All right, hey gang, so today and in this video, it's time to review for your final exam, believe it or not. I told you it's a really short semester and it was going to just fly by and it seems like I just said that yesterday, but here we are ready for the final. So let's review here real quick.
Just make sure by the end of this week you are completing all assignments. Go look at the grade book if you're missing anything. Send me an email, give me a reason, a good...
a made-up excuse. It really doesn't matter. Just be creative and then turn it in, okay? Actually, do it in reverse order.
Turn it in, do the project, and then send an email and say, hey, will you accept it? But after the end of the week, the semester is over, so I cannot accept any late work. So just make sure you're getting everything in because you've been working hard for the last few weeks and you want to make sure that you finish up, okay? So let's talk about the midterm.
The midterm is almost identical. I'm sorry, the final exam is almost identical to the midterm exam, meaning that you're going to take the exam on Canvas. You get 100 minutes to take the exam.
I did notice on the midterm, even though I warned you, some people ran out of time for the last couple questions, especially the short answer questions. And I can only assume, since you had 100 minutes, that you were trying to find the answers online or do the research during the exam. You want to do all of your studying before the final, so you don't run out of time.
There it's multiple choice. There is short answer questions at the end just like the midterm. Okay, so just make sure you're studying for the final. It's a little different than the midterm in what I would be studying.
The midterm it was a lot about terminology. The final I would study more about the art movements. You don't need to know the exact date that the art movement started and ended but you should at least know the century in which the art movement was in.
For example, Impressionism was in the 1800s, which is the 19th century. And I would know the art movements in sequential order. Okay, that you have the Classical period, then you have the Middle Ages, then you have the Renaissance, then you have Baroque, Rococo. And so if you look at the study guide, it has all the art movements in sequential order. And then I would also know a couple of the artists that we highlighted during those movements.
and styles that they were known for or techniques and how they had a relationship with those art movements. Like Impressionism, some artists were Renoir and Monet. Some of the aspects that the Impressionists dealt with was light and color.
They painted leisurely activities. Okay, so things like that, okay, as you go over and study for the final. All right, so let's review the final exam covers chapters 11 through 22 minus the chapters on non-western art, okay, which are 18, 19, and 20. So study 11 through 17 and then chapters 21 and 22, okay?
I'll give you a little hint as you're going through and studying. I'd have an understanding of sculpture, especially the four sculpture techniques. modeling, casting, assembling, and carving.
Know which one is an additive process. Know which one is a subtractive process. Anyone know that? Yep, the additive process is modeling and assembling, and then a subtractive process is carving.
Casting is kind of a unique one. Craft, I wouldn't, I'd only know the materials on that. I wouldn't spend too much of your time studying craft or arts and rituals of daily life.
We talked about those. during the slide presentation video, there's not going to be too much you're going to be testing on that. And then architecture, know a little bit of that, especially the architectural structures and the processes.
But then I'd really start focusing on chapters 14, 15, 16, 17, when we get into the art movements. So know that modeling is an additive process. Terracotta is that fired clay, right? Just ceramics or baked earth is what terracotta actually means.
We talked about ceramics. We talked about the casting technique. This is kind of a unique technique that's similar to printmaking, that it allows you to make duplicates within sculpture. The additive process is just putting materials together, either welding them together like here in David Smith's or attaching them in some way or literally just placing them in the same area together.
We talked about carving as the subtractive process. That's where you start with the material, right? And then you take away from that material to create the sculpture. That's why they call it the subtractive process.
We talked extensively about Michelangelo and his dying slaves. If you see these in person, they're absolutely fascinating because you can see the stone that Michelangelo would have saw, and then he could visualize the figure within the stone, and he would get rid of the materials that have nothing to do with the figure itself to sort of relieve the figure from the stone. They're really, really cool sculptures. We talked about Michelangelo's David.
What was so important about this piece? Yeah, he carved it out of one stone. Okay, normally if someone was making a sculpture of this size, they would have assembled it. They would have made the torso, the arms, the head separate, and then they would have cemented them together.
But this, they had this very big yet thin stone that he was actually able to carve this whole thing without like a finger falling off or a toe falling off or something like that. We talked about the different types of sculpture that you have in the round, that sculpture that you can get all the way around. My son and I... about a month ago went up to Stanford.
They were a little, the College World Series was happening and we wanted to go out there and see if Stanford was gonna get in. And they have, I didn't know this, they have a huge Rodin sculpture garden. So they have this piece and they have a whole bunch of Rodins up there at Stanford.
So next time you're up there, check it out. It's really cool to see all of these sculptures. It's this outdoor, beautiful sculpture garden.
