welcome to section 20.1 of metabolism in this video we will focus on memorizing the details of thiamine or vitamin b1 so let's get started our setting is a military training camp secluded deep and a heavily forested area the men of this camp are very focused on strengthening their thighs all of these thigh men are currently engaged in an obstacle course race of sorts the start of the obstacle course is here in the back with the yellow sign noted start now let's introduce our first contestant in this thigh man race as you can see here he does have massive thighs notice that he comes in first place in fact he is holding his fingers up as though he is number one this will help you remember that thiamine is vitamin b1 i guess he is number one so we won't hold it against him that he is gloating a little bit now thiamine is necessary for many enzymes to function properly the first enzyme i will introduce is transketolase this man right here is obviously training he is pretty ripped so it's likely that he has been training for many years the fact that he is training will remind you of trains keto ketolace or transketolase it is very important to remember this enzyme it is present in red blood cells if a person gets more thiamine in their system this enzyme in the red blood cells or in other cells throughout the body will be upregulated this makes sense because the enzyme got more substrate to operate now b1 or thiamine is required for the proper function of many other enzymes now look at this thyman crawling across a chain of branches this branch obstacle represents branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase overcoming these sharp branches is likely super uncomfortable for this guy but it definitely helps solidify that thiamine is needed for branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase you may have noticed that i didn't say the alpha part of this enzyme's title remembering this enzyme as a branch-chain ketoacid enzyme becomes even more helpful when it comes to the next enzyme whose title starts with alpha the next important enzyme is involved in the tca cycle as you can see here by the tricycle tca cycle tricycle to be riding a little tricycle like this is likely embarrassing for this guy but i guess that just adds an additional challenge to the obstacle course race so what enzyme within the tca cycle are we focused on alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase this guy is wearing a bandana with an alpha symbol on it he also has a necklace with keys on it alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase since he is on the embarrassing tricycle hopefully you will remember that alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is involved in the tca cycle unfortunately for this tricycle guy he has bigger problems than being embarrassed the camp has just been invaded by some modern day pirates these pirates will help you remember pyruvate dehydrogenase apparently they aren't going for a kill shot since they are aiming at the tires of the tricycle this will help you remember that pyruvate dehydrogenase is connected to the tca cycle in fact pyruvate dehydrogenase is connected to glycolysis as well as the tca cycle and to represent glycolysis we have this glass shattering from the window here so glass shattering glycolysis the pirates break the glass and shoot the tricycle so pyruvate dehydrogenase connects glycolysis to the tca cycle now this image is discussed in great detail throughout the chapter now let's look at the tca cycle really quick this is a more detailed image of the tca cycle and it's discussed in great detail in the tca cycle lecture now notice that thiamine is represented by this green dot so you can see that thiamine is needed for alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase to work now let's bring your attention to acetyl-coa going back to the main image we see that acetyl-coa right here comes from pyruvate right here and this image provides more detail and shows that pyruvate dehydrogenase needs thiamine to make acetyl coa for the tca cycle so we have pyruvate right here and the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase requires thiamine which in this image is represented by an orange dot right here when it has thymine it can effectively make acetyl coa an acetyl-coa can then go to the tca cycle so in this way pyruvate dehydrogenase connects glycolysis to the tca cycle now when you don't get enough thyamine you can become thiamine deficient now this cage here is where our prisoners of war are detained and all of the pows in this cage are thymine deficient for example this pow right here look how emaciated and malnourished he is being malnourished like this guy not getting enough nutrition and vitamins such as b1 is one way to become vitamin b1 or thymine deficient now the guards aren't completely cruel in fact they give the prisoners a diet full of berries this will help you remember a condition known as berry berry there are two forms wet berry berry and dry berry berry this weak prisoner will represent dry berry berry in the dry version there is symmetrical muscle wasting as you can see from his wasted muscles there is also polyneuropathy which means neuropathy or damage to nerves in many areas the biggest thing i want you to focus on is that you can lose sensation notice how he is grabbing onto a barbed wire fence and doesn't seem to fill any paint now look closer at the barbs these actually look like myelinated neurons so when you think of dry berry berry think of this weak pow with muscle wasting and polyneuropathy now let's discuss wet berry berry notice that this prisoner is getting fed berries and he is actually allergic to them as a result he is puffing up quite a bit this represents edema the edema in wetberry berry occurs as a result of heart failure notice he is even grabbing his chest in agony now look at this big hole here in the fence unfortunately for this puffy edematous prisoner a car crashed into the fence i say this is unfortunate because the crash likely injured this man you can even see his leg is up on the hood of the car now this damaged car represents dilated cardiomyopathy to further emphasize the role heart failure has in wet berry berry now this car didn't drive itself into the fence as you likely suspected the driver was drunk and you can see all the beer and beer bottles spilled out of the car this will help you remember that alcoholics are prone to develop thymine deficiency now we will discuss wernicke corsa cough syndrome this is caused by thyamine deficiency this alcoholic is getting a walking test from one of our thigh men notice that he is falling this will help you remember that ataxia occurs in wernicke korsakov if you look closely you will also see his eyes darting around this helps you remember that ophthalmoplegia is also present in wernicke corso cough syndrome these patients have personality changes and memory loss this guy even forgot how to walk anyways warniki corsica syndrome occurs when the mammillary bodies of the brain are damaged notice these dead mammal bodies hanging here i guess the soldiers are planning to eat them i guess they got to get food somehow deep in the forest now these mammal bodies will help you remember mammillary bodies are damaged in warniky korsakoff syndrome to reinforce the fact that mammalary bodies undergo necrosis and hemorrhage we have added this blood dripping from the hemorrhaging mammal bodies and with that we've concluded all the details of thiamine and thiamine deficiency