Notes on Aristotle's Virtue Theory

Introduction to Virtue Theory

• Virtue theory focuses on character rather than specific actions.
• Suggests that being a good person leads to right actions naturally.
• Contrasts with other moral theories that dictate specific rules or actions.

Eudaimonia and Proper Function

• Virtue leads to eudaimonia: a well-lived life or human flourishing.
• Humans, like objects, have functions and are good to the extent they fulfill these functions.
• Our functions include reasoning and socializing as rational and social animals.

Influence on Other Theories

• Aristotle influenced Thomas Aquinas and natural law theory, but his virtue theory is about nature, not divine plan.

Understanding Virtue

• Virtue is doing the right thing at the right time, in the right measure, and with the right people.
• Virtue is the balance between two extremes (vices): excess and deficiency.
  • Golden Mean: The sweet spot of virtue.

Examples of Specific Virtues

• Courage: The balance between cowardice and recklessness. A courageous person assesses situations and takes appropriate action.
• Honesty: The balance between brutal honesty and failing to speak up when necessary.
• Generosity: The balance between stinginess and extravagance. Giving appropriately without self-harm.

Developing Virtue

• Virtue is a skill, akin to practical wisdom or street smarts, learned through experience rather than books.
• Developed through habituation: repeatedly doing virtuous acts until they become ingrained.
• Learning from moral exemplars: people who already possess virtue.

Motivation for Virtue

• Virtue leads to eudaimonia: a life of striving and achieving, not comfort.
• Continuous improvement is needed; it involves setting and achieving new goals.
• Eudaimonia involves satisfaction from hard work and personal growth.

Conclusion

• Virtue theory is about being the best person possible, improving strengths, and addressing weaknesses.
• A virtuous person naturally does good things.

Upcoming Topic

• Next discussion will focus on the concept of moral luck.