Print Culture and the Modern World

hello my dear are you all excited sence shall we get started are you ready yes let me tell you the truth this chapter is not that difficult okay let's get into the chapter okay print culture and the modern world okay sir finish by 615 sir 6 okay I'll take minimum up to 7 7:30 okay so let's get started soang how many of you are excited okay I hope all of you are excited so Japan China Japan Europe timeline are you all clear I hope all of you are happy important okay please remember great great great we will come to that we will come to that I'll come to that okay so let's get started so the earliest form of printing the earliest form of printing is going to be your wood block printing the wood block buhm move to Japan they get to know so in the China Japan and Korea earliest kind of printing block printing block printing this was a system of hand printing so printing in it is 54,500 years before can you believe it 1,400 1,500 years before printing China the wood block okay against ink surface wooden blocks and according mother don't CH Chinese people when they were doing that wood block print is very thin as both sides of the paper are thin and instrument musical instrument okay great so so ACC was folded and Stitch at the side okay sked Craftsman okay skilled Craftsman so it is done by skilled Craftsman Department pharmaceutical Department it Department 16th stud so why printing grew in the 16th century because Imperial state was Major producer of printer material why in a bureaucratic through civil service exam so textbook for the exam were printed in vast numbers okay under the sponsorship of Imperial State okay he is the ultimate head we are coming to current date 594 16th century 17th century is Diversified ministers Urban culture blue use of print Diversified Diversified print was no longer used by only Raja and Scholars print was no longer used by only Scholars Merchants also they use print and preference of new readers so okay divers diversification of print categories of people so China diversification fictional narratives stories poetry R autobiography anthology of literary Masterpiece Anthology collection masterpie okay Anthology then and romantic place so it became popular print was expanding print was becoming more and more popular more and more demand demanded by many okay wives of Scholars officials published their works and ctis wrote their lives so wives of Scholars bureaucrats they wrote own books again diversification rich women began read and many women began publishing their own poetry and place important so China China rich women began to read and they began to write their own poetry and place next one new reading culture so accompanied by a new technology so Western technology so China wooden block famous okay wooden block famous printing Western culture so mechanical press China Western Printing techniques and mechanical presses were imported in late 19th century as Western Powers establish their Outpost in China so Western in the they went to explore sh became the one China became the Hub of new print culture 19th century 19th century 181 to 1900 and the time became a hub cing to western style schools from hand printing there was now a gradual shift to Mechanical printing buh diamond is very important so okay so China 594 ad China 594 ad and Japan it is 768 18 Buddhist missionary China Japan Korea Buddhist missionaries Buddhist religion is common and oldest Japanese book they always publish religious books book old book printed in 1868 186 and the book Buddhist Diamond Sutra containing six sheets of text and woodcut illustration so actual picture so 1868 book Buddhist religious text okay what book Buddhist Diamond sura that's the answer in the year 1868 six pages of text and wood cut illustrations now next what did they doting 18 I'm sorry 18 868 18 obviously 188 1868 1900 19 900 1868 868 900 started they started printing in medieval Japan medieval Japan the 1,00 1,300 the time poet and Pros writers were regularly published and books were cheap and abundant so medieval to4 books abundant and cheap Japan okay printing of visual material led to interesting publishing practices so Japan visual they used to print and that led to interesting publishing practices and 18th century Urban Circle Japan Tokyo what is modern day Tokyo toy okay is very important in late 18th century in the flourishing Urban circles at Edo which is modern day Tokyo Illustrated collections of paintings depicted An Elegant Urban culture involving artists ctis and Tea House Gatherings so paintings they used to print very visual very visual I have an example so ad it was the highlight of late 18th century in Tokyo okay libraries and books bookstores were packed with hand printed material of various types books on women musical instruments calculations Tea Ceremony Etc so library book stores full hand Okay Hand printed material on instruments calculations te ceremonies bookes heavy it is packed and diagram painting it's a visual illustration so it's a painting which is printed it's a it is very unique there is a guy there are lots of women maybe wife concubine shows morning scene and this was in the late 18th century okay it was done by shanman Kubo okay so great let's move forward now print Comes to Europe Europe Europe print okay any idea who is the person who brought it to Europe it's a very very important so I will show you Silk Road Silk Road the China theeast aspan Africa China China India China Europe in the in the spices are already happening the spes already so he is an Italian Marco is