what we do here is go back back [Music] back hi and welcome to chapter 23 of Mr toyama's AP World History the transformation of Europe as always Mr Toy's AP World History Class here are some of the things you need to know and do as part of being in my class number one read your chapter before and after the lecture this is crucial make sure you know it Cornell notes will be required for each flipped lecture make sure you have them so when you come to class I'm ready to grade them these notes will be due on the date assigned in class make sure you don't forget them in your locker at the end of each lecture students will be required to prepare other work for the class that is assigned at the end of the video questions are concerned about the lecture should be sent via email if urgent or written on your Cornell notes for discussion the next day this chapter presents the dynamic transformation of Europe between 1500 and 1800 from a sub region of Eurasia to a dynamic Global Powerhouse internal changes enabled the nations of Western Europe in particular to assume preeminence this transformation occurred simultaneously and on multiple levels the chapter also considers State Building and social and economic change in Russia under Peter the first and Katherine II religious transformation the Protestant Reformation launched by Martin Luther in 1517 in Germany successfully challenged the Monopoly of the Roman Catholic Church on Western Christendom the printing press recently introduced to Europe from China Advanced the ideas and text of the Reformation throughout Europe political transformation powerful nation states evolved with the resources and institutions to advance national interests around the world at the same time two models for political order emerged represented by the absolutist monarchies of France and Spain and the Constitutional monarchies of England and the Netherlands economic transformation the emergence of capitalism is evident in changes to the structures of banking finance and Manufacturing Adam Smith advocated a free market economy with prices and wages determined through competition intellectual transformation new technologies and new scientific discoveries of the 16th and 17th centuries fueled debate about the nature of the universe and called into question the authority of the church in such matters this discussion eventually led to the enlightenment of the 18th century an intellectual movement that raised important questions about the nature of humanity religion and political Authority so let's get started first off we have the Protestant Reformation the man you see on your right is Martin Luther born in 1483 dying in 1546 his big point to and contribution to world history was his attacks on the Roman Catholic church and its practices in the year 1517 his big uh issue was the Indulgence system or preferential pardons for charitable donors basically it worked like this in the Catholic religion if you were to do a sin or commit a crime what you could do is you could go to uh confession tell your priest your sins he would give you a certain set of uh penants to do maybe it would be praying the rosary maybe it would be saying a certain amount of hail Maries maybe it' be giving some money to the church well around the this time what ends up happening is the idea of indulgences pop up indulgences are basically the idea that if you give the church a certain amount of money you could actually buy sin to be forgiven you could actually buy a little pieces of paper that allowed you to commit sin and you could actually turn it in like a get out of jail free card and be able to commit that sin either uh in the future or sometimes to pay for it in the past now when Martin Luther wrote his 95 thesis these were rapidly reproduced with the new printing technology these 95 thesis lambasted all of the Catholic Church it made questions of the Pope's Authority for example one of them said that uh if the pope has the power to Pardon sin why does he not out of the goodness of his heart pardon everyone's sin another one said that if the pope has the power to sell uh indulgences or to remove people from what was known at the time as purgatory or a we station or a holding station until you were allowed into heaven for those who were unbaptized or those who had died without confessing sin why did the Pope not just do this because he's a good man so Martin Luther is questioning everything about religion and the religion he loves himself and trying to understand what it means to be a Christian in the Catholic Church Martin Luther didn't really just come out of nowhere originally Martin Luther was a monk who uh began his life trying to study as a lawyer but uh upon writing home one day in a thunderstorm is thrown off his horse and praise to God that if he is able to save his life protect him from this amazing thunderstorm that he will give up his studies and he will become a monk in the Catholic Church well Martin Luther becomes a monk he spends much of his time studying learning and he actually becomes uh a professor at one of the large Catholic universities well Martin Luther uh being one of the few people at the time who can read Latin write Latin because the Bible was printed in Latin in no other language because that would be in the Catholic Church's opinion at the time a sin Martin Luther decides to uh visit Rome one day and while visiting Rome he starts to understand that all the things he knows about scripture all the things he understands by reading scripture are actually being broken uh he sees many sins committed by priests he sees the selling of indulgences he even sees a lot of what we would call ritual when he starts to identify these five Solas or uh only the Solas are are these attempts at trying to understand Christianity in a way that has less to do with ritual and habit and more to do what it says in the Bible Well by printing these 95 thesis Martin Luther is eventually excommunicated which means kicked out of the church by Pope Leo the 10th in 1520 not always the