But in the round is when you get all the way around the pieces of sculpture. To where relief sculpture is sculpture that comes off a wall. You have high relief, that's sculpture that comes really far off a wall, or low relief is kind of like etching in a coin.
We talked about minimalism within sculpture. Remember that the two things that minimalist sculptors really focused on is material and audience interaction. Okay, they wanted to highlight the material and not turn it into something else.
And they wanted to really focus on how we interact with this material. This one we talked about, you could tell the photographer, his eye level line is this high. Because if you're that tall, you can see the bottom of all these, the top of all these. And this one, you don't see the top or bottom.
So we all have a different relationship to the sculpture depending on our height. And minimalism, it's simple. Okay, let's not overthink this stuff. Okay, very, very simple.
style of sculpture. Installation art, this is a sculpture that creates an interactive space like within Van Flavin's fluorescent sculptures that he created, these sort of environments in this installation art. Andy Goldsworthy, this was an earthwork.
Okay, remember an earthwork is sort of a collaboration between the artist and the environment. Okay, he's out creating using this natural environment to create these pieces Those of you that are hikers you probably see a lot of people who are kerning talked about that the stone stacking, right? That's kind of an earthwork style of art using the environment. Who's this guy?
Yeah, Jeff Koons the sort of salesman of the art world. We talked about him and his Sculptures and his banality series and went into great depth of the type of work that he does he makes You know, kind of art that's eye candy, you know, stuff that's bright colors, flashy, shiny, something that someone wants, like a car, like a shiny car. Talked about Banksy, wants to put a muzzle on him because of, basically because his artwork fetches a lot of money, and he thinks he's sort of selling out the art world in a way.
Jeff Koons doesn't care, right? He's going straight to the bank and not worrying too much about Banksy and the other critics who say that he sells his artwork for Too much money. I don't think it really Bothers him too much.
He's selling these balloon animals for a lot of money And so we talked about craft like I said with craft. I wouldn't really Spend too much time on it. I would just know the different materials talked about ceramics is usually associated with craft We talked about glass, another material quite often associated with craft, both stained glass and then fabrics.
OK, these are materials that artists and then we talked about the artists like Faith Ringgold and Dali Chihuly that have brought craft into a fine art world. Architecture, like I said, I'd really focus on the architectural structures. Know this guy, though.
Who's this guy? who did these little sketches looks like sketches on a napkin and then people will actually make the sculpture or I'm sorry the buildings. This is Frank Gehry and this is the Disney concert hall. One of the big things that an architect different than a fine artist they have to be either part engineer or they need to hire engineers.
to work on their structures because architects have to deal with this relationship between weight and tensile strength. Weight is the actual physical weight of the material. Tensile strength is kind of like the rigidity of those different materials.
So like I said, the different architectural systems are stacking and piling, is load-bearing construction, post and lintel systems, like the Greek orders, okay, they have columns and then The Cornus, Architrave, and Frese, it goes across. Know your three Greek orders, the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Remember, you can tell the difference by the capitals. Okay, Doric is just a cup, Ionic is ram's horns, and then Corinthian has some sort of foilage. This is the whole Greek order, but like I said, if you're not going to be an architecture major, I wouldn't memorize all these.
Just know the post are the columns and then the lintel is the entablature that goes across the posts and know the three different types of Greek orders. We have the round arch which can create a barrel vault or a groin vault. Like the pont du garde is a round arch that was built during the Roman periods. And then you have the pointed arch okay that goes into a point in the middle which allowed people to get taller. The dome is another architectural system that we talked about.
One of the famous domes in early Roman period was the Pantheon. Anyone remember what the hole in the top of the Pantheon is called? Yeah, that's the oculus, okay, the eye of the Pantheon, the eye of the gods.
And then the balloon frame construction, this is your modern architectural system. I'm sure the home that you live in was built with... balloon frame construction. If you live in a high-rise then you're probably dealing with a steel frame construction. Very similar to balloon frame but instead of wood they use steel beams for that one.
And then we talked about Frank Lloyd Wright, a contemporary, I'm sorry a 20th century architect that dealt with the prairie style where everything kind of looked like it was really wide and short. And then this is where I'd really start a lot of your studying. Know the different art movements. Know this piece. Okay, this is one of the oldest pieces that we have access to today.
This isn't the very first sculpture ever made. Of course we wouldn't know what that is or if it even exists or if it's buried somewhere, but this is one of the oldest pieces that we have access to. This is Venus de Willendorf. Do you remember what the reasoning that we theorized it was sculpted for?
Yep, this is an amulet that a woman would have carried around with her for pregnancy, okay, because this is a fertility figure, because obviously the parts of the female body that have the most focus on are parts that deal with giving birth and nurturing a child. So it's a very, very small sculpture. This gave us the idea that it was made during, it was carried with them and traveled over a great distance because the stone in which it was sculpted was not from the area in which it was found.