an Italian so from China he goes to Italy Marco Polo brought the knowledge of wood block painting from China back to Italy with him they began producing books with wood blocks and soon technology spread to Europe so whole Europe okay animal skin paper Okay a parchment made from animal skin luy Rich monastic libraries Aristocrats luri Aristocats and monastic liud cheap okay merchs students expensive luxury CCL Rich monastic libraries okay great now the demand for books increased book sellers all over Europe began exporting books demand they get to know about others so excitement everybody wants to read so they hiring so they are calling production of handwritten manuscripts are also organized so handwritten handwritten manuscripts was also organized in new ways to meet the expanded demand scribe so scribe scribes are skilled handw writers were no longer solely employed by wethy or influential patterns are even used by book sellers B so more than 50 scribes often work for book seller a demand bookes are conducted at different places so that awareness increases handwritten manuscripts handwritten manuscripts you need scribe skilled Craftman skilled writers book sellers are recruiting them failure yes failure handwritten manuscripts was a failure flop flop it's a very timing expensive laborous process okay it is a very timing it is a very costly and laborous process very high labor okay and manuscripts were FR so they were very fragile they were awkward to handle and could not be carried around easily so their circulation was limited so handwritten manuscripts was a flop idea what a flop idea wood block printing was becoming popular wood block super wood block okay by the early 15th century wood blocks were widely used in Europe to print texing cards and religious pictures with simple brief text so wood block print early 15y early 15 John Gutenberg or Gutenberg whatever okay so John mechanical press okay there was a great demand for quicker cheap this could only be done with the invention of a new technology so he is inventing mechanical press so first known printing press develop Johan Gutenberg from Strasburg Germany so Germany John gut he develops so gut he not EST so gutenburg was a son of a merchant he was a son of a Merchant he grew up on a large agricultural estate from his childhood he has seen wine and Olive PRP for wine for from his childhood he has seen that polishing stones and the precious stones gold smith he becomes a gold smith Master goldi mes so if you want to create a circular shape you take a mold for example for example mold mold so he used to make mold for trinkets trinkets is so he knows how to print letters experi and so he makes the first mechanical press he makes the first mechanical press okay so first book the first book that he does is Bible the first book that he does John Gutenberg is Bible in the year 8 uh 1448 Okay so 1448 he perfected the system perf first book he printed was Bible and0 copies he printed it took three years 180 books in just 3 years he printed that was very fast for that time period okay now the new technology did not entirely displace existing art of producing books by hand in fact printed books at first closely resembled the written manuscripts in appearance and layout the metal letters in imitated the ornamental handwritten Styles so it was handwritten style okay printing sty block meod it didn't die it was still there it was still there metal is handwritten ornamental handwritten style okay so borders were illuminated by hand so so I hope all of you are clear in the books printed for the rich some space was left for decoration Okay so okay each purchaser could choose the okay so in 1450 to 1550 printing presses were set up in most countries so Europe Printing Press Printing 1450 to 1550 they setting it up okay so printers from Germany travel to other countries seeking work and helping start new process so they know how to operate a press so set as the number of printing presses grew book production boomed there is a huge boom of books books the first half of 14th century first half of 14 C 1450 1450 million copies were produced 20 million copies of books were produced can you believe it the first half of oh sorry second half second half of 15th century 1450 to 1500 1450 to 1500 second half of 14th century or 15th century okay second half of 15th cury okay4 to5 the time perod 20 million copies were produced and second half second half y 16th century 16th century 1,500 to, 600 it went to 200 million can you believe it did you all like it shall I move forward great mechanic okay 16 it goes to 200 million did you all like it ad Square did you all like it was it amazing okay shift from hand printing to Mechanical printing led to the print Revolution print Revolution hand printing mechan mechanical press so this led to the print Revolution so G printing okay hand so that is how it looks so plattin the in letter Press Printing platin is a board which is pressed onto the back of the paper to get the impression from the type okay so the plattin so so it is it was made up of wooden board later it was made up of metal steel okay so set up that will be proof readers so print be proof readers there are compositors compositors who are compositors anybody please let me know in the chat who are compositors what is gal what is g who are compositors who are proof readers what is g okay so this picture depicts what a printer shop looks like in the 16th century okay all the activities are going on under one roof roof set up okay so compositors comp they only prepare the text okay so I will