best Pope Pope Leo uh really felt that Martin Luther this small monk out of Germany was stirring up a rabble and actually could cost the church a good deal of money if he uh convinced enough people to not by indulgences as indulgences were a very large source of income at the time between the 1520s and 1530s descent spread throughout Germany in Switzerland as people began to take notice of these 95 thesis and ask questions uh just as Martin Luther had the only reason this is uh very influential is because this is one of the first times that a man from within the church a man who was very well studied very well read had uh even read the Bible from cover to cover knew it like the back of his hand was asking questions about mother Church a thing that no one was supposed to question and at this time I would say somewhere in the neighborhood of 90 to 99% of all people living in Europe were catholic christian the roots of Reform the church's political involvement and wealth and power to Foster greed and Corruption uh was one of the things that Martin Luther really hampered on uh Martin Luther and his followers believed that the church was too involved in politics they always meddled around in things that uh would help the church the church uh as we understand it today today is more of a religious institution but for much of the early uh parts of Europe and during this time specifically the Catholic church was actually heavily involved in treaties and negotiations and land and even uh some of the popes had actually ridden into battle to fight Wars on behalf of the Vatican Martin Luther argued that the church became too rich uh one of the cornerstones of Christianity is its uh understanding of poverty the idea that Jesus was a homeless itinerant preacher that he basically wandered around the countryside teaching people about this Kingdom this idea that God does not want you to necessarily be rich but would he rather you do is be more abundant in love and charity and to care for your neighbor this flew in the face of the Catholic church with its opulence its very large city and during Martin Luther's time they were starting to renovate the Vatican to make it what it is today a very large beautiful uh Cathedral with many gold statues and lots of beautiful works of art and Martin Luther was arguing that why should the art be uh kept inside of Vatican when it could be used to help those who are poor Martin Luther's followers and himself also argued that it was too influential on people that the power of the church could sway people to vote or sway people to U do certain actions and this was very uh traumatizing to people this didn't lead necessarily to the betterment of Christian Society or Christian peoples but instead often times made people play those political games as the church again was too involved in politics Martin Lu and his group also argued that the church had become corrupt that the vision that the Catholic church was promoting was not something that Jesus would approve of one famous example that comes to mind is priest brothel when Martin Luther visited Rome one of the cornerstones of uh the Catholic church is that their priests cannot be married they must be men of unmarried but when he went there he saw that priests were entering brothel this is one of those things that uh when you think about your life there are times where you try to find little ways around the the law or little ways of not really committing crimes but still kind of getting what you want uh the way they looked at it was like this if a priest can't be married well there's nothing in there that says he can't have sex necessarily and the priest brothels were something that uh Martin Luther was appalled of her the church begins to face criticism there's a demand for more personal involvement with the Divine uh the priests spoke Latin uh there was a lot of ritual there was smoke so if you were to go to a uh Latin Mass during 1517 around the time Martin Luther is writing you probably would not understand most of what is going on the priest would be facing towards the altar towards the big cross in the front of the church he would be probably talking to the Cross not giving uh sermons outward towards the peoples and Martin Luther felt like this had removed or gotten away from the original intent of what the uh followers of Jesus really wanted was a church that is uh identified in the acts uh book of Acts in the Bible where it talks about how they would eat together they would pray together they would help each other out share everything they had and Martin Luther saw that this ritual was getting in the way of real religion in his mind Martin Luther's expanded critique goes something like this he uh wanted the closure of monasteries monasteries are places where priests would go and lock themselves away and study the Bible or or pray and he felt like this asceticism or this uh removal from society actually created uh barriers between those who were more holy or the priests and the Ley or the normal Catholic peoples and Martin Luther believed that this closure of monasteries would actually lead the priests to actually understand what it meant to be a part of the people to be a part of the world and live as the people live Martin Luther argued that the translation of the Bible into vernacular or the people's language from Latin would actually help people to understand the Bible more in the past during this time uh Martin Luther was one of the few people people who could actually read Latin most priests uh actually did not know Latin or if they did know it they knew it very poorly and uh the term Hocus Pocus actually comes from a very poor interpretation of some parts of the Latin Mass uh Martin Luther argued that by letting people read the Bible for themselves it could be plain as day to understand what Jesus was talking about what the old prophets of the Old Testament were talking about and even Paul uh one of the later followers of Jesus was talking about and that people's lives could be enriched by being