Okay, so this helps us give different theories. Okay, of course, these are just theories. We have no idea the actual fact of why this thing was created.
These are just theories. So a lot of the art that we do have access to today was preserved because it was around the Mediterranean. Okay, because of that environment we talked about. We talked about two stone ages.
Know the two stone ages. Paleolithic is old stone age. People were nomadic. They moved for food, shelter, and clothing.
And then Neolithic is the new stone age. This is when people kind of stayed put. They farmed. They utilized tools, domesticated animals. There's, like I said, such minimal art that we have access to today that's ever been created in human existence.
And for art to survive, there's a couple reasons. We talked about the material it's made out of, can it last the test of time, the environment in which this thing was left, okay. This one actually fell off a ship, remember? So the culture, okay, this piece probably would have been melted down during war times for weaponry, but because it fell off into the ocean, it was preserved at the bottom of the ocean.
So the place in which it was... placed. Early civilizations.
What are these two early civilizations? Of course, this one's Egyptian, and this one over here is Mesopotamian. Okay, Mesopotamian art, the two things the culture and the art focused on was war and religion.
It was in a very fertile environment between the Tigris and the Euphrates and there was lots of wars. The Mesopotamian is just one part of many, many cultures that happened during that time. And they kept getting sort of turned over because of these different wars that kept happening in these different battles between all the different variety of cultures within the Mesopotamian.
And then religion, this is a non-zigarot where a priest would go to the top to feel that they were closer to their gods. And then the Egyptian culture, one of the very fascinating things about the Egyptian culture is that the art and politics and culture remained the same for almost 3,000 years. They believed that you could take it with you, meaning that when you die, you were... Buried in a tomb and you could be buried there with all of your goods and your riches even your slaves We talked about could be buried down there with you Unfortunately, they were alive when you were dead And then this is the great Sphinx that would have protected one of the tombs of the Pharaohs Okay, remember the Pharaohs were the kings of Egypt And they were considered to be sort of demi gods or half human half God And they were all descendants from the Sun God Ra Okay, so stylized artwork for nearly 3,000 years until this woman comes along and her husband, the King Akhenaten.
Her name was Queen Nefertiti. This is that 17 years little blip in history where Egyptian culture and art changed. Things became more naturalistic. They were monotheistic, belief in one God. But then after those 17 years, everything went back.
This is Akhenaten. He was born Amenhotep I. During his rule he changed his name to Akhenaten. There's different theories, some fascinating sort of soap opera theories around these two people. One believed that maybe they were both the same, that Nefertiti sort of got rid of her husband, then she sort of portrayed the king and changed the name to Akhenaten, and all these great theories.
Other theories is that he had Marfan syndrome or Gigantism. That's why he has this sort of body type that he had. But we do know that their son was this ruler.
Do you remember his name? Of course, King Tut is Tutankhamun. Tutankhamun was one of the most famous pharaohs throughout history, and it has nothing to do with his power or his wealth.
how long he ruled, but because his tomb was discovered fully intact. This is the actual burial mask of Tutankhamun that is made out of gold. That's sort of a reference to the sun god Ra. But his tomb was discovered intact in 1922. It was discovered by Edward Hart, and instead of leaving the tomb where it would be, we talked about, of course, he dug it up and traveled it.
all around the world and you could go to a museum where it's traveling. Eventually it's supposed to end at the Cairo Museum, but because of politics and financial reasons, they're having real problems finalizing that museum. It hasn't, it's been sort of in the works for a very, very long time. And then we talked about the mummy's curse, okay, those people that help excavate the mummy 11 of them died lord carvenon he was the money that funded the whole thing he died being bit on the cheek by a bug and then when they unwrapped tootin common they found a wound on the same cheek that carvenon was bit and so all these theories came out but i don't want to debunk any fantastic curse but it was probably there's a lot of bacteria that's been locked in that tomb for a long time and when you unearth it your body is exposed to bacteria that it's never been exposed to.
So that's that's the science theory, but let's say it's a curse. I like the curse theory. We talked about the Classical Period.
What are the two cultures of the Classical Period? They are the Greeks and the Romans in that order. This is the Corot sculpture that was built by the Greeks. They were fascinated by the human body, especially the idealized human body.
So sculpted into stone of this very, very muscular figure. Techni is the Greek word for art. Okay, so know that.
We talked about during the Greek era how they just used technology and art, and they were able to, you know, very... make these very naturalistic sculptures by really, really studying the human body. We talked about not to be ashamed of the nude, to really highlight every part of the human body.
