hello students today we will discuss about the osteology of hip bone in today's lecture we only talk about the bony features of this hip bone and how to do the side determination of this bone so when you will have the hip bone the first thing you should know that hip bone is also known as innominate bone and it is irregular in shape so these are the two cushions for your viva then the hip bone consists of one dorsal components is known as ilium and two ventral components are known as ischium and pubis now when you will hold this bone into the anatomical position then you will realize that the pubis comes on the anterior aspect and the stem is also anteriorly or ventrally placed but the helium part is the dorsal component of the hip bone all the three component joined at acetabulum now when you will see the acetabulum acetabulum is a deep cup shape area and it is going to form the ball and socket joint where there is a tri radiate cartilage is present in initially and later on because of the ossification that cartilage disappears and it is actually converted into the bone by the secondary ossification so when you will see this bone in this acetabular area you will have the tri-radiate cartilage like this now when you will see this cartilage you will realize that we can divide this whole acetabulum into the two fifth two fifth and one fifth part now when you will see this type of distribution you will realize that this is the smallest contribution of one fifth comes from the pubis remaining two fifth and two fifth is contributed by the ilium and estrium bone of hip bone now when you will see the tri-radiate cartilage here you can see that this is the tri-radiate cartilage which is present here and the another important thing is that when you will see the area apart from the acetabulum now this is the area on the acetabulum but when you see the pelvic part of the hip bone you will realize that you can mark the border of greater shiatic notch and then divide this greater sheathing notch into the equal to half and from there if you will draw a line now this line is showing the junction of your ilium and ischium clear so this is the important thing to understand that this hip bone is formed by the three components which join together near the acetabulum by a cartilage which later on ossify now when you will see the orientation of the hip bone you have to first realize that this is the pubis this is the histium and this is the uppermost part is the ilium of the hip bone and this pubis is placed anteriorly ischium placed inferiorly and the ilium placed uppermost in the bone clear and these all the two sides of hip bone is going to form the pelvis and pelvis is also having the sacrum on its posterior aspect clear now how to do the side determination now when you will hold the hip bone in your hand you have to keep this thing in mind that hip bone is not present as a individual bone in the body it is a part of the pelvis so whenever you are doing the side determination and anatomical positioning of the hip bone you have to keep in mind in the background of the pelvis clear so it has a middle constricted part now when you will see the bone you will realize that this is the middle constricted part which is present just above the acetabulum now the upper and lower parts are expanded now from this area you have the upper expansion and the lower expansion the middle constricted part is having the acetabulum which i already told you but the important thing is that this acetabulum always faces laterally bilaterally because you have the hip joint which is formed by the head of femur so head of femur will come from the lateral sides so the acetabulum has to face on outer sides okay so the acetabulum faces laterally and the lower expanded part show the obturator foramen so you have the two expanded part now which part is upper and which part is lower for that you have to keep this thing in mind that this is the obturator foramen it is always present in the lower expanded part of the hip bone not in the upper expanded part now here you can see i have the two images where this obturator foramen in the upper expanded part and here the obturator foramen is in lower expanded part but which is right this is right it is wrong why wrong because i just told you that this observator foramen is a feature of expanded part which is placed in lower area not in the upper area so that's why this placement of the bone is right because you are having the upper expanded part without obturator foramen lower expanded part with obturator foramen so this is the first thing which you have to keep in mind when you are doing the side determination of hip bone now after that when you will see the bone you will realize that this bone is having this outer surface and this inner surface now on this outer surface you have the acetabulum now you know that this acetabulum is going to form the hip joint so it always faces outside but when you will see the medial side of this hip bone i am saying this again and again that this hip bone is going to articulate with the sacrum posteriorly and the hip bone of opposite side anteriorly so you will realize that on the medial side you will find a auricular surface or a articular surface for the sacrum and this hole is the medial surface where you don't have the acetable so this area is facing medially while this area is facing outside clear now here you can see that this is the bone which if you will rotate from all around you can see that this is your lateral surface now this lateral surface when you will make turn when you will rotate this this is the medial side where you don't have any kind of acetabulum or the cup shaped cavity so this is the bone of my left side while left side there are three things which you have to keep in mind first i have to keep this observatory foramen expanded part in the lower area so this broad