able to actually have copies of the Bible themselves and they could understand it and read it and it would enrich their lives as it had enriched Martin Luther's Martin Luther also argued that there should be an end to Priestly Authority especially the Pope that the priests were not the end all Beall of the church and that they actually had no power that in reality the priesthood of all people should be something that is uh promoted for example uh in the pass during this time Martin Luther believed that the priests uh were not the ones who were actually forgiving the sin especially the pope was not forgiving the sin but God was the only one who could forgive sin Martin Luther also argued that there should be returned to the biblical text for Authority if there is a point in which the Catholic church is doing one thing and the Bible says to do another then the Bible should be the ultimate Authority for that action his three Solas for example kind of personify these ideas in Sola scripture by scripture alone or by scripture alone we know what we're supposed to do how we're supposed to do it and how we should judge ourselves or be judged when Judgment Day comes as they would understand it Sol ofid which is faith alone that faith alone saves you not adherence to the church not by giving uh money or buying indulgences but by having faith in Jesus was the only way to save your soul and finally solag gratia by grace alone Martin Luther believed that it was by grace that people people have been saved not by working not by uh doing Penance not by prayers but in reality that Jesus's death was the full fulfillment of what is needed for uh Salvation so Martin Luther had very uh interesting ideas that really turned the Catholic Church on its head and made them all recognize kind of some of the uh issues that they were having well the reason this becomes very interesting not just for religious history but for our history of world history is that these German princes that were around the time of Martin Luther start to take notice they see that the Catholic church is always meddling in their business the pope is always telling them what to do they're always broke having to go to the church for brokering deals and these German princes are getting kind of fed up what they start to see is this idea of being able to assert control for themselves since they are the princes of their local principalities or small areas of land then they should be the ones who actually make the decisions if they don't like one of the other princes they should be allowed to not have to like them or if they did want to make alliances they should be allowed to make all alliances they shouldn't need the Catholic Church to get involved uh the support for reform actually spreads throughout Germany number one because the princes allow the support to re to uh spread but also because the support for reform comes from the people itself asking the same questions of uh what Martin Luther was asking himself outside of Germany specifically Switzerland and the low countries which are the Netherlands and Belgium they begin to follow Germany they ask the same kind of questions they start to kind of look at the Catholic church in a very different light in England King Henry VII has a conflict with the Pope over a requested divorce England actually forms its own church by 1560 it becomes known as the Anglican Church this is the first real uh break away from uh almost a thousand years or more than a thousand years of Christian uh Faith since the time of Jesus and this is the first time that the church has actually split over a very large and important idea while the English church or the Anglican Church uh actually is splitting over a smaller idea which is the divorce uh requested by King Henry VII we know that uh this is a very big important step in human history because it's the first time that a major institution like the church one of the biggest influences on all of the people in Europe uh was actually uh challenged in its Authority in France there's a man named John Calvin who actually codifies the Protestant teaching while Exile in Geneva he starts to get uh the ideas of Martin Luther some of the ideas of other people who had challenged the church in the past and starts to ask more in-depth questions based on what he had been reading in scripture specifically he focuses on the idea of predestination the idea that some people are called to follow uh Jesus and some people are not called to follow Jesus a controversial topic even to this day within Christian circles in Scotland the Netherlands Hungary they also experienced smaller reform movements asking many many of the same questions that Martin Luther had been asking as you can see this reform and this little monk has started a almost Global uh issue with the power of the Catholic church and starts to challenge like thousands of years tradition of tradition and Authority here's a big chart showing Catholicism Luther ISM Calvinism and there just different uh parts of how they understand different uh aspects of the Christian faith in Catholicism you can see that salvation is achieved through faith and good works whereas Luther would always argue that salvation is achieved through faith you can see sacraments or the the actions you must perform within the church before you die are seven and you have to do them in a very specific uh order and as a part of being a good Christian Luther argues that some of the sacraments are good but we don't have to do them because rituals aren't good enough we need more than ritual one of the biggest things I want you to take away from this part in this chart is that the head of the church in Catholicism it is the pope he is the end all be all uh Authority when it comes to matters of Doctrine matters of who should do what matters of even how God should be taught or even how God might even be Luther on the other hand argues that we should elect councils we should have local Representatives governing our churches that people should be allowed to uh