He's got enough time to do his hair, but not enough time to put any clothes on. Acropolis in Greece, this is where all the great scientists and mathematicians sort of came together. The Parthenon in Greece, we talked extensively about this one. Okay, so re-look at that and all the different parts of the Pathanon built within the rule of thirds or the golden mean, the entablature, and then the Greek orders again.
Hellenistic period, the very first art movement, art movement that was all about movement. Okay, the flow of the human body and the fabric. I'm sorry, the flow of the fabric that is wrapped around the human body.
We talked about the importance of the knees in this one, right? Leokun group know this sculpture. This is from the Hellenistic period. It really showed movement. A big thing about this sculpture, this sculpture that we're looking at here was built by the Romans, but it was originally cast bronze by the Greek.
When the Romans took over, they remade it in marble and then they melted down the bronze. And so it kind of highlights how the Romans sort of taken over for the Greeks. This is a priest who's being attacked by these serpents with his two sons.
So you can see what happened during the classical period, right? Their amazing study of the human body and how to sculpt it. Parthenon again, the Colosseum.
This is where the Romans would have gladiators fight to the death. We talked about this structure. And then the formation of Europe. Really, a lot of it revolves around the fall of the Roman Empire that happened around this time.
Constantine the Grant was a Roman Empire that declared tolerance for all religions. Christians during this time were in hiding and they were able to come out and we get sort of the formation of what happens in Europe. This time period is also known as the Middle Ages, which is in the middle between the Classical period, great minds of the Classical period, and the Renaissance.
And so it's kind of a dormant period. A lot of the Christians felt that they had angered God. They were asking too many questions.
A lot of this has to do with the plague that was happening in Europe. Also, these barbarians from the north were attacking a lot of these European countries and places. And so they thought God was angry.
And so they stopped really studying the human body and asking so many questions. You get three major religions that rise around Europe during this time. They are Christianity, they are Islam, and they are Judaism. So they all start revolving around the Mediterranean and around Europe. We talked about Judaism, I'm sorry, Islam.
A lot of their art revolved around their religion, including their architecture. We talked about the Byzantine Empire that started to arise because of the Emperor Justinine that took the Byzantine Empire all throughout this area. Byzantine is like a Christian-Roman kind of mix.
A lot of Byzantine art is, like I said, of Roman descendants. It's very flat, abstract, and it's a religion about something that is there, not here. If they were to create naturalistic images of their religious figures, it would have been considered sort of sacrilegious.
So you have these more abstract type of figures of Venus and his apostles and images like this. We talked about a lot of churches start to spring up during this time. This is the Old St. Peter's that is currently the New St. Peter's in the Vatican, which is within Rome.
Very large churches started to spring up. We talked about the Chartres Cathedral. Most of these churches were built within the crucifix.
The floor plan was built within the crucifix. One, it's a symbol of the Christian faith, and number two, it was able to handle communal worship, where a lot of people could come and worship within this place. Why I laugh is this church is fascinating because it shows us both the Romanesque and the Gothic. style of art at the time. They started building it in the Romanesque style.
Before they finished, Gothic became the new sort of in vogue architectural style. And so instead of finishing it all in Romanesque, they just moved over and did the Gothic. And it's a real sort of gaudy amalgam of the two different styles in one facade.
So here's Romanesque sculpture. And then most importantly in the Middle Ages is the two artists that at the end of the Middle Ages start to ask questions that the Renaissance artists are going to answer. They are Duccio and Giotto. Okay, so Duccio and Giotto.
One of the big things that they do is they start to create a more naturalistic type of space. Okay, when we get to the Renaissance, they're going to believe a belief in... all these stories in the Christian Bible, they all happened here on earth.
So it's more of a belief in something that's here, not there. And so they can start painting more of a naturalistic style in the Renaissance. So here's sort of an ancient timeline as we get into the Renaissance. Like I said, don't really memorize too many dates.
Don't cloud your brain. There's only three dates you need to know this semester. 1888, Kodak camera. High Renaissance, 1500 to 1525. and then when the Louvre was open.
Remember that one? Yeah, 1793. That's the hardest one. But these are some of the dates, or these different art movements.
Know the sequential order, and at least know the century. So the Renaissance means rebirth. So it's a rebirth of ideas of the classical period. The nude is back, a study of the human body.
It wouldn't be considered sacrilegious during the Renaissance to make a painting of Adam by studying the human body and making it as naturalistic as possible because God created man. So it would be something that he would be proud of. He also created man in his own likeness.
So you can create God with a human style body. But of course, it's like the classical period where these are idealized figures. I joke that they both work out at the same gym.
These are very powerful sort of idealized bodies. Georgie Ovasari, that's our man. Without him, we have no class. He writes this book during the Renaissance, The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects. He highlights the visual elements, and he starts talking about all these artists that we talked about, all the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, right?