show you that okay compositors now the person who composes the text for printing g g isal frame metal frame PA G okay print Revolution and its impact what was print Revolution there was exchange of knowledge you are exchanging ideas across lands across Seas across oceans so that is exchange of knowledge so your perspective changes you think about things differently so you have popular perceptions okay you have popular perceptions and opened new ways of looking at things New Perspective of looking at things okay a new way of producing books it transformed the lives of people changing their relationship to information and knowledge and with the institution and authorities so ins authorities so when you read you get to know so book played that role it was brought about by print culture it was brought about by that print Revolution great the story chap the chapter full okay now a new reading public so printing press led to a new reading public printing reduced the cost of books the time and labor required to produce each book came down drastically markets were flooded with books reaching out to ever growing readership so button page over so that is much cheaper faster so books were produce like anything ever growing newers the reading was restricted to Elite literate even those who are driving autos and cars they speak better English serious I'm not kidding now I have traveled to Europe multiple times okay so I know they don't speak much English okay selfish they heard sacred text read out ballads recited and folk tales narrated so F Tales they are making secet text read out they read out the text of what ballads and your folk tales knowledge was transferred orally so before the age of print books were not only expensive but they could not be produced in sufficient time so printing press so now now reading public came into being but the transition was not so simple transition was not so simple book could only be read by literate for add they want to hear it read folk tales ballads which can be recited which are very interesting which common people want to hear and the my he's making books so wider reach of printed work even those who did not read could certainly enjoy listening to books being read out so printers book manufacturers they are publishing popular ballads folk tales and such books would be Illustrated with pictures Nar pictures Nar folktales n ballads prod so these were then sung and recited at gatherings in villages taverns Cafe they drink alcohol they relax they eat food they enjoy summer master plan so that is how they include the Common People ballot bot historical account or folk tail inverse okay taverns now places where people gather they drink alcohol they get served food and they Exchange News okay so now oral culture thus entered print and printed material was orally transmittal culture reading culture okay the line that separated oral reading and reading culture became blood so oral reading and the line differentiating them became blur enjoying okay becoming popular and the hearing public and reading public became intermingle slow they also learn to read they also learn to read so okay so that is what is happening okay great religious debate and the fear of print I will try to complete before o00 so I will try to keep up this Happ great print created the possibility of wide circulation of ideas and introduced a new world of debate and discussion ideas Western instest Roman Catholic Church it's so scared it is so scared Roman Catholic Church okay they are very scared even those who dis agreed with established authorities could now print and circulate ideas Church so church is scar so through through the printed message they could persuade people to think differently and move them to action so books I will change your attitude I will change your mentality I can bring emotion out of people I can bring emotion out of common folk so emities not only church other authorities also it is both ways authorities not King monarchy Scholars Roman Church okay this had a significance in different spheres of life this had a significance in different spe of Life sole right I don't know how to pronounce it so JV and he he made this painting in 1739 he made this painting in 1739 printing printing press printing press it is descending from heaven heaven printing press so printing from Heaven carried by a goddess so in the goddess Left Right Mina and Mercury Mina and Mercury goddess of wisdom and messenger of God so Mina and mercury and one goddess is bringing that printing press from Heaven gber gut so in the painting it is celebrating it is celebrating printing okay are you all clear everybody happy very good so celebrating the coming of print in the image not everyone welcome the printed book okay so those who did also had fears about it we are using internet instn Instagram those who favored also were scared of it it was very powerful book printed material okay many were apprehensive of the effects that the easier access to printed word and wider circulation of books could have on people's mind so many were doubtful it was feared that if there was no control over what was printed and read then rebellious irreligious thoughts might spread was controlling rulers were controlling they were scared if that happened the authority of valuable literature would be destroyed valuable literature holy scriptures they were scared valuable literature I text expressed by religious authorities and monarchs as well as many writers and artists this anxiety was the basis of widespread criticism of new printed literature that had begun