elect those from within their own congregations or their own community and be allowed to say whether or not they believe they should be the leaders of their group the Catholic Reformation then begins this is The Counter Reformation the Roman Catholic Church uh starts to take notice and at first they're very hostile towards Martin Luther they actually kick him out but eventually uh many within the Catholic church start to ask yeah maybe Martin Luther was right maybe we need to rethink some of the uh ideas that that little monk from Germany was talking about so they start off by uh refining Doctrine they changed their missionary activities to actually try and reconvert Protestants putting on on a new face basically Catholicism 2.0 and they attempt to renew spiritual activity at the Council of Trent uh between the years 1545 and 1563 these are periodic meetings to discuss reform religion moves slow when you're trying to change something that's been around for over 1500 years you're going to have people that are a little upset and so these meetings were uh surrounded or uh with a lot of controversy uh much of what we look at the Catholic church today comes from this Council and it actually helped to correct some of the what would be perceived injustices or wrongdoings by the Catholic church and make them more in line with some of the arguments that Martin Luther and his Protestants were making during this time the Society of Jesus or Jesuits are founded by uh St Ignatius of Lola from 1491 1556 when he's alive originally was a a knight or like a warrior and what he eventually does is converts to Christianity becomes a monk and believes that the Jesuits the group he found need to eventually be the Warriors for the church they need to be the most studied they need to be the most uh fervant towards the church and uh the Society of Jesuits actually are very very rular rigorous and uh they actually start the idea of secular education that people should be touched people should get an education and uh a lot of Jesuits even to this day are a part of Catholic colleges uh from what I understand most uh professors at Catholic colleges are in some way or some form attached to the Jesuit order uh the Jesuits also become very effective missionaries because they are very well trained in being well trained they have many of the answers that the Protestants are looking for they're also able to uh look and see into their uh clientele that they're trying to convert and be able to make the uh arguments about the Bible very plain for them now as a Counterpoint moving away from some of the stuff that's happening in uh in the church in internal politics we're moving to witch hunts most of the prominent regions of tension uh between Catholics and pro Protestants was witch hunts uh basically during the late 15th century a development in the belief of the devil and Human Assistance this is the start of believing that the devil could come in and and trick good Christians or maybe the devil came in and and uh brought his demons to possess or attack people on a on a real worldly basis and actually caus them to Sin from the 16th to 17th centuries about 110,000 people are put on trial and 45,000 of them are put to death now these were uh usually uh females usually single and very widowed meaning they had lost their husbands they were held accountable for crop failures miscarriages Etc anything that could go wrong wrong these women were sadly blamed for the argument is that women were seen as strange if you were female and you were single and you were widowed many times you were seen as something being wrong with you if you want to think about our modern interpretation of women say in the 21st century uh we've kind of removed our understanding of single women over the age of say oh I don't know 20 as not being so weird as basically living their lives but in many cultures around the world and even in some parts of the United States if you're not married with a couple kids by 20 there must be something weird about you or something wrong with you and back then during this time women that were uh living alone must mean that there's something maybe off about them and they even expanded that out to being evil in the area of New England specifically in Americas uh America like by the New York New Hampshire Massachusetts area 234 witches were tried and 36 of them were actually hung as a result of these wish hunts here's a famous picture from the New England time uh part of America you see a woman this a very cartoonish uh exaggerated uh account of what had happened during a trial you can see lightning bolts coming through the window you can see the chains flying off the woman that uh she has knocked that uh lawyer who's questioning her down on the ground and the whole courtroom is shocked by the actions and now we know she's a witch when in reality this probably didn't happen this poor girl was probably just living alone Maybe couldn't get a date and sadly had to suffer by being hung there are some religious wars going back to Europe Protestants and Roman Catholics fight in France from 1562 to 1598 these wars are basically coming down to Catholics thinks that Protestants aren't very good and Protestants think that Roman Catholics aren't very good and so they might as well fight even though they're worshiping the same God basically believing in the same tenants the same Jesus the only thing comes down to the arguments of Martin Luther in 1588 Philip II of Spain attacks England to force a return to Catholicism uh because England had created the Church of England 1588 Philip of Spain gets him prodding by the pope to go back and try and return England to the Catholic Church the English destroy the Spanish ships by sending uh flaming unmanned ships into their Fleet very funny story you just light your ship on fire and aiming at the Spanish Fleet can't turn in time ship gets ran by a flaming ship and you're pretty much screwed in the Netherlands there's a rebellion against Spain and they actually gain independence by 