AP Human Geography Review Lecture Notes

Introduction

• Overview of the video: A summary of all seven units of AP Human Geography.
• Purpose: To review highlights and ensure understanding of main concepts.
• Resources:
  • Ultimate Review Packet (summary videos, study guides, practice quizzes, and tests).
  • Mr. Sin's Discord server for community support.

Unit 1: Geographic Concepts

• Maps
  • Types: Thematic, Reference, Various map projections.
  • Skills: Reading, analyzing maps, interpreting different patterns and data.
  • Distortion: Shape, area, distance, direction (e.g., Mercator map distorts size).
• GIS (Geographic Information Systems)
  • Layer data on maps, analyze spatial relationships.
• Research
  • Quantitative: Census, number-based, non-debatable.
  • Qualitative: Attitudes, beliefs, feelings, debatable.
• Spatial Concepts & Environmental Impact
  • Technology decreasing distance decay, creating cultural landscapes.
  • Sustainability: Environmental determinism vs. possibilism.
• Scale and Analysis
  • Scale of analysis: Organization of data (national, local).
  • Small scale vs. large scale maps.
• Regions
  • Functional (nodal), Perceptual (vernacular), Formal (uniform).

Unit 2: Population and Migration

• Population Distribution and Density
  • Distribution: Opportunities attract people; urban vs. rural differences.
  • Density types: Arithmetic, Physiological, Agricultural.
• Population Vocabulary
  • CBR, CDR, NIR, sex ratios, doubling time, dependency ratios.
• Demographic Transition Model
  • Stages 1-5 (low growth to decline), significance of each stage.
• Epidemiologic Transition Model
• Population Policies
  • Pro-natalism and Anti-natalism.
• Malthusian Theory
  • Malthusian Catastrophe, Neo-Malthusians.
• Migration
  • Push and pull factors: Economic, political, social, environmental.
  • Forced vs. Voluntary migration.
  • Ravenstein's counter migration concept: Diffusion, acculturation.

Unit 3: Culture

• Cultural Relativism vs. Ethnocentrism
• Culture Components
  • Shared practices, beliefs, attitudes, customs.
  • Cultural landscape: Land use patterns, architecture, technology.
• Diffusion
  • Relocation, Expansion (Hierarchical, Contagious, Stimulus).
  • Influence of colonialism, imperialism, globalization.
• Cultural Resistance and Adaptation
  • Acculturation, Assimilation, Syncretism, Multiculturalism.
• Religion and Language
  • Universalizing vs. Ethnic religions.
  • Language families, diffusion, impact on cultural landscape.

Unit 4: Political Geography

• Nations, States, and Political Terms
  • Nation, State, Nation-State, Multinational State, Stateless Nation.
• Self-determination
• Colonialism and Imperialism
• Political Boundaries
  • Types: Relic, Antecedent, Subsequent, Consequent, Superimposed, Geometric.
• Gerrymandering and Voting Districts
• Unitary vs. Federal States
• Political Power and Sovereignty
  • Centripetal vs. Centrifugal forces.
  • Devolution and impact of supranational organizations.

Unit 5: Agriculture

• Agricultural Practices
  • Intensive vs. Extensive.
  • Commercial vs. Subsistence.
• Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods
  • Clustered, Dispersed, Linear.
  • Meats and bounds, Long lots, Township and range.
• Agricultural Revolutions
  • First, Second, Green Revolution.
• Current Agricultural Issues
  • GMOs, Monocropping, Monoculture, Economy of Scale.
  • Debates on sustainability, organic farming, local food movements.
• Role of Women
  • Traditional roles, development impact.
• Bid Rent Theory
• Von Thünen's Model

Unit 6: Urban Geography

• Site and Situation Factors
  • Unique characteristics vs. connections between places.
• Connectivity and Settlements
  • Gravity Model, Central Place Theory.
  • Primate vs. Rank-Size Rule.
• Urban Models
  • Concentric Zone, Sector Model, Multiple Nuclei, Galactic Model.
  • Models for LDCs: Latin American City, Sub-Saharan African City, Southeast Asian City.
• Infrastructure and Urban Planning
  • Public transportation, sustainable cities, urban sprawl.
• Urban Challenges
  • Redlining, Blockbusting, Gentrification.

Unit 7: Development and Globalization

• Economic Sectors
  • Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary, Quinary.
• Globalization
  • Formal vs. Informal economies.
  • Neoliberal policies and resistance.
• Economic Indicators
  • GDP, GNP, GNI, HDI, GII.
• Women's Economic Role
  • Disparities in pay and opportunities.
• Development Models
  • Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth.
  • Wallerstein's World Systems Theory.

Conclusion

• Encouragement to utilize resources and community supports offered.
• Good luck wishes for exams.