So Donatello, he starts making sculpture while looking at sculpture during the classical period and not looking at sculpture during the Middle Ages. Okay, one of the highlights are knees or back, right? He's looking at drapery that's wrapped around the human body.
Okay, so these are these magical figures that the body does not affect the clothing at all. And perspective is really big at this time, sort of the angle in which you view these figures. We talked about the different David. The nude is back.
You know, this is more of a young boy style of David, where this is a very big, powerful style of David. The difference in materials, the difference in the part of the story in which it was told. So all the differences between these two figures.
Linear perspective, one-point perspective, like in Masaccio's, becomes really big. It is believed that it was discovered during the Renaissance. A lot of this linear perspective is off-perspective of the human eye, which the Parthenon was built.
So again, referring back to the classical period. So we talked quite extensively about one-point perspective. The churches built during the Renaissance is the same floor plan.
that was invented in the Middle Ages for the same reasons. Again, a look back to the Classical period. This is a story from Greek mythology by Sandro Botticelli. He would have hung out with de'Medici, and they talked about something called humanism, a cultural movement that turned away from the Middle Ages and revived interest in Greek and Roman thought, or the Classical period. That's what humanism is all about.
I didn't talk too much about this in the video, but actually stretch canvas becomes common during the 16th century. Botticelli's painting is on stretch canvas. Before that, it would have been usually fresco paintings or painting on wood panels.
So the High Renaissance, just know this date, 1500 to 1525. A couple artists of the High Renaissance, Leonardo, Raphael, and of course Michelangelo. We talked about his Pietà. He's the only piece that he ever signed that I've upset people.
And of course, he did the sealing of the Sistine Chapel. The two themes of the sealing of the Sistine Chapel are Greek mythology and Christian theology. He kind of combines the two of those together.
He's got these sibyls. Five sibyls are depicted. And these were prophetic women who...
were from the classical period and um They prophesize the birth of Christ. So that's how he combines the two, which is humanism, right? Christian theology and Greek and Roman mythology. We talked about all the different little symbols that he has in the Sistine Chapel. Then he's forced to do the back wall of the Sistine Chapel, which obviously he wasn't too happy about.
So he put these little, what do they call them in movies? Easter eggs, isn't that what they call them? Those little things that are kind of hidden within the painting.
There's a couple of them, he put his own sort of likeness in Saint Bartholomew's flayed skin. Renaissance artists in the north is very different than the Italian Renaissance. They have a mastery of material, but they don't have an understanding of linear perspective yet.
So we talked quite extensively about Van Eyck and his painting, amazing painting with materials. He rumored to has invented this layer glazing of oil paint. And then this man, Albert Durer, was a printmaker who traveled from Northern Europe to Italy. He discovered what they had discovered earlier of linear perspective.
He wrote a book, and he brought that back to the North. So once the North has both an understanding of materials and linear perspective, we see some of the great paintings throughout history. Know this piece. This is from the little blip in history at the end of the...
Late Renaissance, which is called Mannerism. I always say these artists have very bad manners. Okay, these are, they're trying to shake things up a little bit, both with perspective and with content.
Here's another one from the Mannerist period. The High Renaissance leads us into the Late Renaissance. Titian starts in the High Renaissance.
He becomes a big artist of the Late Renaissance, and during the Late Renaissance, they start utilizing techniques. that are going to influence artists of the Baroque period. So we talked about Titian and Tintoretto, Last Supper, this is more of an environment that you would actually be in instead of like Leonardo's. Here's another one that I didn't show before but Tintoretto, his painting of the Last Supper, he tried to create an environment that would have been natural to the time, which is very different than Michelangelo's where everything's, everyone's on one side of the table and kind of present it. Age of Kings, we're going to see a power shift.
The power during the Renaissance is with the church. Now it's going to eventually go to the monarchy. The two art movements that are big during the Age of Kings are Baroque art and Rococo art. Baroque has energy, emotion, vivid colors, high contrast, and ornamentation. Every part of the church would be decorated.
We talked about Renaissance artists were painters, sculptors, and architects. Baroque artists would do it all on the same piece. Like this piece in Santa Maria Della Vittoria.
This is the Ecstasy of Saint Teresa and you can see the energy and motion and movement in this one. Like this great sculpture of David by Bernini is very different than the Column of Reason sculpture by Michelangelo. Lots more movement, lots more energy in Baroque art. I know these two artists Caravaggio and Peter Pablo Rubens, two painters of the Baroque period. So you can see the high contrast, the vivid colors showing off a little bit.