expanded part become the upper end second thing when i am putting it in the left side i will realize that this is remain on the lateral side which you can see again that when you will put it on the left side this acetabulum is facing on the left lateral side and its inner surface which is you can see here by rotation of the bone is smooth but if i will put it on my right left right side what will happen if i will keep this bone on my right side then this acetabular cavity is becoming the inner part of the bone which is a wrong thing because acetabulum cannot be present in on the inner aspect it has to be on the outer aspect of the bone for the articulation of head of femur clear so this is the important thing when you are doing the side determination of this hip bone now here you can see that it is a part of the pelvis and it is making joint here posteriorly with the sacrum and anteriorly the two hip bones are articulating with each other with the help of a secondary cartilaginous joint which is known as pubic symphysis so these are the pubic part of your hip bone and this is your area where you are having the joint with the sacrum so now when you will see the formation of the pelvis what you will realize that this is these are the two sided hip bone now if you will separate if you will separate the all three components of the pelvis you will realize that this hip bone is having the inner surface which is known as pelvic surface but the pelvic surface is always below this ring not above this ring now these areas of the upper part of hip bone are not known as pelvic surface because pelvis comes below this ring so when you will see the hip bone you will realize that there is a pelvic surface in the area below this margin of the hip bone above you don't have the pelvic surface the pelvic surface is this pelvis which include the anterior surface of the sacrum and inner side of your lower part of the hip bone okay so you have to keep this thing in mind that hip bone is not present as a individual bone in the body it is always present as a part of pelvis now how to keep in anatomical position now this is again the question of your viva so for that this is the first thing which you should know now there are two words are there pubic tubercle and asis asis means the anterior end of iliac crest now again you have to keep the pelvis in your mind now this is the anterior end of your iliac crest which is known as anterior superior iliac spine and here on the pubis you are having a projection this is known as pubic tubercle so pubic tubercle and anterior superior iliac spine both has to be in a one coronal plane now what is the coronal plane coronal plane is this plane which is dividing the body into the anterior and posterior half so when you are having the hip bone you have to keep this thing in mind that the pubic tubercle and asis both has to touch a plane which is coronally placed so you can hold a book in your hand and with the opposite hand you can have the bone and try to touch both these bony points with that book which has to be placed vertically in this way not in this way clear the another important thing is that the symphyseal surface of pubis lies anteriorly in median plane now why median plane because when you are having the anatomical position when i am standing in the anatomical position you know that in the anatomical position your pelvis is remain straight so once the pelvis is remain straight how can you hold this individual hip bone as in oblique plane it cannot be in the oblique plane why because again i am saying that hip bone is not an individual bone it is a part of your pelvis so when you will have the anatomical position of hip bone you are actually putting this pelvis in anatomical position so the first thing is that these two points should be in one coronal plane second thing is that this symphyseal surface of the pubis which is going to form pubic symphysis with opposite side bone has to be in one median plane and the third thing is that upper border of the pubic symphysis and the steel spine lies in the same horizontal plane now what is still spine now when you will see the posterior border of your hip bone you will realize that there is a spine so suppose the spine is here on the posterior side so this superior border and it still spine should be in one horizontal plane so when you are having the anatomical position these are the three important points that asis and pubic tubercle should be in one coronal plane the anteriorly you have the median plane with the pubic symphyseal surface and your superior border of the symphysial surface and still spine should be in same horizontal plane now here you can see that these are the two hip bones and this is the sacrum so you have the pelvis now when you will tilt the pelvis you will realize that this is the pubic tubercle this is the asis and they both should come in the same coronal plane now posteriorly you will see that this is your ischial spine now when you are putting this in the anatomical position this spine should be in the same plane of the upper border of your pubic symphysis clear so you have to keep this thing in mind that whenever you are putting this hip bone in a anatomical position you are actually putting the pelvis in the anatomical position now another important thing is that which i already told you that there is nothing like individual hip bone so when you will see the this border now this border is important to understand because whatever the area is visible here this is the pelvic area this is not the pelvic area of your hip bone clear now what next is that when you will see the features of helium because you know that there are three bones helium is german pubis so first when you will see the helium ilium is having anterior water posterior border medial border and it is having the three surfaces gluteal surface iliac fossa and