hello today we're going to be talking about module one and the second part is chemistry so the chemical elements matters anything that takes up space and this is something that has been taught ever since in grade school so you probably talked about solid liquid and gas you can think of a solid as the wax and a candle it fills up the entire jar you can think of the water in your water bottle or you can think of a gas like say you had a gas leak go fill up the entire room of every part of your house okay so element is matter composed of a single type of atom and to the right is a periodic table of elements so in this periodic table of elements different examples will be like carbon that would be C sodium would be na iron would be f e and potassium b k other ones you probably heard of is calcium that would be ca oxygen which would be o all of these are found in the periodic table so the smallest unit of an element would be an atom and you think about things like the orbital model in that model you would find the electrons being on the outside like a shell the inside you will find things like the protons and the neutrons this slide is showing the atomic structure of an atom and to the right this picture is showing you what the orbital model would look like so in the inside in the nucleus that's where the protons and the neutrons are going to be whether it's a positive or a neutral charge on the outside we call these shells and each shell is going to fill up like a bookcase that's what this visual representation is with the bookcase so the first shell forms and then will fill up by having two and these are going to give a negative charge this electrons on the second shell or the second ring you would have to have a equal of eight then you can even have a third ring and that would have another eight with that being said all of them are going to have some type of charge whether it's positive neutral or negative and when you think to that periodic table that gives the atomic number and that equals what we consider is the proton number found in the nuclei that gives its identity so that's how we know if it's a carbon a nitrogen an oxygen or any other atom okay on the outside are your electrons and that's what we call the chemical behavior so with that being said they can either share and two atoms can come together and come a molecule or we can Break um that Bond and separate these two atoms so all that depends on how many are in these valence electrons so with chemical bonds these are when we talked about molecules so if we take two atoms two or more and put them together in a chemical bond we consider that a molecule and what happens is these atoms can either transfer they can share these electrons to fill up each of their veent shells so those were the the rings on the outside okay and with the chemical bond basically we're taking molecules and we're bringing them together or they're attracted to one another and we have different types of chemical bonds so if we have a coal bond that means the electrons share this is a very strong bond it's going to hold very well if we have a ionic bond that means we have those charge ions that they're attracted to one another could be like opposite to trct that's a middle strength that means that it holds pretty well but it can break as well and one that you probably would think about is na so the na is positive the CL is negative and that's known as salt so in the winter time when we have ice down like on our steps and we're trying to walk down them to go to our car in the morning we probably will sprinkle a little bit of salt down so we don't slip that would be an example of a ionic bond the third bond is a hydrogen bond so this is a very weak ionic bond this is very easy to break okay because it's only slightly charged so these are your three types of chemical bonds some things to think about is knowing the name of the bond the definition and what's the strength of each Bond when we think about water so we just talked about those bonds water is a polar Cove valent Bond so we know that Cove valent bonds are very strong bonds okay so we think of water as a little types of sets of properties and those properties is solvency so whether you're diffusing something into some hot water like tea um you can also think about cohesion adhesion whether we're bringing together repelling apart and then we have chemical reactivity so these are different types of bonds that we can bring together and make molecules and another one is thermal stability so if we take water and we heat it up that' be like boiling or we can actually cool it down and have ice cold water this is all different ways water can provide that stability so the picture to the right says human beings are little bags of thany water held up briefly by frail accumulations of calcium we are very much this so we drink a lot of water and water is good for our cells and our tissues and everything you think about any in ingredients always has to deal with water but we have small accumulations of calcium and this comes in through our diet whether we're drinking we're eating whichever way it's coming into our body we use all of that calcium for simple different actions like blinking breathing they're used for our muscles and allow us to contract and anything things small you're thinking about that causes movement we're using calcium so we're just fill up all this water and calcium that it's steady on the cycle of losing gaining and losing and gaining so one of the properties was