to circulate so in the anxiety in the B by religious authorities by monarchs King Raj religious Authority Roman Church okay great now let's go forward let's go forward so now Martin Luther Martin Luther is Lev okay Martin Luther 157 he write he wrote a 95 thesis okay he wrote 95 thesis thesis now report criticizing many of the practices of Roman Catholic church so Roman Catholic Church rep5 in the year 157 he is kitchify okay the printed copy of this was posted on a church door in wi okay and the church okay it challenged the church to debate his ideas he is challenging the church so Luther's writing were immediately reproduced in vast numbers so print it is not influencing everybody directly it makes people think it makes people think that's the beauty of print culture that's a beauty of print Revolution so print Revolution helps you think they think about it and they try to come to a decision okay so Luther's writing this led to a division within the church so Church so Protestant Reformation so Catholic Church Protestant Reformation Martin Luther okay so this led to a division within the church and to the beginning of the Protestant re Reformation okay so Protestant Reformation 16th century 1517 1517 so 16th century movement to reform the Catholic Church dominated by Rome so Roman Church Catholic The Rance medieval period Roman Church top World controlling full so Martin Luther was one of the main Protestant reformers Martin Luther was one of the main Protestant reformers who stood against the Roman Catholic Church okay several traditions of anti- Catholic Christianity were developed out of the movement so in the Protestant movement several anti Catholic Christianity was developed so Catholic with christiant okay great so print and descent print and popular religious literature stimulated many distinctive individual interpretations of Faith even among little educated working people so the books IDE when they start to think freely when they start to use their brain when they have perspective of their own they are thinking in the 16th century minio Miller in Italy locality he knows he knows something he has gathered knowledge now he interprets the Bible anybody can comment anybody can put a real Roman Catholic church maybe so Roman Catholic Church was very powerful they were very powerful it was the entire Earth they were dominating the whole world okay that's why even today cath catholism is the highest percentage of population Catholics are the highest in the whole world okay great so uh Roman Catholic Church they execute him Inquisition Inquisition cour Inquisition a foran Roman Catholic court for identifying and punishing Heretics Romantics heretical ideas okay great so troubled by such efforts troubled by such effects of popular readings and questioning of Faith the Roman Church imposed several controls over Publishers and they maintained an index of prohibited books from 155 mc mc okay they can ask you mcqs when did the Roman Catholic Church form index of prohibited books index of prohibited books 58 1558 so index of prohibited books 1558 okay the reading Mania okay so we are coming to 17th and 18 century so we are coming towards 19th century so 17th and 18th century literacy rate went up okay everybody is learning how to read churches churches Catholic Church Protestant Church Methodist Baptist they go to Villages they go to different places schools they are teaching peasants Artisans Artisans now skilled labor so by the end of 18th century 18th century the literacy rate went up as high as 60 to 80% that's very high that's very high perc the literacy rate at the end of 18th century it went to 80% okay great as literacy and school spread in Europe countries there was a virtual reading manual add3 18 there is a reading man everybody is reading people wanted books to read and printers produce books in even ever increasing numbers so okay and Alman Alman calend Alman Al an annual publication annual publication giving astronomical data full moon new moon and information about movement of sun and moon timing of full tide eclipses and much else that was important in everyday life of people diversification popular liter targeting new audience literature audience book employed pedlers were selling books pedlers will go and sell books in the book the book cheap and books cheap and small books were sold okay largely for entertainment largely for entertainment n books popular literature ballads folk tales and it's called Chapman Chapman in England France it is called biotic blue biotic blue they called Penny books it was sold called Petty pedlers or Chapman Chapman in England or Bic blue in France France blue England Chapman okay so it is a very cheap book made up of poor quality paper and in the France blue it is made in blue color cover okay then there were romances printed on four to six pages and the more substantial histories which were stories about the past so sometimes history sometimes romance and the books were of various sizes si si and purpose interest okay great the periodical press developed from the early 18th century combining information about current affairs with entertainment periodic now magazines magazines monthly magazine Weekly Magazine 18 periodic press periodic press now Weekly Magazine monthly magazine in the early early 18th century newspapers and journals carried information about wars and trade as well as news of development and other places so in the early 18th century 19th century we have magazines newspapers journals okay we have magazines newspapers journals science and reason rationality ideas