sacropelvic surface so we'll see all these features of the ilium first now when you will see the anterior border anterior border starts from anterior superior leg spine to the acetabulum clear now in this diagram you can see that this is your acetabulum this is anterior superior iliac spine so this is your anterior border of helium which is starting from asis to the acetabulum so this is the acetabulum and this is the asis so this will become anterior border then you have the posterior border now posterior water extends from posterior superior iliac spine to the upper half of the lower margin of greater shear technology now it i already explained you that when you will have the greater shiatic notch now this is your greater shiatic notch then you will have steel spine then you will have lesser sciatic notch now in this greater shiatic notch you have to keep this thing in mind that this greater shiatic notch is having contribution of two bones so when you will mark the upper and lower half of the border of greater shiatic notch this upper part is contributed by helium while the lower half is contributed by istium okay so the posterior border starts from posterior superior iliac spine and it will end here that is the junction of your upper half of the lower margin of greater shiatic notch which you can see here that when you will have the greater sheathic notch in the diagram now this is the greater shiatic notch in this greater shiatic notch this part is not completely formed by a single component it is having a contribution of two parts so we will divide this into the two half now this is your posterior border which starts from posterior superior iliac spine and it will go till this point of your greater sheathic notch clear then you have the medial border now medial border extends from the iliac crest to the iliopubic eminence on the inner surface and this surface is dividing the two this border is dividing the two surfaces one is known as iliac fossa another is known as sacropelvic surface so when you will see again this inner side of your hip bone you can see that this is the iliac crest and this is your iliopubic eminence this area is known as iliopubic eminence which is a nodular eminence on the inner side which you can appreciate now from this you have a border now this prominent border which is present on the medial surface is known as medial border of the helium and these these are the two surfaces which you can see and this surface is known as iliac fossa and this whole surface is known as sacropelvic surface of your ilium clear so this is the sacropelvic surface of ilium and this is the iliac fossa of ilium so when you will see the three borders it should be very clear in your mind anterior water posterior water and medial border now you have the three surfaces gluteal surface iliac fossa and sacro pelvic surface now when you will have the gluteal surface the gluteal surface is facing outside because these areas are known as gluteal regions or the buttocks so when you will have the outer side this surface is known as gluteal surface now this surface which is present on the medially when you will have the anatomical placement of the bone this is known as iliac fossa now my dear students i just told you that this is your border and this border is the medial border now area which is above the medial border is known as iliac fossa it is not known as pelvic surface please keep this thing in mind pelvic surface comes below this border now this is the important concept which you always keep in mind that whenever you are using the pelvic world we always using we always talking about the area which is deep to this medial border of helium clear so this area which is above the medial border is known as iliac fossa now in this diagram this is your iliac fossa this is your sacropelvic surface now this sacropelvic surface is divided further into the three part this is the area which are having the articulation with the sacrum and this is the area which is known as pelvic surface that's why this is known as sacropelvic surface so this part is going to make a joint so this area is known as sacral area and this area is remain into the pelvis so this is known as pelvic area and that's why jointly it is known as sacro pelvic surface now this sacral surface is further divided into the two part this is the auricular area now this auricular area is going to form a synovial joint with your sacrum and this is the tuberosity now in this tuberosity you are having the ligaments that are connecting the sacrum with hip bone clear so when you are having the sacropelvic surface you have exactly three areas tuberosity then auricular surface and the smooth pelvic area now the [Music] tuberosity and this auricular area are going to make a joint with the sacrum while this smooth area become the part of pelvis and you will see that this is again below the medial border of helium so i am saying this again and again whenever you are using the word pelvic area or pelvic surface you always go below this line never above the line clear so in this diagram you can see this is the outer view because you are able to appreciate this acetabulum so above that this is your ilium and this whole area is known as gluteal area this is the inner surface where you can see the medial border and above the medial border you are having the iliac fossa and below the medial border you are having the sacral pelvic surface of your ilium but up to the junction here now what is this junction this is the posterior border where you are having the greater shiatic notch and this part of the greater sheathic not divided into the upper and lower half because the lower half is contributed by ischium clear now when you will see the gluteal area it is further divided into the four further areas by the three lines now these three lines are known as gluteal lines now when you will