solvency and this is how we dissolve other chemicals and we think about water that's the universal solvent so when you look at anything you're drinking you're eating your cleaning products anything of that sort the first ingredient is always going to be water so our picture down the bottom shows hydrophilic and hydrophobic when you think of hydrophilic it's like the image to the left that means we love water it has no problems it dissolves and water so one thing will be like tea okay versus hydrophobic has a phobia it does not like water it will not dissolve if you ever look at oil and water put together they will not mix they just coexist right there next to each other that would be something like hydrophobic substances when we think of water this is actually the solvent so in total a solution consists of particles called the solute which are dissolved in the solvent which is water so if we look at the these two actual images at the top this is what we consider is like a little Mickey Mouse so this is H2O okay and over here we have the na and it's positive but this is what we call the solute and it's dissolved in the solvent which would be water on the outside like over here to the right we have the CL is the solute and it's dissolved in the solvent when put together that's where the solution comes from pH so the whole entire pH scale was invented by saurin Sorenson and all the way back in 1909 and what he was trying to do was measure the acidity of beer like you see in this image here okay one thing that we're going to talk about all semester and throughout your nursing and your biology classes is the body body pH with the body pH it so critical to making sure our cells function properly so some of our cells can't actually function if it's too acidic versus if it's too basic what they want it to be is really neutral in order to see that proper functioning on this slide we're going to look at the difference between an acid and a base this is the entire pH scale it goes from 0 to 14 yes you see down here 0 all the way over to 14 and the middle seven is going to be neutral that's considered pure water that will always be considered neutral if we go lower and you guys can see the lower we go the more acidic it's going to be we call that an acid so what's happening is that we're releasing hydrogen ions into the entire solution so the more that's being released the lower the number is going to go but the more acidic it's going to be versus a base the number is going to go higher and the higher it goes the more basic it's going to be and the number gets bigger because it's accepting hydrogen ions from that solution so with the pH we're looking at either it's being seven being neutral 0 to six being acidic or 8 to 14 being basic so down here on this picture this image is really going to show you some examples of which pH would you find so hydrochloric acid that's considered um very very acidic you might deal with this when you're looking at cells in the lab when you do actual dissection or looking at onion root cells and like mitosis what you do is you're going to be looking at hydrochloric acid so we would wear gloves um we're going to protect our clothing we're going to protect our eyes as well number two that would be more of gastric juice so this is a picture of our stomach and we use a lot of gastric juice to break down all the foods that you're eating and it will continue out into the small intestines but it has to have a low PH in order to break down all the different types of foods that youve eaten that day lemon juice that will be over here acidic um if you drink wine if there's any vinegar that's acidic bananas that you're eating tomatoes they are slightly acidic uh if you drink black coffee that means no cream or sugar that would be slightly acidic as well as bread your milk is going to be a little acidic and seven takes us back to neutral going to the right if if you have egg whites and your breakfast we're slightly basic any household cleaners like bleach or ammonia separately being used they are basic you even have things like oven cleaner that would be over there as well and the farthest to the right will be sodium hydroxide so this is a total scale with examples and these are different things that you're going to want to start to learn your examples with knowing the difference between an acid and a base this SL is showing chemical reactions so going back we talked about chemical bonds we had the strong the medium in the week so with that being said we're either going to build that Bond or we're going to break it between these molecules and we do that either by releasing the energy or using that energy and then that will will be depicted down to the chemical equation so it's showing that reactants are on your left side of that Arrow okay so if we have reactants they're always going to be on the left side of this little arrow right here that means we have two different molecules are working against each other either they're trying to build or break and the products of which you get at the end is going to be always on your right of that Arrow so reactants are always going be on the left side of the arrow products are always going to be on the right that's basically going to tell you what you made did you break it or did you use that reaction to make this actual product so we have three classes of chemical reactions we have decomposition reaction you can think of that like breaking down like a decomposing body we have synthesis and that's like building