[Music] good day to our senior high school learners and to our social science enthusiasts i am sir edward and welcome to another topic for our subject ucsb understanding society culture and politics for today's topic we will discuss the evolution and the human prehistory this is lesson number four for our subject ucsp for this particular topic we will discuss two important lessons the first part of our discussion would be the human biological evolution and the second part of our discussion would be the prehistoric human achievements [Music] the first part of our discussion is the human biological evolution this particular topic the human biological evolution is more of a view or the threshold of your previous discussion on your topic in adeline panlipuna and even in science in the junior high school this topic is important for us to understand the development of humankind and the development of society for us to understand more dynamics of society let us define some important terminologies related to our topic first is the biological evolution it's the first of the changes modifications and variations in the genetics and inherited traits of biological populations from one generation to another second important terminology is the cultural evolution or also known as social cultural evolution it refers to the changes or development in cultures from a simple form to a more complex form of human culture basically cultural evolution is the idea that the human culture like beliefs knowledge customs skills attitudes and even languages change over time social cultural evolution happens because of the human adaptation to different factors like climatic changes and even population increase now speaking of evolution the best person to discuss this particular concept is charles darwin through his evolution theory the evolution unit states that all forms of life started from simple forms and transformed to a complex ones it refers to the physical transformation of the modern humans from hominids into thinking modern humans are also known as the homo cpn it was introduced by the nationalists and biologists known for its beauty of evolution and the process of natural selection none other than charles darwin who is known as the father of evolution in his published work on the origins of species by means of natural selection he devoted his time to study the evolution of animals and even of the humankind the biological evolution is based on the theory of evolution by charles darwin darwin introduced the concept of evolution to explain the origins of modern humans according to him evolution happens through the process of natural selection when you see natural selection it is a process to which certain environmentally biological features are perpetuated at the expense of less adaptive features for us to understand more the concept of natural selection by charles with let us discuss the principles of natural selection we have three principles on this particular concept the first principle of natural selection is variation every species is made up of a variety of individuals with some better adapted to their environments compared with others second is inheritance organisms produce offspring with different set of traits that can be inhabited and the third principle is survival of the fetus organisms that have traits most suitable to their environment will survive and these variations are passed on to their offspring in subsequent generation now for us to understand more the concept of natural select selection we have here the example of the cases of g labs as we all know g dubs that we know as of the moment or as of the present time is known for having uh long necks but based on the studies of scientists jadobs before the the neck of jedups before are not that long and therefore the long neck of jedaps that we know right now is a process of repeated stretching and repeated adaptation to their environment so therefore we can say or we can infer that jedap's neck results from repeated natural selection long neck jet ups were more likely to survive hard times compared with short neck rivals therefore we can conclude that the ability of an organism or the ability of a specie to survive under environment is based on their ability to adapt to their environment when we see natural selection plus it is the uh the natural or or the environment has its natural way or natural mechanism of selecting species organisms that can survive and they can only survive if that organism or species learn how to adapt based on their environment so therefore adaptation is essential for survival for archaeologists artifacts and fossils are important source of information in the construction of human evolution so let us discuss now the biological and cultural evolution of modern humans so in this particular part we will discuss the importance of fossils and artifacts let us define those important terminologies first is fossils it's the first of the human plant and animal the means that have been that have been preserved through time like human or animal teeth skull and bone fragments second is artifacts it's the first objects that were made and used by humans for example stone tools metal tools ceramics earthenware moodle jars and even ornaments let us now discuss with the evolution of the humankind first on the list let us discuss the concept of the u of the hominid hominid is the general term used by scientists to categorize the group of early humans and other human like creatures that can walk away during the prehistoric times so we have here an image of a hominid astolopeticos is considered as the first stage of human evolution also known as the pre-human stage of evolution and homo is considered as the last stage also known as the human stage of the human evolution we have here are dipiticus means if on the ground so what are the characteristics of artipiticus first they have small brain second they're known to be biped when you see biped is the ability to walk on two legs or feet from the wall by which means two and pad or pedal which means legs or feet third they can live in jungles and forest like the chimpanzees they have skull size similar to an ape and they have a height of about 4 feet for us to understand more this particular concept of bipedalism bipedalism again is the ability of an organism or the ability of a specie to walk with the use of his two