okay so the next organelle that we're going to be talking about is the lysosome the if you remember the lysosome is a particular organelle that is produced by the golgi apparatus what exactly is the lysosome structure wise the lysosome is also a single membrane organelle which means to say it is just made up of a layer of membrane and it contains hydrolytic enzymes hydrolytic enzymes are basically a class of enzymes that are designed to break down proteins carbohydrates and also lipids now the size of the lysosome may vary because different cells can have different sizes of lysosomes and the range can vary from 100 nanometers to 1000 nanometers then comes the question will you be able to see this lysosome structure under the light microscope what do you think now immediately some students will say yes i will be able to see the lysosome because the resolution of light microscope is 200 nanometers and lysosome can go up to a thousand nanometers so i will be able to see the lysosome using the light microscope now if we were to take a cell and look at its lysosome how will it look like as you can see over here the following cell is a neutrophil the darker purple color is actually the nucleus yes the nucleus looks a bit weird for this particular cell and are you able to see the granulations or those tiny little spots on the neutrophil those tiny little spots are actually the lysosome we cannot see the lysosome too clearly even under the light microscope because the lysosome itself is made up of a single membrane and in this case it might not be able you might not be able to see the structure so clearly so again you it is always much easier to be able to see the lysosome using the electron microscope and as you can see this structure over here we are having the same neutrophil and this neutrophil is being viewed under an electron microscope and as we zoom in and that circular shape over there is the lysosome it may look empty but inside the lysosome they actually contain the enzymes the main function of the lysosome is just the breakdown of old organelles in the cell for example the mitochondrion you see our cell goes goes through something called wear and tear organelles inside our cells can also get damaged over time and when these organelles get damaged there is a worry that they may not be able to function normally and they may actually be dangerous to the cell or they may cause harm to the cell so what our cell does is our cell has to destroy these all organelles and as you can see over here the lysosome which contains the enzymes will basically fuse with the mitochondrion and the enzymes will enter the mitochondrion and break down all the structures within it what happens then well that really depends once the enzyme once the mitochondrion is broken down maybe parts of the mitochondrion will be repurposed but most of it will be excreted out of the cell so the lysosome is just basically something within our cell that helps to remove substances that we don't need the mitochondrion is always subject to a lot of memes isn't it for example when we are talking about the mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell you know all those memes that they put online and to and well they they are absolutely right but what exactly does that mean okay so let's before we answer before we talk about what the mitochondria does we first have to understand how the mitochondria looks like the mitochondria itself is a double membrane organelle just like the nucleus which means to say it has two layers of membrane and the double layer membrane consists of a smooth outer membrane and also a folded inner membrane also referred to as the cristae going back to the endosymbiotic theory we remember that the mitochondrion is actually derived from a prokaryote therefore it has its own ribosomes and its own dna i've set up a link for you to refer back to the endosymbiotic theory the mitochondrion has a special type of ribosome known as the 70s or ribosome and the dna of the mitochondrion is a circular naked dna it's different from the dna of the nucleus the highlighted space within the mitochondrion that i've put in a blue color is just a fluid fill space referred to as the matrix of the mitochondrion it's just a space that is inside the mitochondrion where special types of chemical reactions can happen namely aerobic respiration which we will see in chapter 13 of a2 biology this is just a comparison between the nuclear membrane which is also a double membrane organelle the dna inside the nuclear membrane is a linear dna with histone proteins also referred to as something called the chromatin and just a bit of revision to the rough endoplasmic reticulum the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum can be directly connected to the nuclear membrane now what type of ribosomes are there on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum based on our previous lesson we know that the rough endoplasmic reticulum has 80s ribosomes on its surface so now you are aware that there are two types of ribosomes 70s ribosomes and ats ribosomes the s just basically stands for a unit known as sweatbug which is the density of the ribosome 70s ribosomes are generally just slightly smaller than ats of ribosomes that's all we just have to know for that and obviously the function of the mitochondrion this is the powerhouse portion of the cell this is the powerhouse portion basically uh the mitochondrion is actually responsible for the production of an important energy molecule known as atp atp is a type of chemical energy molecule that is required for your cell to function if you need to do muscle contraction if you need to do protein synthesis if you need to produce antibodies if you need to do active transport atp is the molecule you need and the mitochondrion helps us produce that molecule how does the mitochondrion look like under the light microscope well they may be visible if you stain them using special types of dyes yet you will not be able to see any detail you will just the mitochondria will just look like a circular or oval thing you're not exactly sure what you're looking at however being viewed under the transmission electron microscope will yield out a beautiful image such as this you can see a more detailed image of the mitochondria that entire oval greyish material is one mitochondrion and again we often remember that the electron microscope can give us a better resolution visible in the transmission electron microscope is the outer membrane the folded inner membrane and also the matrix which is the space inside the mitochondria