up so someone takes a lot of protein powder before their actual work out that' be like bulking okay and then exchange what we're going to do is exchange different molecules to get a different reaction the first one of the reactions the decomposition so I gave an example of like a decomposing body it's going to break down and here is the actual equation AB will equal a plus b so what's happening is we're taking a large molecule and we're breaking down to two or more smaller ones so that's why the equation is AAL A + B over here to the right you can see in this image is a big huge starch molecule and what happens is a starch molecule breaks down to tiny little glucose molecules so this is like different starches that you eat they're turning into that glucose in your body the second reaction was synthesis reaction so I gave the example of if someone takes protein powder before their workout they're building up muscle so they're bulking it's bulking season for them so this would be the opposite of decomposition so literally we're going to take two or more small molecules to big a big one so a large one that'll be a plus b equals AB so all we did was just swap that reaction because we take two small ones ones to make a big one so what happens is we have these little tiny amino acids okay and we put them all together we make a peptide chain which is also called a big protein molecule so we took small actual molecules combine them together to make a large one next one is exchange so it's exactly with the name says we're going to take two or more molecules we're going to exchange them or a group so the equation is going to be AB b + C D equal a b c d we're going to match it all together then we're going to separate it back out to AC plus b d so all we did was Swap and exchange and that shows you the whole entire equation right here okay so EX example in your body would be like stomach acid we talked about hydrochloric acid and sodium bicarbonate that comes from our pancreas if they combine together they make NA and h23 and now we can use them for different functions now okay whether we're retaining our sodium levels our salt levels or we're trying to get rid of them they're all going to be here to make a different function now we talked about reactions with the reactants on the left of the arrow to making the products on the right and that has one Arrow we can also have reversible reactions they're going to go in either direction and they have a double-headed Arrow so in this equation right here you can see that they double-headed Arrow one's going one way and also the other way so it's doing like a reverse and you can see it both ways this is very much common in our body happens every single day you can think of it like your ins and outs your exchanges through your body so our respiratory system will be like breathing in oxygen but pushing out CO2 if we think about our urinary system we're drinking fluids and then it's going out through filtering out through our kidneys and we're urinating it back out digestive means that we were having a nice big lunch and what we ate broke down over over time all the way goes all the way down to our anal canal and it came out as feces so this is all more of those ins and outs and we're going to have these reverse equations so each of them has a greater quantity to reactants to the side to the Lesser qualtity and what we're trying to do with the reverse is keep that equilibrium so it's always going to be there and this is how we keep our body stable through our different organ systems when we think about biology let's think back to organic matter so we talked about matter earlier and we're going to break this down even further so if we're thinking about organic matter it has a biological origin okay so it comes from the natural world that would be specifically things like carbon and hydrogen so any reaction that you're looking at typically always has a carbon and the hydrogen in that equation and that breaks down to living things especially our major four macro molecules so this is a concept that you really want to go back and hit a little bit harder and the four are carbohydrates proteins lipids and nucleic acids so we're going to touch a little harder on these four macro molecules so we think of monomers and poly so mono means one poly means multiple so with those organic compounds we talked about those hydrogen and that actual carbon we actually make subunits and they're repeating from smaller parts and linking together so if we said monomers mean one that means identical or similar subunits okay poly means multiple so we're making a lot of repetitive series of these these monomers and that's how we have so many so we like to call the term polyur our polymerization so we're joining the MERS together they form a polymer when you join so many together they make multiple and with knowing our poly versus our mono this leads us to two reactions so we have what we call as a dehy hydration synthesis so think about if someone is dehydrated if you're dehydrated you have those symptoms of being um nauseated coton mouth that means we don't have a lot of moisture in our mouth um our eye sockets feel dry we're just feeling very off kelter and this happens by the monomer coant Bond remember that's our strong bond together to form a polymer but the only way they can form the bond is they remove the water molecule so that's dehydration remember we're hot like we're in a desert we don't have any water that's exactly what's happening if