How are you all doing? My name is Akshay Sharma You are watching our very lovely channel Psycho Prodigy And today for you guys we have come with lecture number 3 Which series? Our series of DU Regular I will tell you about this I will tell you the subject of BA Psychology Semester 1 of DURegular, DUSOL, IGNU This is the lecture number 3 of this subject We have put DURegular in this series Because the three core papers of DU Regular CAPE first semester are exactly same as those of DUSOL. Same subject, same study material, same syllabus. Therefore, if you are a regular student of DU, definitely you can follow these lectures.
And this will help you out a lot. Okay, let's move on. So, in the last class, we talked about lecture number 2. We were looking at evolution of psychology.
So, we talked about Wilhelm Wundt. He did laboratory leaves of first psychology in Germany. We saw this and then we saw he started introspection. He was the founder of structuralism.
He was the founder of structuralism, right? Then we studied that he made introspection and all. After that we talked about his functionalism which was given by William James.
Today we will talk about our third school of thought. And if you know or heard of this school of thought, then its name is Gestalt school of thought. What is its name?
Gestalt school of thought. thought what is gestalt school of thought and what does it say so basically gestalt school of thought was pretty unique why was it unique because at that time our debate was going on whether we should study the structure of the mind or the function of the mind at that time a different approach came and this approach was more about our perception they sided with the mind but they talked a lot about perception What is perception? Perception is basically when we attain information from our environment.
Basically, sensation, perception means when you take information from your environment. With the help of what? With the help of your sensory organs like eyes, nose, ears.
tongue, skin, these are all our sensory organs which you must have studied in your childhood so Gestalt school of thought basically worked upon what? perception, we are talking about mind we are talking more about perception now The founders of Gestalt School of Thought are very important. There are three names. Kohler, Kafka, and Wertheimer. Kohler, Kafka, and Wertheimer.
These three are the founders of Gestalt School of Psychology. Now, Gestalt School of Psychology has an important line which you should understand. And you should also learn it.
This line is very important. What does this line say? This line says, says that our perceptual experiences very very very very important our perceptual experiences when i was in an environment i experienced something suppose i am walking on the road okay and i suddenly heard a bomb blast so what happened to my perceptual experiences that something is wrong something is a tragedy right so my perceptual experiences are more than more than It means more than the sum of all the components of perception. Very, very important.
Very, very important. My whole perceptual experience, which I experienced through my perception, is actually more than the sum of all the components of perception. What does this mean? Let's see from this example. Okay?
Now, I don't know. Now see this, this is a funny example, let's take this. This is a boy, in your class. Suddenly, what happens is, you see him farting.
You see him farting. What does farting mean? Basically, you fart. So you see this guy and you saw him farting.
Now what are your perceptual components of perception? One, you saw him farting. and secondly, you got the bad smell, you also smelled it.
So if we think like the Gestalt school of thought, our perceptual experiences are more than the sum of all the components of perception. What are the sum of components of perception? What are the components of perception here?
So our components of perception in this case are my nose and my eyes. First thing I smelled was nose and I thought that he has done something wrong And I saw his face is also getting bad I saw his appearance and I think I think that this guy surely has a problem So my perceptual components are nose and eyes So what happened to my perception My... Oh man Alright, sorry guys, camera issue was happening I hope camera issue will be fixed now Now Now see my perceptual components are my nose and eyes I saw he is sad and he smells bad I saw the person is sad and he smells bad So my perception is this only That he is sad and he stinks Right But my total perceptual experience Which is not just my sensory information Which means the information I got But with that there is a Insight attached. What is insight? Basically a judgment.
I have an inference. I have a conclusion. So what conclusion did I draw? I would not like to be friends with him.
I saw that this guy is sad. And he smells bad. So I don't want to be his friend. Now this is a very bad thing.
But let's suppose this kid thinks. Or you think. Or I think. In that case. What was the sum of my perceptual components?