feet or two legs and this particular concept of bipedalism changed the course of his study before as we all know the early human beings or the hominid but they are known to walk with the support of their legs but when the early human beings learn how to adapt with their environment and when the early human beings learn how to walk with the use of their two legs or their two-piece which we call it as bipedalism it changes the the way uh the early human beings live it changed the lifestyle of the early human beings they learn they it changed their physical characteristics it even changed their mental capabilities it even changed their social uh the social development or social aspect of living during during those times so therefore we can see that the ability of the early human being to walk with the use of their two legs or bipedalism change the course of history first by changing their physical characteristics thus changing their mental capabilities and it also changed the social landscape of the people during those times next is the astrologicos or also known as the southern e the ostellopeticus or the southern ape live in the african jungle from 5 million to 1 million years ago so we have here the image of an astrolopyticus or also known as the southern e they they were known to be uh they were known as the southern eight because basically according to some fossils the according to some uh scientists rather their fossils was discovered on the continent of africa and africa is considered in world history as the cradle of humankind were the fossils of the early human beings were discovered let's go back to the characteristics of the asteropeticus number two they have the brain size one-third size of the size of the modern human brain number three they are more upright in terms of their posture number four they are biped when we say biped again the ability to walk with the use of their two feet or two legs number four they learn how to live in small groups number six they are food scavenger meaning they basically depend more on their environment number seven what are their diet they eat insects eggs plants fruits and sometimes meat and number eight they use sticks and stones for digging next is the asteropeticus appearances the astellopedicos apparencies is considered as the common ancestor of the astrological species the 3.2 million years old aston lopeticus apparencies fossil is named as lucy it is considered as one of the modern humans earliest ancestors and the means as the most famous hominid fossil discovered lucy was discovered in hadad ethiopia in 1974 by paleon anthropologist led by dr donald johnson a fun fact for lucy it was named lucy because during those time according to some historians uh the archaeologists uh excavating the site where lucy was discovered they're playing uh this particular beatles song named lucy in the sky with diamonds as we all know during the 1970s the the the boy band beatles was popular then so and they mean the discovery the fossil as lucy from the name losing the sky with diamonds by the beatles so fun fact for that particular topic next we have the homo habilis or also known as the handyman they are considered as direct ancestor of the modern human because of their ability to produce tools therefore they were known as the handyman they were able to fashion different tools with the use of their hands what are the conductive aspects of the homo habilis they have three main or defining characteristics first their height is around three is around three to four feet their brain size is somewhat developed compared with the asteropeticus because their brain size is half the size of the modern human and lastly they use tools for hunting and for food gathering next is the homo erectus or also known as the upright man from the word erectus from the word erect which means upright what are the characteristics of the homo erectus first the brain size is about two-thirds of the modern human brain size their height is about five feet they can walk upright they are also known for making much complex tools they are also considered as skillful hunters they were also the first homo species to use fire and to live in caves number seven they were also the first homo to use spoken language and number eight they were also the first homo to leave the continent of africa some of the examples of homo erectus in our country is we have the discovery of the tabon man the tabon man is considered as the oldest and confirmed modern human in the philippines dating back sixteen thousand five hundred years ago or roughly fourteen 000 before the common either in 1958 dr robert fox 1918-1985 an american anthropologist and leading historian of the national museum of the philippines discovered in the lipuan point reservation in tabon caves complex in the southern part of palawan discovered the skull cup of the tabon man and basically this particular fossil is considered as the oldest confirmed modern human species in our country another important milestone in terms of discovery of human fossils in our country is a discovery of the homo lucences this was this was excavated in 2007 in kalyan cave in panama cagayan valley philippines by an international multidisciplinary team led by dr armand salvador mihaves an archaeologist from the university of the philippines and a national geographic and grantee it was named homoluzensis after the country's biggest island of lausanne were it was recovered in 2019 after the discovery of more specimens they were placed into a new species based on the presence of a wide range of traits similar to modern humans as well as asolopiticus and the early homo and lastly we proceed now with the homo sapien also known as the thinking man it is considered as the modern humans species where all modern humans belong to what are the conductivistics they have a larger brain size which is almost similar to the brain of the modern humans they lived in shelters they are food gather gatherers they eat plants and fruits and they even hunt animals so their diet is considered much diverse compared with their early predecessors number five they learned to gather and cook number six they learned how to add up metals example of the homo sapien is the magnon or also known as the homo sapiens recipients so we have here the comparison of the physical lapidas in terms of height and the size of brain of the