see the posteriorly placed greater shiatic notch from the apex of greater shiatic notch there are three lines now one line is here then you will have one line is here and the another line is here so these are the three gluteal line now when you will see these three grutil line how to label these line now you can see that this is the anterior end of hip bone why anterior end because this is the greater sheathic notch and its shell spine which are the posterior features so this is the posterior and of posterior part of the hip bone so this line which is placed here is placed in the lower most segment so this is known as inferior gluteal line but it is also known as anterior gluteal line then this is known as posterior gluteal line this is known as posterior gluteal line now this line is between the two this is known as middle gluteal line so when you will see the gluteal surface the gluteal or lateral surface of the helium it is further divided into the three by in the four areas by the three lines which is starting from the apex of this greater sheathic notch and this anterior line is also known as inferior line then you will have the posterior line and in between you have the middle line so you are having the four areas this is the first area this is the second this is the third and this is the fourth area clear so three lines are dividing this gluteal surface in the four parts and you have the four different muscles in these four areas now what about the sacropelvic surface i told you that this sacropelvic surface is further divided into the three part now this is your sacropelvic surface now in this sacropelvic surface you are having the tuberosity so this is the tuberosity you are having the auricular area and you are having the pelvic area clear now this tuberosity of ilium is known as iliac tuberosity which is having the interosseous sacroiliac ligament then the articular area or auricular area which is the ear shape area now this auricular area is going to form synovial sacroiliac joint and the pelvic surface this pelvic surface is here now this pelvic surface give rise to the origin of a muscle that muscle is coming here and it will go like this now this muscle which is arising in such a way that it include all the three segments of hip bone now this is the question of your exam that which bo which muscle of the hip bone arises from all the three component that is idiom history and pubis answer is obturator internals now this observatory internal is arising from this is the pubic fibers these are the steel fibers these are the steel fibers sorry this is these are the steel fibers these are the pubic fibers and the fibers those will arise from here are the fibers from helium so this is a muscle which is present here so this muscle is present on the inner side of the observatory foramen so that's why it is known as obturator internal muscle now apart from that there is one more important thing and that is known as pre auricular sulcus now what is this pre oracular sulcus now pre oracular sulcus is a prominent feature of female hip bone now this is the area which is in front of the auricular surface so the area which is bill in front of the auricular surface is known as pre auricular pre means before before the auricular surface now in this pre oracular surface you are having a impression and that impression is known as pre oracular sulcus which is a prominent feature of female hip bone now what about the iliac crest now you know that iliac crest is the upper part of your hip bone and it is having a concave inward anteriorly and the convex involved posteriorly now here you can see this is the medial surface you can see auricular area here so when you will see this it is having the concavity in the anterior part and you have convexity in the posterior part which is facing on the inner side not outside so on the interior part or the inner side you will have concavity in anterior part and convexity in the posterior part inward now this anterior end is known as anterior superior iliac spine and this posterior end is known as posterior superior iliac spine now this crest is divided into the two part this is known as ventral two-third or anterior two third and this is known as posterior one third fragment of your iliac crest so this is the whole helia crest from asis to psis and it is divided into the two parts now this ventral segment is further divided into the three areas now how now here you can see that this is known as outer lip this is known as inner lip and this is the intermediate area of your iliac crest so this is outer lip this is inner lip and this is the intermediate area of ventral segment while the dorsal segment is having only the two areas inner slope this is known as inner slope and in the same way this is known as outer slope of the dorsal segment of iliac crest clear so there are three areas on the ventral segment outer lip inner lip and intermediate and in the dorsal segment you have outer and inner slope now there is one more important bony landmark than that is the tubercle of iliac crest now what is tubercle of helia crest the most important question is that tubercle of helia crest present on outer lip or inner lip answer is outer lip now here if you will see where is the tubercle now here you will find that tubercle is present on the outer lip now this is the tubercle now the distance of the tubercle from asis is around 5 centimeters how much it is around 5 centimeters so the question is tubercle of heliocrest is a feature of answer is outer lip of hip bone and the distance from asis is around five centimeters now when you will see the pubis now pubis is the entro inferior placement and it form the one-fifth of the acetabulum that i already told you now it is having the body superior and inferior ms now in this diagram when you will see the medial surface this is your pubis now this part is