That he is sad and he stinks. So the sum of perceptual components. Sum And what are my perceptual components My nose and eyes I can smell from my nose I can see his appearance from my eyes So my perceptual components Are saying he is sad and he stinks But is my perceptual experience the same Not at all What is my perceptual experience That even he is sad and stinks Therefore I would not like to be friends with him So is my perceptual experience More than the sum of all components of perception Absolutely This is the thing This is the thing This is what they try to tell us. Gestalt School of Psychology or Gestalt School of Thought always tries to tell us that whatever information we are getting, perception is not a normal thing.
For example, if I say that I saw a person on the road who is begging. Now for one person, it can be possible that his perception, see for me and for you, for both, what is it? Perceptual components.
We saw that the person is asking for begging. He is begging. So these are our perceptual components. Which means our vision. But in perceptual experience, there is one more thing added.
Which is called perceptual components. Perceptual means our information components. We make it more than those perceptual components. That is my judgement.
So whatever I see, you are also seeing. But our judgement is different. Right. So what is my judgement saying?
In my perceptual experience, my judgement is that Oh man, what kind of a person he is. He wants to give me a judgement. oh he's so sad i should give him money so our perceptual experience is different so this is very important when gestalt school of thought says that our perceptual experiences are more than the sum of all components of perception this is the thing that sensory information is getting the same but at the end of the day we all have different perceptual experiences due to our insight and the conclusion that we attach to it okay i hope you understand this line Gestalt school of thought says one more interesting thing It says experiences are holistic Means They said experiences One second I can't see so I will put it down Gestalt school of thought says That experiences are holistic What do you mean by holistic Holistic means That something is made up of various different components And the thing cannot be understood without understanding All the components that it has Very very important important.
So when guests, now see this might seem a little philosophical, it is a little heavy. Experiences are holistic means that again coming back to the same guy, the same guy that I saw and you saw. My experience may be negative with him, yours may be positive because you felt that I feel bad about this guy and I will give money to him. On the other hand, what was for me, I felt that what kind of a person he is, I don't want to give him. My experience is holistic.
are made up of various components. Made up of various components. What can be in it? One can be my judgment, my biases.
Right? I think I have a bias. I think the person who is begging is absolutely right, but he is begging by knowing. This is my bias.
Your bias may be different. So, RxP... Experiences are holistic because they are made up of various components and to understand and to understand our experiences, we need to understand all the components of it.
It's simple, to understand my experience, I need to understand all the different components of it Only then I can understand the experiences of a person I hope you understand this, what is the meaning of experience and holistic? Experience is not one thing, what does experience mean? Whatever you feel, think, whatever you experienced You are walking on the road, you saw someone's accident and that's an experience for you Now that experience is holistic because it has a lot of components You just saw that person's accident and you are happy with it You didn't see, you gave a judgement, you gave a reasoning Why the accident happened You thought who was wrong Then you thought how are these people So all of these are various components attached to it Right? That is what makes Experiences holistic Okay, we understood this line too Now with this our mainly Gestalt school of thought ends Because in Gestalt school of thought The main things we have are First of all, Gestalt school of thought says That there are founders who are The first generation of the first generation of the first generation Our perceptual experiences are more than the sum of all components of perception.
Whenever you write this in a paper, write it in big words. You can explain this line in 1-2 pages. Give examples.
Explain what is perceptual experience. Define that. What is perception? Define that. Define components of perception.
Then you put an example. In that, you tell what are components of perception and what is perceptual experience. Whenever we write a paper, our main purpose is not to... answer say listen I'm a cool year gonna hang you some name a teacher called but just a much kiss I'm Jaro I grab a silly cohena you will genuinely fetch marks being a person this can 95.4% IA a aggregate all over in my BA psychology on as I can definitely say that is how I wrote I never wrote but a paragraph licks active definitely you can may ramakshad hamisha you thought I came a some new value teacher could explain garca who came here ko ye bad samajh are here that's the thing number two Experiences are holistic.
Again, you can print a whole page in this. Things can be redundant. You can talk about it again and again. You can develop it.
Experiences are holistic. Then, you can tell that because of our perceptions, we have experiences. There are multiple components in experiences.
Define those components. What all can be there? One is because of our sensory organs. Then, my personal biases, my judgments, my conclusions, what all I felt. These are all my different components.
