spurred the turn from general practice to specialization this turn was brought about by increasing number of patients and the increasing amount of medical knowledge which generalists could no longer handle more complex machinery and equipment used in medical practice required technical expertise resulting in cooperative arrangement among specialists in different fields consequently medical service became organized in the hospital with the set up large amounts of data were required in the diagnosis and treatment of patients these volumes of patient data prompted the need for information technology the need for medical technicians and data specialists also increased technology took over face-to-face interaction between patients and physicians who relied more on technology as basis for diagnostic assessments instead of patients subjective description of symptoms all these resulted in increased diagnostic accuracy at the expense of closer doctor-patient relationship the next following slides are some of the breakthroughs in medical technology that allowed physicians to examine body parts used to be observed only in categories diagnostic medical breakthrough was invented by rene linaik so that is the status quo this is used to acquire information about the lungs and the heart next one is the microscope which was invented by anton van leeuwenhoek so this one is used to produce enlarged images of micro objects [Music] the first visual technology was invented by hermann walls hemholes so that is the ophthalmoscope this instrument is used to inspect the interior of the eye a laryngoscope has two mirrors which helps in the observation of the throat and the lungs this one was invented by manuel garcia x-ray was accidentally discovered by wilhelm roentjen it states that the radiation could penetrate solid objects if it has low density so this discovery class allowed physicians to view the inside of the body without having to do surgery x-ray has been used to diagnose pneumonia pleurisy and tuberculosis since world war ii another famous discovery was done by william eindhoven this is the electrocardiograph this measures the electrical changes during the beating of the heart next one is for physical therapists this is the candy method this is done by elizabeth kenny it is used to treat polio another one is the silvia stretcher this is used to transport patients during shock the drinker respirator was invented by philip drinker this helps patients during the time 1927 with paralytic anterior polymyelitis recover normal respiration with the assistance of this drinker respirator another amazing invention was done by mr hermann von hemholz remember class that i taught you a while ago that he also invented opthalmoscope this heart lung machine temporarily takes over the function of the heart and the lungs when do you think is the heart lung machine most useful during surgery very good cardiac catheterization and angiography was first operated by force man in 1929 it was also developed by muniz rebel and rostol between 1930 and 1940 it was later discovered as a safe method in humans by coronard in 1941. this procedure is made seeing the heart lung vessels involves possible through inserting a cannula in an arm vein either a radial or or an ulnar vein directly into the heart with an injection of a radiopic dye for x-ray visualization further integration of technology with science ushered in new medical advancements such as the electron microscope so this one is a new medical imaging technology which gives way to the visualization of very minor cells including tumor cells [Music] the adaptation of computers in medical researches led to the development of tomography and magnetic resonance imaging prosthesis such as artificial heart valves artificial blood vessels functional electromechanical limbs and reconstructive skeletal joints were also developed as a result of these innovations medical technology breakthroughs persist through robotics keyhole surgery procedures genetic engineering and telemedicine or otherwise known as information technology medical technology has improved quality of life and increased life expectancy however this progress resulted in the re-evaluation of traditional definitions of life and death the inventions and innovations in the field of medical laboratory for this one class there is no need for you to memorize the dates i want you to familiarize the person and the significant contribution of this scientist or the inventor the invention of the microscope also opened the door to the invisible world anton van loven hook published the first drawings of bacteria as seen under the microscope he is also considered to be the father of microbiology eduard jenner discovered vaccination to establish immunity to smallpox his impact of contribution is immunology marie francois sevier bichat he identified organs by their types of tissues impact of contribution is in histology agustin obasi produced disease in worms by injection of organic material he paved the way for bacteriology louis pasteur produced immunity to gregor mendel enunciated his law of inherited characteristics from studies on plants joseph lister demonstrated that surgical infections are caused by airborne organisms robert [ __ ] presented the first pictures of bacilli anthrax to be exact and later the tubercle bacilli elie mechnikov described phagocytes in blood and their role in fighting infection you call this as phagocytosis ernst von bergmann introduced steam sterilization in surgery while kyle landsteiner discovered the [ __ ] blood group system so what is the [ __ ] blood group system is remember your blood type yes so that's carl landsteiner august von wasserman developed immunologic tests for syphilis howard ricketts discovered microorganisms whose range lies between bacteria and viruses which is called rickettsia so this one will be taught to you in microbiology soon hence fisher worked out the structure of hemoglobin you know what class hemoglobin will be taught to you in hematology this is actually what's great about pmls one you will be taught about the people behind the major subjects soon so that you will have a glimpse the following people who invented who discovered those things especially in the major subjects here in pmls one so please appreciate your time with us john assault developed poliomyelitis vaccine james westgard introduced the westgard rules for quality control in the clinical laboratory baroque samuel bloomberg introduced the hepatitis b vaccine carrie mullis developed the polymerase chain reaction andre van stertheim introduced the intracytoplasmic sperm injection while james samson derived the first human stem cell line again class i won't be asking about the years what i want you to know is the name of the person and the significant contribution of this person william harvey