your pubic part now in this part you can see this is known as iliopubic eminence till here you are having the medial border of the helium and this is known as superior ms this is inferior rams and this central flat area is known as body of your pubis now what are the parts which will see from outside now from outside you can see this is the superior ms this is the inferior ramus and this middle portion which is the flat area is known as body of your pubis and this body is making a joint with the opposite side this is known as pubic symphysis clear now what are the important bony landmarks of pubis so body is having a pubic crest and pubic tubercle now these are the two very important landmarks now pubic crest is the superior part of the body it is not a line it is actually the superior part of the body now this is the pubic tubercle and this area from pubic symphysis to this tubercle now this area is the superior part of the body and this is known as pubic crest while this pointed area is known as pubic tubercle so this is the pubic tubercle and this quadrangular superior surface of your body is known as pubic crest now there are three surfaces of the body first surface is anterior surface which you are able to see here this is the anterior surface then you will have posterior or pelvic surface which is facing inside and the medial or symphyseal surface so this is the symphysal surface which is facing to each other anterior surface is here which is placement is anteriorly and the face which is towards the pelvis is the pelvic surface or the posterior surface of the body of pelvis now in this diagram you can appreciate that this part which is known as pubic crest is very well appreciable here so this is your pubic crest this point is the pubic tubercle this is your superior ramus and this is your inferior ramus of your pubis clear then what are the important features about the superior ramus now superior ramus lies between the pubis and acetabulum so when you will see this diagram this is your acetabulum and this is your body of pubis now in between you are having this portion and this portion is known as superior ramus which is located above the obturator foramen so it is above the observator foramen now what are the three important borders of superior ms now here these are the two important landmarks which has to be in your mind tactical line and obturator crest now when you will see this superior ramus which is here now in this superior ms you will realize that this superior mass is extend from the acetabulum but here you are having a iliopubic eminence which is a junction of your pubis and helium so this part is the ilium and this part is your pubis so the junction is known as ileopubic eminence here now which line is the pectinial line now pectinial line is also known as pacten pubis and it extends from the pubic tubercle to iliopubic eminence so this is the pubic tubercle now from the pubic tubercle this is your line which is going towards the heliopubic eminence and this line is known as pectinial line while there is one more line which extends from pubic tubercle towards the acetabulum now this line which is going towards the acetabulum is known as acetabulum obturator crest so this is your obturator crest killer so you have to understand what is the difference between the pectinial line and obturator crest so obturator crest placed more anteriorly or you can say it is the anterior border of the superior ms while there is a line from pubic tubercle to the iliopubic eminence that will further continue with the medial border of your helium that line is known as pectinial line or it is also known as pectin pubis now inferior border now this is the inferior water now this inferior border of the superior ramus is contributing in the formation of upper margin of obturator foramen so these are the important landmark of the pubis one is pubic tubercle then from pubic tubercle you have pectin pubis or pectinial line from the pubic tubercle to acetabular notch you are having observatory crest and below you will have of the inferior border which is contributing in the obturator foramen now what are the surfaces of the ramus so there are three surface one is the pectinial surface now where is the pectinial surface now the pectinial surface is bounded by pectinial line and obturator crest so this is your pubic tubercle from the tubercle you will have the observator crest here and the pectinial line here so automatically you will realize that area is present in between these two line and this area is known as pectinial surface so pectinial surface is a area between the pectin pubis or pectinial line and obturator crest then you will have pelvic surface i told you that any surface which is facing on the inner aspect or towards the pelvis below the medial border is known as pelvic surface so it lies between the pectinial line and this is the pectinial line this is your inferior border in between you have the surface which is facing on the inner side is known as pelvic surface now this surface now we left with this surface now this surface which is below the observatory crest but above the inferior border is known as observatory surface okay so this is the crest now below the crest you have observatory surface above the crest you have pectinial surface that means if you will make it cut here you will realize it is triangular so here you can see that it is triangular in the cross section the ceramics is triangular in the cross section this is the pelvic surface which is facing on the posterior side this is your pectinial surface which is on the entro superiorly and this is your obturator surface so this is the border of your observatory four orbit clear [Music] now what about ischium now when you will see the histium ischium is the most inferior part and posteriorly placed segment of the hip bone and it comprises body and eramus