Don't make me laugh. I can't understand anyone's experience until I understand all the components of it. That is the thing.
So with this our Gestalt school of thought ends here. Now in today's lecture we will do one more component which is called as behaviorism. Super super important.
You have to study this subject a lot. In behaviorism, the study of behavior is called as behaviorism. Study of behavior is called as behaviorism. Behaviorism. Now look, behaviorism always talks about 2-3 things.
Okay, first thing is what is it talking about? It is always our behavior. Behavior is that thing which we have done. I picked up this bottle, I drank water, I closed the bottle, I kept it. I am continuing the class.
That's a behavior I did. How am I talking to you? That is my behavior.
You were sitting in class, you didn't listen to the teacher, the teacher threw you out. That's your behavior and the teacher's behavior. Right? So, behaviorism is a mixture of two things. In this way we understand why we have this behavior, how we have this behavior, can we change this behavior, can we influence this behavior, can we learn new behaviors, can we remove bad behaviors.
Like if we talk about alcohol dependence, those people who are addicted to alcohol, right? Those people who have alcohol addiction, they have behavior in them. So how can we remove that negative behavior, how can we teach a good behavior? There are many therapies in this behaviorism that help us in this work.
Alright, how did behaviorism started? In 1910, our founding fathers were John Watson Now, JB Watson is our John Watson We call him the father of behaviorism But the main work he did together was Ivan Pavlov and B.F Skinner He did the biggest work If I want, I can put a fourth name Which I will put Albert Bandura But he came pretty later Albert Bandura came later Okay Now I will tell you one thing that who did what so that you can understand. I can write it properly in the paper Ivan Pavlov is the founder of Just write it now, later we will explain it When we will read the whole chapter Founder of classical conditioning What is BF Skinner?
Albert Bandura is the father of observational learning. Observational Learning So we have definitely known the names of these three important people Now let's see what is behaviorism Alright so now let's focus on the main points of behaviorism What all does behaviorism say? This is a very important line Number 1 Behaviorism focuses on what is observable and verifiable Very very important Observable means what we can experience Like tell me what I am thinking right now Can you see what I am thinking?
Can you see even I am thinking or not? You can't see that. But, if I say momos, momos, momos, momos, then what did I talk about? About momos.
That is something you observed. Number two, verifiable. Verifiable means you can verify from someone else You asked your friend, did you watch the class recording on YouTube? Sir, are you talking about momos?
He said yes, I was talking about momos Verified So whatever behavior happens Behaviorism focuses on those things, basically on behaviors And they have given the definition of behavior, something which is observable and verifiable Okay? So observable means something which you can see and verifiable which you can verify later Are behaviors not the same? Absolutely they are Like what we know about behaviors? Body language If I talk to you, then in today's class we will study What is about behaviorism So what happened, I am not teaching you because I want to hit you Right, that is my body language But in today's class I will teach you what is behaviorism I said it quickly, that is my behavior.
But, hmmm... I won't leave you. That is aggression.
Personality, this is my personality, I am talking to you right now. Learning, you learned something new. Like when I had this new thing, This was a graphics tablet I hope I can show you So I write on this This is how I If I show you this is how I write So writing on this is not that easy I learned this So how did I learn it? By different methods, see those are also different methods So this is also something I learned I reminded you Who was the founder of Gestalt School of Psychology?
Kohler, Kafka, Wertheimer That is learning. Can you observe this I learned something, you can learn from me You can ask me, verify it, ask me again. So something which is observable and verifiable, that is the behaviorism thing.
We don't talk about thoughts, we don't talk about mind. Even before I tell you what is a behavior, they... even criticized structuralism very very important you can definitely put this in behaviorism when explaining behaviorism behaviorism criticized structuralism and said mind is not observable simple thing they said mind is not observable therefore they even rejected the idea of mind and conscious they said nothing like this happens mind nothing happens conscious nothing happens conscious what is whatever whatever i am aware about this what i am talking to you now whatever I am that is my conscious Is it not conscious?