you remove the water molecule then the monomers will cently bind strong together to make a polymer so example be a hydroxy group is removed from one monomer and a hydrogen from the next now another one would be hydrolysis okay so these are terms that you are definitely going to see over and over again so what happens with this is we split a polymer and we do that by lces so lces means to break to burst to basically tear apart so we split a polymer by adding the water so Hydro means water Lis means burst so bias splitting that polymer we had to add the water back to that molecule okay so that means the Cove valent bond has now been broken because of the addition of our water you think about all your digestive reactions they all go through hydris because you're trying to break down all of that food that you have brought into your body so leading back to those four macro molecules the first one was carbon hydrates this is hydrophilic and we remember that term that means it's water loving it will dissolve okay and they're known for providing a bunch of energy okay so if you eat a carbohydrate then you get all this energy that's what their main purpose is and they're made of carbon hydrogen and oxygen if you look to the right all of these chemical images are going to show you that they have a hydrogen oxygen and a carbon in each one so we consider them building blocks the building blocks that make up a carbohydrate is called a monosaccharide you also know this as a simple sugar so glucose in our body is considered a simple sugar and then other ones you might know is lactose so that's milk sugar so you might know someone that's lactose intolerant they're not able to process milk sugar in their body another one is if you had coffee in the morning you would use table sugar that's called sucrose and over here to the right this image right here is going to show you the breakdown so we do a little bit of med terminology monosaccharide means one disaccharide means two so you can see two there and then polysaccharide you can see that we have one two and three chains of that that means we have multiple the next macromolecule is lipids so lipids are longterm energy storage they're a little bit more dense than carbohydrates you know this as being a fat so not all fats are bad we like lipids we keep a lot of long-term energy storage held up for when we need it the only difference is these are hydrophobic so they have a phobia they don't like water so water and lipids do not mix if you ever look at fats it kind of beads up on top of fats it will not dissolve into the fat so the building blocks for a lipid is going to be fatty acids and glycerol so this whole big orange yellowish chain right here that's glycerol and the chains leading off are fatty acids okay so down here at the bottom this nice table breaks down to different types of group of lipids triglycerides is one that you will hear a lot when you're talking about the fat tissue is energy Supply but it also is insulation beneath someone's skin phospholipids we will talk a lot about this when we talk about cells a phospholipid by layer or any type of membrane around the cell okay you'll find a lot of these in like your liver and your nervous system and the last one will be more steroids so these are more connected rings so it actually has a ring of carbon atom and this is more of when you talk about hormones like in your adrenal glands over top your kidneys or in a woman's ovaries or male's testes any type of bile acids in your gastric system cholesterol numbers they all come from steroids next we have proteins proteins you can see have a lot of diverse functions so proteins are the a term that's being used throughout Anatomy very diversely um you'll talk about the structure of it you'll talk about how it works with hormones how it helps with antibodies um what is your immune system enzymes if we try to break something down even to the point where we're signaling processes for different functions to happen Okay so the building blocks of a protein would be amino acids and you saw this this actual reaction when we looked at synthesis and that little picture it had the tiny little amino acids and we bring them together we make a protein so these proteins are what we consider as hydrophilic they love water um they will dissolve okay so we think about a protein though the physical structure is vital to its function so it has a primary a secondary and a tertiary structure so primary is the innermost um that's where a lot of that DNA the major identity of that protein is at then you have a layering of secondary and another layer of tertiary so if a protein is damaged so that the structure is not intact because we remember we said the structure is vital to its function so if the structure is not intact then therefore it's what we consider is denatured okay so it be like boiling an egg if I take a hardboiled egg and I put it next side by side with a boiled egg egg if I crack them open they're both different okay so that means that that primary function that primary layer is the one that got denatured okay so that's how it's damaged and nice little picture over here is going to show you a protein what it looks like and each actual protein is very unique by their amino acids so over up here to the top of your screen it's going to include amino group so that's always your nh2 and our carboxy group The R Group is the rest of the molecule and each one is different based off of that amino acid so the R Group is the one that gives it