it is not having the two remnants it is having only single remus so the body lies below and posterior to the acetabulum now here you can see that this is your ischium now i told you that there is a junction so this part is the ischium and when you will go anteriorly this is your pubic so this is the end of your estrium so this is the ischium which is having the body and the ramus clear and this body is below and below the acetabulum the ramus arises from the body so this ramus is arising from the body and this is the ramus of your pubis and by this you are having a common ramus which is known as istiopubic ramy so istio bb ramay is formed by inferior ramus of the pubis and the ramus of ischium so what are the features of the body of histium now when you will see the body of histium it is having three waters and three surfaces now what are the borders so one is the anterior border posterior border and lateral border now this anterior border is contributing in the observatory foramen now here you can see that this is our observator foramen so this is your anterior border which is contributing in the posterior margin of your obturator foramen then you will have posterior border so this is the posterior water of the helium and this posterior border of helium will end here but this will continue with the posterior border of the estrium so this purple color area is the steel tuberosity so the posterior border of the helium is continue with the posterior water of the estrium while the opposite side this is the lateral border of your ischium okay now what are the different borders here also you can see now this is the medial surface where you can see this is the posterior part of the bone this is the anterior part of the bone here you can see the observatory foramen now this observator foramen is having this purple color posterior border of ischium this is your posterior border of histium this is the anterior border of histium which is forming the posterior margin of observatory foramen and here you can see that this is the lateral border of istium or you can say lateral border of ischial tuberosity now what are the surfaces of the body of estrium now there are three surface femoral pelvic and dorsal now femoral surface means the surface which is facing towards the femur and you know that femur is present on the lateral side so when you will see the femoral surface it cannot be on the inner side it is always outside the your hip bone so once you will have the head of the femur which will come here now this is your placement of the femur so this area below the acetabulum that is on the lateral aspect of the steel tuberosity is facing towards the femur and this part is known as femoral surface of the ischium clear then you will have the pelvic surface again i told you the pelvic surface is the surface which is present on the inner side below the medial border of the ilium then you will have the dorsal surface now dorsal surface continue with the gluteal surface of the helium which you can appreciate now here you can first appreciate that this will become the femoral surface why femoral surface because it is facing towards the femur now here if you will rotate the bone you can appreciate all the surfaces now first you have to put it in the anatomical position then you have to rotate it medially now once you will rotate medially you can see that this is the pubis this is the symphyseal surface now this is the junction of your issue pubic rami this is the estrium this is the pubis then you will have the whole pelvic surface now this is the pelvic surface of the helium pelvic surface of the ischium now this is the steel tuberosity now this dorsal surface of the steel tuberosity continue with the gluteal surface of the helium clear this is become the lateral border because it is going towards the lateral side and again you will reach to the anatomical position so when you will move the hip bone all around you will realize that all the features are visible here which we have just talked that this is your ischial tuberosity this is your outer surface this is your femoral surface this is conjoined stupid grammar this is body of the pubis this is the crest this is the pectinial line this is the pectinial surface this is the histopubic eminence acetabulum anterior superior leg spine pubic tubercle so all the features are visible and the only important thing is that you have to place this bone in the anatomical position clear then there is a one more last important thing is that when you see the posterior side you know that there is a presence of greater and lesser sciatic notch but my dear students you have to understand that these notch are present in the dry bone not in the living person now in the living person what will happen that there is a presence of the two ligaments which you can see this is the one ligament which is visible here now this ligament is connecting the actual spine to the sacrum so that is known as sacral spinous ligament then you will have one more ligament that will come here and that ligament is going from this tuberosity to the sacrum and then you will see that these two notch are now converted into the two foramens so there is a one foramen above and one foramen below and there are two ligament one is horizontal and one is this vertical so this ligament is known as sacro tuberous because it is connecting the sacrum to the tuberosity and this ligament is known as sacro spinous because it is connecting the sacrum to the spine and these ligaments are converting these two notch into the two foramen which are known as greater and lesser shiatic foramen so now at the end of this class of the hip bone i hope you are able to understand how to do the side determination how to place in anatomical position and what are the different important bony landmarks of the hip bone so this is all for today's class thank you