Overview
This lecture covers the historical evolution of nursing, educational pathways and licensure, key figures in nursing history, the importance of professionalism, and current trends in nursing practice.
History of Nursing
- Early nursing was provided by family and priests, focused on spiritual and familial care.
- Women gained roles in healthcare through midwifery studies in Salerno, Italy.
- Convents trained caregivers and integrated religious service with healthcare.
- Deaconesses were early public health nurses, marking professional nursing beginnings.
- The first formal nursing school was founded in 1836 in Kaiserworth, Germany.
- Florence Nightingale established the Nightingale School of Nursing in 1860, emphasizing training and sanitation.
- The Nurses Associated Alumnae of the U.S. formed in 1897 to standardize nursing and protect patient safety.
- States began requiring nurse licensure in the early 20th century.
Influential Figures in Nursing
- Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross and led disaster relief efforts.
- Dorothea Dix advocated for improved mental health care in the U.S.
- Mary Mahoney was the first African American nurse in the U.S., promoting diversity.
- Isabel Hampton Robb pushed for nursing reform and licensure exams.
Nursing Education and Licensure
- LPN/LVN programs last 9 months to 2 years; require the NCLEX-PN exam.
- ADN programs require 2 years; lead to RN licensure via NCLEX-RN.
- Diploma programs are hospital-based and culminate with the NCLEX-RN.
- BSN programs are 4-year degrees with broader practice readiness.
- The Nurse Practice Act defines nursing roles and scope for each state.
- Nurses must follow their state’s Nurse Practice Act to ensure safe, legal practice.
Professionalism and Career Advancement
- Essential nursing traits: caring, honesty, responsibility, organization, and critical thinking.
- Dr. Jean Watson’s theory emphasizes individualized, caring patient care.
- Professionalism involves appearance, behavior, communication, and ethical practice.
- Unprofessional conduct, such as drug diversion, can lead to disciplinary action.
- Career advancement is achieved through further education, specialization, and participation in professional organizations.
- Evidence-based practice and continuous learning are vital for adapting to healthcare changes.
Theories and Trends in Nursing
- Nursing theories provide structure for understanding nurse–patient relationships and care delivery.
- QSEN promotes knowledge, skills, and attitudes in patient-centered care, teamwork, and safety.
- Ongoing professional development is necessary to maintain high-quality nursing care.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Deaconess — Early public health nurse, typically providing care on behalf of a religious community.
- Nurse Practice Act — State laws that define the scope, responsibilities, and limitations of nursing practice.
- NCLEX-PN/NCLEX-RN — National licensure exams for practical/vocational nurses and registered nurses.
- QSEN — Initiative to promote quality and safety education for nurses.
- Evidence-based practice — Use of current research to inform clinical decision-making.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review the history and roles of key nursing figures.
- Study distinctions among LPN/LVN, ADN, Diploma, and BSN pathways.
- Read state Nurse Practice Act for your jurisdiction.
- Explore current trends like QSEN and evidence-based practice for continued learning.