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Understanding Achilles Tendinopathy

Apr 25, 2025

Achilles Tendinopathy Lecture Notes

Introduction

  • Presented by Tom from Zero to Finals
  • For detailed notes, visit zero2finals.com/achilles-tendinopathy or see the Orthopedic section of the Zero to Finals Surgery book

Achilles Tendon Anatomy

  • Connects calf muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) to the heel (calcaneus bone)
  • Flexion of calf muscles pulls on the Achilles, causing plantar flexion of the ankle (foot moves downward)

Achilles Tendinopathy Overview

  • Involves damage, swelling, inflammation, and reduced function of the Achilles tendon

Types of Achilles Tendinopathy

  • Insertional Tendinopathy: Within 2 cm of Achilles insertion on calcaneus
  • Mid-portion Tendinopathy: 2-6 cm above insertion point

Risk Factors

  • Sports stressing the Achilles (basketball, tennis, track athletics)
  • Inflammatory conditions: Rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis
  • Diabetes, raised cholesterol
  • Fluoroquinolone antibiotics (e.g., ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin)
  • Tom Tip: Fluoroquinolone antibiotics are commonly associated with Achilles tendinopathy, a frequent exam question. Patients should be warned to monitor for Achilles tendinitis symptoms and stop antibiotics if they occur.

Clinical Presentation

  • Gradual onset pain/aching in Achilles or heel, especially during activity
  • Stiffness, tenderness, swelling, nodularity on palpation

Diagnosis

  • Primarily clinical diagnosis
  • Essential to exclude Achilles tendon rupture
    • Simmons Calf Squeeze Test:
      • Patient prone/kneeling, feet hanging freely
      • Intact Achilles: plantar flexion of foot upon calf squeeze
      • Ruptured Achilles: no plantar flexion upon calf squeeze (positive result)
  • Ultrasound can confirm Achilles tendon rupture

Management Options

  • Rest and Altered Activity: Allow tendon healing
  • Ice: Reduce inflammation
  • Analgesia: Pain management
  • Physiotherapy
  • Orthotics: Insoles to reduce Achilles pressure
  • Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy (ESWT): May be beneficial
  • Surgery: For persistent cases, to remove nodules/adhesions or alter tendon
  • Avoid Steroid Injections: Risk of tendon rupture

Additional Resources

  • Zero to Finals provides additional resources including a website, Instagram, books, flashcards, and a personal channel by Tom sharing medical learning tips.

End Notes

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  • Links to additional resources are provided in the video's description.