1610 very cool to see uh political change actually transformed because of religious change uh one of the more specific Wars that I want to talk about is 1618 to 1648 30 Years War the Holy Roman Emperor attempts to force the Bohemians to return to the Roman Catholic Church basically Martin Luther's ideas have spread all around Germany and Bohemia is just to the east of Germany uh all of Europe becomes involved in this conflict and the principal battle Battleground actually becomes Germany there's a political and economic issues every time we talk about religion you got to think about politics you got to think about economics you got to think that uh people are not always doing things because of their extreme Devotion to their religion many times they want to make money and many times they want more power that's that political and economic approximately onethird of German population is destroyed this is a result of famine and disease and just the war itself if you think about it lots of dead bodies running around lots of rats lots of problems right when it comes to famine and disease here's a famous picture from the 30 Years War uh I want to say that most of these are Protestants hanging from a tree they have a small Monk on the ladder there he's actually praying for their souls before they're pushed off the ladder kind of an ironic uh thing that religion does is they try to pray for you right before they uh kill you there's a consolidation of sovereign states these are states that are all by themselves Emperor Charles I attempts to revive the Holy Roman Empire as a strong Center of Europe through marriage and political alliances this doesn't really work out so well the Protestant Reformation provides cover for local princes to assert greater Independence they don't have to listen to the pope if you're going to put back together the Holy Roman Empire you're pretty much going to go back to working with the Catholic church and many of these Protestant Reformation uh princes believed that they didn't really want to be listening to emperor Charles theth so they decided to use uh the argument of the Protestant Reformation of being Protestants themselves that they don't really want to return to the Holy Roman Emperor uh there's foreign opposition in France and the Ottoman Empire basically the uh French don't see themselves needing the uh Emperor Charles and same thing with the Ottoman Empire unlike China India the Ottoman Empire Europe does not develop as a single Empire rather IND individual states when our study of uh China and India uh in the Ottoman Empire kind of was uh part of our study you could see that China starts to organize under one Banner India under one Banner uh the Ottoman Empire under one Banner of Islam but as Europe has many different uh cultural groups and languages and beliefs and people you can see that they're starting to break up into smaller groups even though it's one large mass of land with no real physical borders to speak of Charles I abdicates or gives up the throne and he basically retires to a mon Monastery in Spain to become a good Catholic monk pretty cool interesting story to go from such a high height to ruling all of uh what he considered the Holy Roman Empire but then ending up being a very lowly monk basically studying in Spain here's 16th century Europe you can see the German states Bohemia Hungary the purple kind of shows the larger section of the German states or the Holy Roman Empire as it would be and then you see some of the orange Spanish haurs uh possessions and then you see England which is the Church of England during this time there are new monarchs that pop up and Italy there's a they become welld developed as an economic power through trade manufacturing Finance uh basically Italy's left alone because they're Catholic they're not fighting all these wars uh Italy is finding a way to trade not only because they're a peninsula they're also able to pretty much have economics run pretty smoothly Finance is great because of their connection to the Indian Ocean trade and uh Naples actually starts to slowly become one of the most important uh trading centers in the world England France Spain they all surge ahead in the 16th century with Innovative new tax revenues you want to be a great Empire you need lots of taxes in England for example Henry VII he has fines and fees for Royal Services if you want wanted anything to do with the Royal courts or the court system in general you got to pay the toll he confiscated monastic Holdings from the church they were one of the largest landh holders in all of England and by just taking the land from the church he was able to guarantee himself rent he was able to guarantee himself land to give up to uh Nobles to be able to provide more money for his government and uh he's able to control a larger part of his country without the Catholic church in France we have Louis the 11th and Francis I they have new taxes on sales basically what you would think of as a sales tax every time you buy something add a little bit of tax on top that's why your kit Kat's like a doll seven and then they also put tax on the salt trade salt I put salt there because this is one of the most egregious things I can actually think of Imagine uh a commodity that is as important as salt it preserves your food during this time it adds flavor to food it is one of the key ingredients to all cooking and making sure that you're able to stay healthy and alive they put a big old fat tax on it in France going to make them lots of money because every single person in the world needs salt now one of the darker parts of the uh Reformation comes from the Spanish Inquisition founded by Fernando and Isabel in 1478 of Spain the original task was to search for secret practitioners of Judaism or Islam and they later searched for Protestants basically in Spain you had to be Catholic if you didn't want to be Catholic well the Spanish Inquisition would find you uh this spread to Spanish Holdings outside of the Iberian Peninsula in western hemisphere