Overview
This lesson explains direct observation as an assessment method, detailing its definition, procedures, classroom uses, and providing examples to illustrate its application for both grading and feedback purposes.
Definition and Types of Direct Observation
- Direct observation involves watching or listening to participants to collect data without interviews or experimental manipulation.
- It is used in both field research and evaluative settings.
- Two types of assessments: formal (structured, graded) and informal (unstructured, feedback-focused).
- Direct observation can be more effective than secondhand reports for understanding real-time behaviors.
Steps for Conducting Direct Observation
- Define the focus and purpose of the observation based on specific questions or behaviors.
- Determine what type of data will be collected (frequency, types of behavior).
- Select and train designated observers to ensure consistency and accuracy.
- Schedule observations at appropriate times to capture relevant behaviors.
- Use tools like rubrics or checklists for structured observation.
- Take notes during observation to document findings and provide feedback.
- Organize and review observations, then discuss results with participants.
Uses of Direct Observation in the Classroom
- Assess whether students can perform specific skills or tasks during activities.
- Provide peer-to-peer feedback in group settings.
- Model appropriate behaviors and skills for students.
- Evaluate teacher performance through observation and note-taking.
- Address and analyze student behavior, including identifying causes of misbehavior.
- Commonly applied in practical or performance-based subjects like languages, music, or physical education.
Examples of Direct Observation
- Language teachers observe students during conversations to note language use and provide improvement feedback.
- Counselors observe students with behavioral issues to identify causes and develop intervention plans.
- Teachers use rubrics during science labs to assess processes, safety, and following instructions.
Grading and Feedback
- Direct observation is used both for grading (with rubrics) and for ungraded feedback to support skill development.
- Allows teachers to identify specific areas for student improvement.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Direct Observation — Collecting data by watching or listening to participants in real time.
- Formal Assessment — Structured evaluation with set criteria and grading.
- Informal Assessment — Unstructured evaluation focused on process and feedback, not grading.
- Rubric — A scoring tool outlining criteria for assessment.
- Observation Assessment — Using observation to evaluate performance, behavior, or processes.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review materials on other assessment methods for comparison.
- Practice designing a rubric or checklist for a classroom observation scenario.
- Observe a peer or student using the outlined direct observation steps and record findings.