early human beings so as you may notice from the astrological apparencies up to homo sapiens there is a gradual development in terms of height again their posture posture also improved through the years as well as the development in terms of the size of their brain meaning as the us as the brain of the human person develop they develop skills competencies and it also improve their level of intelligence when their level of intelligence improves it can also benefit on the improvement of their society the second part of our discussion is the prehistoric human achievements basically for this particular topic it is somehow similar or more of the pressure of your discussion in your grade in your grade eight adeline panlipunan or social studies class when you were in junior high school the prehistoric period is divided into different timeline the first uh part of the prehistoric period is what we call the paleolithic period the paleolithic period is also known in history as the old stone age in this particular period humans used use stones found in nature they used rough stones for tools and weapons they produced fire by dubbing two stones together perhaps one of the most important milestone or considered as a game changer or one of the most important event in the history of mankind is discovery of fire the discovery of fire changes everything in the human history it changes everything on human development imagine what would happen to us if fire was not discovered perhaps you would be still living in the dark if fire was not discovered perhaps we would not be able to change our diet perhaps we're still on that particular age wherein we consume meat which is considered low and cook and it might be contaminated because of fire human beings learn how to cook and therefore it changed their diet it changed their appearance it improved their physical appearance their mental capabilities because of fire communities were developed because it's able to gather people uh within the particular community or society so therefore we can conclude that the discovery of fire is considered as one of the greatest fit of the human civilization number three monumental keeping things and engravings were found this only proved that early human beings were considered as creative and artistic during those time number four there was early use of language from the fact that human covers large watts of land established settlement they created tools traded and instituted social hierarchies and culture there was absolute dependence on nature so basically during the paleolithic period uh they're more of dependent on the on the environment their main source of living is hunting and gathering and lastly they settle on caves work shelters near water stores which serve as their houses the second period is what we called as the neolithic preview or also known as the new stone age in this particular period uh the early human beings learned how to use more defined and more smooth stone tools compared with the paleolithic period so as what we have mentioned they use polish and bladed stones they started agriculture and established settlement in permanent villages if the discovery of fire is considered as the greatest discovery of the paleolithic period the discovery meanwhile discovery of agriculture is considered as the greatest discovery of the neolithic period because of the discovery of agriculture people during those time learn to to have a permanent settlement they are no longer dependent on the environment meaning they learn how to domesticate animals they learn how to plant a crops and vegetable and therefore we have an increase on the surplus of food on the on the food supply of a particular community so again the the agriculture is considered as the most important discovery and contribution of the neolithic period as what we have mentioned a while ago during the neolithic period domestication of animals happened early men moved out of caves and went out to the coast there was the appearance of clubs such as pottery and weaving and they had permanent homes usually made of timber and mud bricks next is the metal age they began continuously to produce metals it changes in settlement organization virtual life and interaction between the societies were also evident they showed signs of being dependent on the reverse as primary source of food for the metal age this is divided into three sub stages or some period the first one is what we called as the copper age uh during the copper age they used copper for jewelry and weapons and the art of smelting and molding couple was also developed the second stage of the metal age is what we called as the bronze age combining copper tin and bronze was done during the during this particular age to make more dudable weapons the wheel and the ox-drone plow were also invented due to the bronze age and lastly for the last stage of the metal age we have the iron age metals that place bronze in making weapons iron was found to be the strongest metal among the three the export of knowledge of iron metallurgy and of iron objects was rapid and widespread iron was used for making weapons putting arms in the hands of the masses so therefore we can say that with the continuous development and improvement of technology of the early human beings it led to the growth and development of their community of their society which leads the development of civilization therefore we can say on a nutshell one of the most important key takeaway for our lesson is that adaptation is essential for survival just for example what happened to our ancestors deba if they were not able to adapt to the different to their environment they would not be able to survive just like with the concept of natural selection by charles darwin and so goes with the continuous development of the human being based on the prehistoric development and prehistoric achievements so therefore in this modern time it is important for all of us to continuously adapt be more flexible and learn how to adjust on our environment always remember that when we adapt we tend to survive based on the different challenges that we encounter so i hope that you learned something from our topic for today see you again next time for new learnings and new discoveries as we discuss and understand more culture society and politics this has been sir edward nada have a great day and stay safe always