that diversity and uniqueness for a protein and last one is nucleic acid so these are polymers that means multiple of nucleotides you already one that will be DNA that's also called deoxy ribonucleic acid so all of the genes in your body genetic genes all come from DNA so this is actually your body's protein and something that you'll hear from here on out when you talk about your body's proteins is from DNA we transcribe into RNA and RNA makes proteins and when they make those proteins these are things you Express so everybody has different eye color hair color um whether it's behavioral this can even go down to being more medical someone has things like sickle cell anemia all that comes back to genetics okay so when we think of DNA we're transferring all your hereditary information from cell to cell and from generation to generation so this could be in every generation that would be more of a dominant thing so that could be Brown eyes but we know and times that we've heard that it can skip from one generation to another and it doesn't have to be directly in line so we can skip like two generations and then you'll see how genetics works so that could be things like blue eyes or gray eyes in that sense the next term is RNA so this is ribonucleic acid and we have three types of these first one is mure RNA we have the second one On's being ronal and last being transfer so these are when we're making those beautiful little amino acids to get ready to come together as being a protein so here is ATP ATP is known as the energy currency of a cell it is no way you can do any action without using ATP so a nice example is if I go into the store I can't take a drink without buying it and I need money for that so ATP is that actual currency use in your cell so that's why we have this nice little money picture over here and we call it and it's made up of addine ribos so adenosine and it's triphosphate so that means we have three phosphates that's where the tri comes from and the phosphates over here are bound together but they're able to be broken as well so if we use this energy curency I would go from ATP to a DP an inorganic phosphate so what happens is I broke this Bond right here and when I broke it I release that energy to actually allow that action that's when we go down to ADP diphosphate plus an inorganic phosphate by itself and that's how we use that energy is by our phosphates next is what are our properties and our functions of proteins so earlier we mentioned about structure we can use protein structures and our motor proteins and our skeletal muscle this allows us having movement but allowing that contraction as well the next one is communication so we're allowing different hormones to be released if we have hormone levels that are tanked or too high we need to either cut them on or cut them off um we have receptors so whenever you release things like a hormone you have to have something to receive that hormone it's kind of like a locking key so that hormone is being released and the receptor matches directly to the hormone so in a sense of think of it this way my key can't unlock your house they are very specific in that communication next is a catalyst so what we're going to do is have enzymes they're going to speed up our metabolic reactions in our body so we're happy in a matter of seconds so that therefore it works faster especially with our digestive system if we have recognition and protection so we have antibodies there to help fight off anything foreign like a common cold that antigen that has been brought into our body we have antibodies to fight back as well as our immune cells whether they're trying to attack they're trying to eat those cells another one would be clotting proteins so we have clotting proteins that are released when we've had a wound or we're bleeding excessively those clotting proteins will activate and stop that bleeding and lastly is membrane transport so these are allowing any type of solutes to move through through channels like a open Channel um we have carriers to help them and kind of assist them along the way to move as well next is enzymes so let's talk a little bit more about enzymes they work as a catalyst so that means we're speeding up that reaction and this can happen during normal body temperature but it happens at a very rapid and fast pace okay so what happens is our substrate it's the substance that act upon the enzyme so a substrate will bind to the active site on an enzyme and when it binds there the enzyme will there trigger the actual breaking between that substrate so it will break it down and from one now we make two and that's a product the product will now be used later on and the enzyme will continue this process over and over again the only way an enzyme stops breaking things down is if it's damaged and how do we know that we're dealing with enzymes and substrates so the name for a substrate is always going to end in ASE okay so that's always a suffix that ending so if we have Amala enzyme it's going to actually digest because we know we have the ASE the starch Amal means starch so then then it goes from Amal to amalo so this will be your product this video actually shows you where the enzyme is it's right here and when we had the substrate it bound to this active site right here when the enzyme does its function and it's known to break it apart then it becomes a product okay so therefore this is showing a single product and it came from two substrate molec ules so we can either form or we can break