even over into the new world there was imprisonment there were executions there were tortures the famous example of the iron made in that big spiky casket that they would put you in probably wasn't used probably didn't exist uh but things like the rack were invented where they would actually strap you down and stretch you until basically your limbs would disconnect or disjoint some people died this way they also would have uh famous uh burn earnings where they would hold torches to you uh to try and get you to recant your belief in Judaism Islam or protestantism and to go back to the good arms of mother Church Catholicism many people died for their faith many of them weren't even uh Jewish or Muslims but in reality were just at the wrong place at the wrong time uh this was also used to intimidate Nobles who might have considered protestantism if you think about it's a pretty smart move if you're Spanish and you're a noble and you're thinking about converting to Catholicism so you can have more power over your land and your area and you see some guy getting stretched out to all of his limbs pop out a joint I think you'd think twice about switching churches the Archbishop of too is actually in prisoned in 1559 to 1576 huge uh kind of intimidation move done by the king and queen Fernando and Isabelle just a way to keep people in line here's a famous example of what sometimes they would do in the Spanish Inquisition they stra you to a ladder tell you basically do you recant do you come back to the church are you willing to go back to God's good graces if not we Chuck you on the fire you see this woman who's a Protestant praying to God hopefully to save her I don't think it ended up well we don't get a cc too constitutional States England and the Netherlands develop institutions of popular representation England becomes a constitutional monarchy and the Netherlands become a Republic now constitutional monarchy is when we still have a king and queen or king or queen but they still are a abiding by the laws and the rules of the Constitution there's a set of uh absolute laws of the universe or absolute laws of of humanity that even the king is subject to so the king for example can't uh take land whenever he feels without trial or he can't raise taxes without the consent of parliament for example and this kind of creates a checks and balance system to prevent the king from having absolute authority over his people in the Netherlands that Republic idea is that people vote for repres Representatives who then uh like in America vote for laws the Republic's a great idea comes back all the way from Greece and it helps to break up some of that ABS the direct democracy and even some of that absolute monarchy that's running around uh during the English Civil War in 1642 to 1649 that breaks out uh in England and basically there's Protestants and Catholics fighting and trying to figure out what to do with this new uh England that we've created as a result of kind of messing with the churches it originally begins with opposition to Royal taxes the king should not be allowed to just raise taxes whenever he he sees fit and people get pissed off there's religious elements the Anglican Church favors complex ritual complex Church hierarchy this is opposed by the calvinist Puritans the Puritans get their name basically from wanting to purify the church go back to the oldtime religion as some people say they want the church to look a lot more plain they don't want pictures on the wall some of them even went so far as to say they don't want crosses on the wall and if you can imagine a church without a cross that's that's pretty radical idea King Charles the first and parliamentary armies Clash King Charles the Church of England and Parliament those calvinist Puritans the king loses and actually is has his head cut off in 1649 kind of a messed up way to go out of this world next up we have the Glorious Revolution from 1688 to 1689 the Puritans eventually will take over as with uh most people who are uh revolutionaries sometimes it's easier to fight the man than to actually become the man and Rule so this eventually will become a dictatorship the monarchy was restored back in 1660 but fighting silver zooms the Revolution was a bloodless coup or overthrow of the government and uh this revolution became known as uh the Glorious Revolution King James II is deposed or kicked out of being King and his daughter Mary and husband William of Orange actually take the throne uh they're willing to compromise with the parliament they share a governance between the crown and the Parliament and this leads to a more peaceful uh way that the country country works and actually is kind of the way it's still set up to this day in England we have next up the Dutch Republic King Philip II of Spain attempts to suppress the calvinist in the Netherlands as part of uh his Holdings is the Dutch Republic and through this uh push to trying and suppress those Calvinists there's a large scale Rebellion by 1581 the Netherlands declares Zone Independence and they make a whole new uh government based on a representative parliamentary system as you can see uh some of the transitions that have happened as a result of this little monk in Germany uh many people are learning to find new ways of interacting with their world and even interacting with their government they want a government that represents them not a monarchy not a king not a person who is not ruled with checks with balances with a way to actually make sure that they're not abusing their power I thank you for watching this is the end of part one chapter 23 the transformation of Europe uh want you to go ahead and stop at this point go ahead and reread that section of your chapter up to the part where talks about the Glorious Revolution and then I want you to return back here and uh continue on with part two of our discussion of chapter 23 the transformation of Europe thank you for watching I'll see you back here in a little bit bye what we do here is go back [Music] back