discovered the circulation of the blood robert hook documented the existence of the cells marcelo malfiji is considered to be the father of histology frederick deckers has proved that urine contains protein and this could form a precipitate when boiled with acetic acid thomas willis first noticed the characteristic sweet taste of the diabetic urine so he said that it was as if it was infused with honey or sugar richard lower was the very first person to perform direct transfusion of blood from one animal to another so he was using a dog william you son is considered to be the father of hematology and he also discovered coagulation gabrielle fahrenheit develops the mercury thermometer and the fahrenheit temperature scale john hill introduced a method of obtaining specimens for micro microscopic study j.w tichi observed sediments in the urine of febrile patients or patients that has fever matthew dobson proved that sweetness of the urine and blood serum in diabetes is caused by certain sugar france's home developed the yeast test for sugar determination in diabetic urine antoine francois de for croy discovered cholesterol johannes evangelista purkinjee pioneered the use of the microscope he also described the germinal vesicle in the embryo naming of the protoplasm discovered pseudoreference glands of the skin and their excretory docs jon snow studied the great cholera outbreak in london carl von very ort discovered coagulation time as an index of blood coagulation sir almroth edward write observe the role of calcium salts in the coagulation of blood paul ehrlich developed methods of drying and fixing blood smears using heat so this will be taught to you in hematology on how to make a proper smear he also discovered mast cells and classified white blood cells according to its granulation sir alexander fleming for sure you know him he paramount in initiating the antibiotic era by discovering penicillin gerardo smolder performed the first chemical analysis of proteins joseph jackson lister developed an achromatic microscope and introduced dark filled microscopy james marsh developed a standard test for arsenic carl von veryord again develop a method of performing accurate blood counts using a hemocytometer so you will also be taught how to use hemocytometer if god wills that it will be face to face then you will get a hold of the hemocytometer as well george gabriel stokes discovered the fluorescence william perkin prepared the first synthetic dye for histopathology jules de bosque developed the first visual colorimeter based on beer's law hermann luer invented the glass hypodermic syringe oscar raphael developed the use of a gelatin for isolation of fungi so this is in mycology william henry corfield established the first public health laboratory in england max jaffe developed alkaline pick crate method for the determination of creatinine james devar invented the vacuum flask julius elster and hans frederick gatel invented the photoelectric cell theodore richards invented the nephilometer franziel and frederick nielsen produced their modification of the acid fasting for tuberculosis charles purdy published practical urinalysis and urinary diagnosis while ferdinand vidal developed the agglutination test for identification of the typhoid bacillus christian bohr discovered the reciprocal relationship between ph and oxygen content of hemoglobin or the bohr effect martino's beijirink obtained the first pure culture of the sulfur oxidizing bacterium h.j bechtold discovered immunodiffusion arthor sun ford and james todd published the first edition of the diagnosis by laboratory methods so this one has been like a bible for medical laboratory scientists oscar hemstalt invented the fluorescence microscope philip adolf kober developed the colorimeter nephelometer francis william aston developed the mass spectrograph and arn to cilius develop moving boundary electrophoresis of proteins pseudors vedverg determined the molecular weight of hemoglobin by ultracentrifugation george nicolas papanicolao reported the ability to recover cancer in vaginal smears through pap smear otto fallin introduced the use of light filter in colorimetry our gabrius develops the erythrocyte sedimentation rate as an index of severity of the disease hdk developed the first clinical laboratory method for alkaline phosphatase so this paved the way for clinical enzymology this is under clinical chemistry iron cherry and latent crandall or the cherry crandall method is for serum lipase activity michael somogey developed two major clinical lab methods for serum and urine amylase activity alexander goodman developed the first assay for acid phosphatase so you will get to know more about this in clinical enzymology in clinical chemistry edward joseph conway and robert cook developed the first clinical lab method for ammonia as borgstrom develops the whole blood clotting time test rosalino and solomon burson developed radioimmunoassay meroslav pulik invented immunoelectrophoresis alan walsh develops the atomic absorption spectrometer so these are instrumentations for clinical chemistry felix roblewski and john ledoux developed the method for serum lactase dehydrogenase and serum alanine aminotransferase arthur carmen developed the method for aspartate aminotransferase so these are enzymes class this will also be taught to you in clinical chemistry severo ochua synthesized rna emil van handle and don silver smith develop a direct chemical method for the determination of triglycerides so van handle and silver smith method james westgard is what i have told a while ago this he introduced westgard control rules for quality control in the laboratory while m.c yang he introduced prostate specific antigen as a serum tumor marker for prostate cancer in this slide here class i will be introducing to you the following people who discovered a serum tumor marker that can detect certain cancers either colorectal pancreatic prostate breast any type of cancer so this tumor marker class will give you the direction of what type of cancer does your patient have with the help of this following people developed culture discovered ca 72 for colorectal cancer hilary koprowski ca 99 for pancreatic cancer robert bass jr ca125 which tests for ovarian cancer l in home ca 50 which can detect colorectal cancer artobias ca153 when you say ca153 that is for breast cancer another breast cancer tumor marker is ca549 which was discovered by kurt pray while s fukuta discovered ca195 for colorectal cancer so that is it for our topic history of medical technology profession in a global context i hope you're really able to catch up should you have any clarifications or questions kindly do so in the thread that i will be making in our facebook page thank you so much for listening and i hope you've learned something new from me today god bless and have a great day