We talked about this one the angels kind of move around because Giotto wanted to show the different angles of the angels. Same thing would be of Caravaggio have this angle of this angel here. We talked about this high contrast, one direct light source that these artists would use. in very saturated colors. All the great stories about Caravaggio, including the guy he murdered and was forced to flee Rome and then tried to ask for a papal pardon to get back.
Rubens, same thing. Difference between Rubens and Caravaggio. Caravaggio would have studied the human body. Rubens is just kind of making up muscle structures, kind of over-exaggerating these figures. Artemisia Genovese, finally a female artist that we're talking about.
during this time period, but unfortunately all the problems she had to deal with to become a known artist. Baroque art starts traveling throughout Europe. You have Baroque art in Spain with Diego Velasquez.
Who's this guy? Yeah, that's Rembrandt. Okay, Baroque art in the Netherlands, also known as bourgeois art.
We talked about this piece, and that's supposed to be his wife after she has passed. This is the piece that was stabbed. Someone came much, much later when I was hanging in the museum and stabbed it and they had to refurbish the painting. And then Rococo art, more pastel colors, more playful and lighthearted and created for personal spaces rather than giant palaces and churches like in Baroque art. It's a real frivolous time period that happened within the art that was very short-lived.
This Progress of Love series was commissioned by Madame du Barry and then rejected for not being in vogue enough, which brings us to neoclassicism. Neoclassicism is get back. sort of the classical period within art, within Oath of Horatii.
This is during the French Revolution. We talked about this. Know this painting, the Death of Marat. He was one of the revolutionaries. They won and then he sent a bunch of people to the guillotine.
So Death of Marat. Marat's in the tub and David is the artist who made the painting. So if you see this down at the bottom and it says Marat and David, Marat's the guy in the tub. David is the painter. Also known, the neoclassical period, also known as the academic period.
Themes of importance are history, portraiture, genre, still life, landscape, in that order. Okay, if you wanted to show during this time period, you would have went to an academy, you would have studied art, then you would have tried to show at the salon. If you were accepted the salon, fame and fortune came your way.
If you were not accepted the salon, you would go back, study some more, work harder, and try to show next year. And then the modern world comes along. Three revolutions that sparked modern art, or the modern revolution, are the French Revolution we already talked about, the second one would be the American Revolution, and then the third one would be the Industrial Revolution. Remember, modern art is to create something new, okay? So we start to see a change in the art world.
The Industrial Revolution brings us the Louvre Museum. Know that the Louvre was built in 1793, and now you have all this art in one place, okay? This is the Louvre Museum today.
It is currently the largest and it was the very first art museum ever. So we talked about the modern world. There's kind of like two sides.
You have the Age of Enlightenment that focuses around science, industrial revolution, things like that, man over nature. And then you have romanticism, which is about nature and rebellion and heroism and everything that deals with all the movies that we see. Right. Either.
You either fall in love or I don't need anything at all, right? It's either love or nothing or that kind of thing. All started with flaneur. This is a French term for a guy who strolls around aimlessly but just enjoys observing life, right?
Flies by the seat of their pants. This is the Van Gogh, right, in the art world. Realism is one of the first movements during the modern era. Realism is not realistic in... naturalism of the painting, but more of a realist subject matter.
We talk quite extensively about this artist in his studio and his different influences. Know this painting. Know this one.
This is Edward Monet's La Duchesse et l'Anse aux Herbes. The two things that upset people about this painting is the nude, as she looks back at us defiantly, and his use of perspective and proportion is all off. He doesn't really care.
This is one of the paintings that is theorized to spark modern art He makes this painting because he paints what I see not what others like to see so he's not making paintings for people these rich aristocrats at the salon to be accepted. He's painting his own way and his own style This painting was rejected from the salon It was denied for the salon. And what he does, instead of going back to his studio, feeling bad, trying to make a painting for everyone else, he goes across the street and he starts showing at the salon de refusé.
Okay. And that's a modern idea to create something new, not to make art for you, but to make art for himself. The next thing that year, he paints Olympia. Okay. And so now he's painting a courtesan to try to rub it in the aristocrat's faces.
This is a painting that's within the same style of we've seen these Venus figures throughout history But his is a courtesan and looks back at us defiantly right very modern idea. The realists especially Monet inspires the Impressionists, okay, so we talked extensively about the Impressionists Impressionists like to paint outdoors. They painted leisurely activities One of the reasons they're able to paint outdoors is because paint is available in tubes They wanted to make paintings that gave an impression of what it was like to be there.
So we can smell the saltwater air, we can hear the boats sort of banging off one another, we give a feeling of what it would like be like to be there. Just like Monet's Impression Sunrise, this is the painting that a critic stumbled upon and said, ah, that's not a realistic painting. Just like Monet's Impression Sunrise, these guys are just a bunch of impressionists, right?