It is but behaviorism was very extreme When it started So they were like no it is not How can you say nothing happens if you can't observe the mind It is not possible nor consciousness is there And one more thing They said structuralism You use introspection You simply ask the person What he is feeling Is it objective or verifiable? It is not Objective and verifiable What is verifiable? You can ask someone and verify that thing You can't verify it? I told you that I feel like there is a snake in my stomach Can you verify that this is actually happening? You can't Second thing is objective Objective basically means If two people see the same thing Then they should get the same answer Like I say to you What is this?
Look at this, what is this? So I said this is Superman You can say this is Superman too You will also say this is Superman So look at this, this is objective Such an adjustment which is the same for two people Then I will tell you, tell me what is this? So you will say this is a cute green skeleton I will say yes this is a cute green skeleton who does all this also See this Right So that is again an objective thing But I will ask here that what do you think Do I do this? I am a good person You have an opinion, I have an opinion That is not objective That is subjective That is subjective Subjective is something in which our opinion is present That is not a truth, it is an opinion Like we do subjective questions Explain the use of this this this Objective type questions are MCQs Why are MCQs objective? Because if everyone has one correct answer, then it will be the same But if everyone has one correct answer, then it will be the same But subjectively, if someone has written this much, this much, in paragraph, in point, but if it is written from the point, then you will get the correct number.
So subjectivity comes. Objective means that everyone's, whoever is looking at him, whoever is analyzing him, should get the same answer. That is objectivity. So they criticized structuralism, they said that you are absolutely wrong, there is no mind, there is no consciousness, introspection is a bad thing. It is not objective and verifiable, therefore you are bad, you will not get it.
Now, I have explained everything here. These are the notes from our old classes. I use them. Always I use most of my previous notes if they are present.
Now, I have explained the objectivity easily. There is no point in explaining it from here. What is a behavior? Behavior is basically any response that we produce towards a stimuli that is observable, measurable and can be be studied objectively very very important behavior response structural unit of behavior response basically our behavior is made of response I was thirsty that's why I drank water that is the response I did I wanted to give the class I gave a class, that is a response I made. You guys commented, so I worked on it, that is a response I did.
So we made a structural unit of behavior as a response. A behavior is a response that we produce towards a stimuli. I was thirsty, this is a stimulus.
I picked up water. I drank it, I didn't feel thirsty It is observable, you saw that I drank water It is measurable, how much water I drank Did I drink this much water? Did I drink the whole bottle? You know that I drank a little water Right?
Number 3, it can be studied objectively What does objectively mean? Your and someone else's perspective and conclusion by seeing my behaviour is same You will say that I drank water, the other person will say that I drank water It is not like the other person will say that I drank a coke from McDonald's I drank 4 glasses of coke coffee. No, he also saw that I drank water. You also saw that I drank water.
So that is objectivity here. Right? So we understood the behaviorism here. Who were the founding fathers?
JB Watson, i.e. John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner. We understood what are their names and what are their works. We also understood who is talked about and who is criticized.
Now in the next class we will understand very very important psychoanalysis. Okay? if you have written that in evolution of psychology then its ok psychoanalysis you should write psychoanalysis is very important because here we have talked about Sigmund Freud so we will take some time and understand it, we will make one whole lecture about psychoanalysis I will explain it in detail so that when we will study further you will get a good base, it is something which we cannot finish in small forms ok for now our lecture is coming towards an end and in between I want to tell you about our D.U.S.O.L and now D.U.
regular b yes sir do as well Connie a do regular Kabi by a chai bhai kuki regular maybe same starting from September for up up low payment car Satio a discount agia hey first a Chinese radical a color with it take a man but on a chunga up go first ten students Kelly a fees are only 900 rupees per month you have to pay 900 per month that is an amazing discount quickly enroll, here is your whatsapp number message me, pay your classes fee I will send you schedule of classes basically our total 3 hours classes every week it can be 2 classes of 1.5 hours or 3 classes of 1 hour and we will cover all our syllabus every semester progression will be there alright with that i will end today's lecture i hope you liked this class and i will meet you in the next class if you have any doubt or any question definitely tell me bye bye take care namaskar jai hind jai bharat