But they took it on as a badge of honor and said, yeah, that's exactly what we're trying to do. We are impressionists. We're trying to create a feeling of that environment. And this one, I could really feel sort of the warmth in that saltwater air. The two...
visual elements they focus on was light and color and how light and color sort of bounced over forms and then of course leisurely activities Monet this is Renoir we talked about him in his older age who's this guy impressionist painter used pastels dancers and nudes getting in and out of tubs and bathing yep that's Degas another impressionist Monet's water lilies this is his backyard right so none of these big overdramatic scenes of a father handing his son swords and go off into battle. This is just leisurely activities, enjoying an afternoon at the garden. Monet didn't just paint haystacks, he paints them at different times of day, different days of the year, so we get these different types of colors.
They're inspired by Japanese art and that sort of flatness of space where everything comes to the front, especially artists like Toulouse-Lautrec. Okay, so these influence on Japanese art to these artists. The Moulin Rouge where Toulouse-Lautrec liked to paint, sort of these, and create a feeling of what it would like to be there being drunk in this bar with all these people. He was, Toulouse-Lautrec was born with birth defects because his parents were related, two royal families sort of trying to keep that blue blood.
And then Post-Impressionists, know the four artists of the Post-Impressionists. First one here, Seurat. Second one, Gauguin. Talked about influence of cameras on painting, okay, the relationship between painting and photography.
And then Van Gogh, another post-impressionist. And our last one is Cezanne, okay? Cezanne, the four post-impressionists started to use techniques that would inspire modern artists. Cezanne would break his highlight mid-tones and shadows up into geometric forms that would inspire the cubists.
So post-impressionists, Seurat, Gauguin, Van Gogh, and Cezanne. Expressionism, know this painting. Expressionism, very different than impressionism, don't want to give a feeling of what it's like to be there, but an inner expression of either the artist or the subject matter depicted.
Edward Munch's scream, he's so upset what's happening in Europe at the time that he just wants to scream so loud that it distorts himself and the environment around him. Expressionism is an umbrella term where we get sort of the fauvist, blue rider, depending on different areas. Know the fauvist means wild beast expressionism in France. Kandinsky experienced synthesisia.
Synthesisia is when he would hear sounds and see visuals, and he created those visuals, non-representational art. And then cubism. Two things that cubism was about was geometric form.
and this idea of memory. I made up the story about me hanging out with my friend, right, and all these memories around the artwork. There was an African show that came through Europe in 1900 and a lot of artists were inspired by those African masks and that style of art like Pablo Picasso in his Les Demoiselles des Avignon or the Ladies of the Street and shows this one he shows the beautiful and the ugly side of the world's oldest profession. and then does it in a Cubist style, and the fruit is a nod to Cezanne, right, who used to do fruit in that modern era. Avant-garde, that's another name for the artist.
It's a military term that these are artists that are experimental or radical, the first often to battle. He did not invent Cubism, but Picasso did invent collage, right, collage type of art. We talked about Modrian, his influence, the elongated necks, and the...
over-exaggeration of certain figures of the female body, which was inspired by that show of African art. Marcel Duchamp, know this one, right? Nude descending a staircase.
Everyone looks at this painting and says, oh, Marcel, that's it. That's what modern art's all about. You're breaking it down in geometric forms, gives the sense of movement on a static painting, and then he says, ah, painting's dead, right?
Marcel Duchamp's part of an art movement known as Dada, okay? Dada was against everything. Right? Art, religion. even written word, everything, right?
They were rebelling against everything. He sort of defaces the symbol of Western art within the Mona Lisa. He starts making ready maids.
Remember, ready maids are sculptures that he says are already made. He just put them on display and called them art, like his fountain. He dresses up as Ron Salvador, as his alter ego, and people, everything he would do was like the Duchampian touch, not like the Midas touch, doesn't turn to gold, it turns to art. So he'd start dressing up as a lark, just, you know, play games.
Oh, the artist can be the art, right? Performance art. Dada leads into surrealism. A lot of the inspiration came from their dreams. Lots of reading of Sigmund Freud.
Who's this artist? Yeah, this is Salvador Dali. Okay, Salvador Dali. He says he remembered his own birth.
And so this is a painting of his birth. Salvador Dali says that... Surrealism is not only an art but it also carries into your everyday. Automatism is a surrealist effect where you would sort of make a mark and then turn it into something. And then the European modernist, this is really sort of flat solid colors and shapes in art.
They get known as the European modernist because the art world is about to move. It is currently in Paris and now it's going to go to the America. and why does it move? Oh, let's talk about this one first. This is Modrian's, know this one, the Distill period.
Modernism is about vertical lines, horizontal lines, and primary colors. He's breaking it down into the simplest sort of meditative form. Arshile Gorky, he's going to inspire a lot of these American artists. He does go to America where you put, make paintings and sort of dig away at it.
Abstract expressionists are going to love that. But like I said, a lot of these European modernists get forced to America. And why is that? Yeah, because of Hitler and the Nazis. Hitler was an art student.
He failed as an artist. And so he really focused on modern art, right? And in a very, very negative way. A lot of people's lives were literally taken and destroyed and artwork was looted.
He had the Degenerate Art Show to try to show Germans what bad art looked like. And instead, you know, lots of people flocked to it. The Nazis would loot art.
The Louvre got rid of all their art before the Nazis got there, so they came into an empty museum so they were able to save all their art. And if you didn't watch this video on Ernst Kirchner, it's remarkably horrible what these people experienced because of the Nazis. This is kind of a one-handed or an example of what one person went through firsthand, not one-handed, firsthand experience. So as we get into the difference between modern and postmodern, modern is to create something new, postmodern is to be inspired.
When the Europeans came to America, the American regionalists were here. Artists like Georgie O'Keefe, Edward Hopper, and Grant Wood, and the European modernists came, and Thomas Hart Benton, and we get the abstract expressionists. Who's this, excuse me, who's this artist here?
Yeah, Jackson Pollock, the abstract expressionist. He would do these action paintings. So abstract expressionism is a modern art movement in America That's a combination of Americans and Europeans sort of coming together artists like Jackson Pollock The art collectors at the time were Peggy Guggenheim. The art critic was Clem Greenberg. His nickname was Clem His big saying was paint about paint.
Okay abstract expressionism was paint about paint. Don't turn it into anything else It's what you could do with paint. Willendorf de Koons is a European artist living in America and one of the abstract expressionists who did Women Won.
We talked about this one. Became so popular because everyone hated it so much. This is, oh geez, I just went blank.
I'm saying Frank Klein. I always had Yves Klein stuck in my head, but no, this is Frank Klein. That it's about the movement. the artist, right?
And what paint can do. You can make squares and you can make lines. Paint about paint, not turning it into something else.
Which led to the color field artist, like abstract expressionism, but just for flat uses of color, where you go and just sort of meditate to this style of art. Leads us into minimalism, okay? After abstract expressionism we get a split, we go to minimalism, and we go to pop art. Okay, minimalism, again, just like the minimalist sculptors, focused on material and audience interaction. He would paint these and tape them off just like you would paint a house.
Tony DeLapp, that's our local minimalist artist. which is very similar to minimalist sculpture. Neo-Dada is an early post-modern art movement. Modern art creates something new.
Post-modern art to appropriate imagery or technique from the past from modern art. So if you see a modern art movement like Dada with a neo or post in front of it, you're probably in a post-modern art movement. Pop art is another early post-modern art. Because you're appropriating or stealing images from popular culture, right?
Jasper Koons like targets and symbols. And then who's this artist that painted soup cans? He had one for lunch every day and he said, art is all around us. Yeah, this is Andy Warhol.
So you're stealing imagery from popular culture. That's postmodern. So Andy Warhol made those.
Lichtenstein is another pop artist. He's stealing imagery from comic books and what have you. So postmodern art appropriating imagery, concepts, or styles from modern art or the modern world. Just like She Levine's postmodern interpretation of Marcel Duchamp's Fountain, she casts it in bronze.
She said this is a very important event. If you are talking, if you zoned out, zone back in. If you are taking the exam and you are asked a question about postmodern art, okay, that is art. after 1970. Okay, postmodern art, think around this time, 1990s, 2000s, even today, 2020, that's postmodern. Okay, postmodern is nothing before 1970. So this one by Rodin English, right, he's copying basically, or appropriating, Picasso's Guernica, but turning it into his own, making it his own by using these little comic sort of characters. Faith Hart was a neo-expressionist, that's a post-modern artist, taking expressionism and doing it in his own way.
Jean-Michel Basquiat, post-modern artist. A lot of these artists were living on the street, that sort of bohemian lifestyle in the East Village of New York. A lot of them were graffiti artists making art on the street, but then also making paintings for museums. This is Alice Neal.
We talked about The Unfortunate. A lot of figurative art. is sort of hidden for a long time and then it sort of gets revived during this time period. She was able to sit with people and get them to sort of expose themselves and even herself.
Okay so this sort of figurative painter. All right so this the last video that I posted on there on more to contemporary art you're not really going to be tested too much on that but go through that. Do know who the street artist is.
Really focus on Banksy and She Fairey. But other than that that last video that also talks about a lot of sort of weird sort of odd Contemporary or performance style of art. That's hopefully just for your enjoyment You're not going to be tested too much on that just go up to chapter 22. All right.
Good luck on the exam