about science ideas about reason rationality okay I hope all of you are clear so ideas of scientists and philosophers now became more accessible to the common people so Isaac Newton so because of print culture because of print Revolution because of books so because of print culture because of print Revolution whatever he found out the science news the science ideas the scientific ideas were spread all over Europe so ancient and scientific medieval scientific texts were compiled and published so and ancient and medieval scientific text were compiled and published and maps and scientific diagrams were widely printed my scientists like Isaac Newton began to publish their discoveries they could influence a much wider scientific audience and writings of thinkers Thomas Payne Walter and Russo were all widely printed and read it French rech reu Walter and Russo writings very good thinkers so thinking perspec okay by the mid 18th century there was a common conviction that books were a measure means of spreading Pro progress and Enlightenment many believed that books could change the world Liberate the society from despotism and tyranny okay tyranny and Herald a time where reason and intellect will rule can anybody tell very good merci very good you are right super so mid 18 there was a common perception books will help us free ourselves Fromm tyranny and Herald a time where reason and logic with will rule intellect will rule okay so Lou Sebastian Mercier a novelist in France he said printing press is the most powerful engine of progress and public opinion is the force that will sweep despotism away desp despotism monarchy Raj okay in many of mercier's novels the hero are transformed by reading books okay book he'll become good okay so convinced of the power of print in bringing Enlightenment and destroying the basics of despotism Mercier Proclaim tremble therefore Tyrant of the world tremble before the virtual writer before the virtual writer virtual writer tremble tremble Tyrant of the world tremble before the world viral writer okay great so let's go forward print culture and French Revolution so French C French Revolution Point many historians believe okay so many historians have argued that cult re print popularized the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers so in the print culture books spre so print popularize the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers TR so their writings provided critical commentary on tradition Superstition and despotism argued for the rule of reason they attack the sacred authority of the church and the despotic power thus eroding the legitimacy of social order based on tradition so they want to destroy the legitimacy of social order based on tradition okay first point R Point print created a new culture of dialogue and debate okay so dialogue and debate has become very common and popular all values norms and institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by public that had become aware of the power of reason and recognized the the need to question existing ideas reevaluating they are cating dialogues are going on debates are going on then they are coming to a conclusion by Reason by reason they're using their brain okay Point by 1780s there was an outpouring of literature that mocked the Royal and criticize the mor morality okay CR criticize their morality so last Point real life so car animation 1780s around that time only French Revolution happens okay so there can be no doubt that print helps the spread of the spread of ideas so print idee okay but we must remember that people did not read just one kind of literature don't you think they decide what to follow so if they read ideas of Walter and Russo they are also exposed to monarchal and church propaganda so Revolution [Applause] thinkers so they were not influenced directly by everything they read they accepted some ideas they rejected some cult okay so they interpreted things in their own way so print did not directly shape their minds but it opened the possibility of thinking differently so very good that's it let's go forward 19th century 19th century saw vast leap in Mass literacy in Europe bringing in large number of new readers among children women and workers so 19th century literacy Peak literacy Peak children women workers Scholars Church working men working men women children so M ly so children so children Germany so children School TS which are very critical so obvious simple so children school textbook okay children France separ literature for children alone was set up in 1857 point so children France they set up separate press children children stories children FK tale 1857 okay and this press published new works as well as old fairy tales and folk tales only for children Germany the Grim Brothers spent years compiling traditional folk tales gathered from peasants so Farms so they delete they delete few things and publish book The Grim Brothers collected was edited before the stories were published in 1812 anything that was considered unsuitable for children or would appear vulgar to the elite was not included in the book rural folk tales thus acquired a new form in this way print recorded old Tales but also changed them so even Grim Brothers Grim Brothers children great now coming to women women Penny magazine Penny magazine magazine magazine cheap magazine so cheap magazine that especially meant for women as were manuals teaching proper behavior and housekeeping so women magazines could 19th Cy magaz Penny magazine penny magaz cheapap magaz and 19th women were seen as important readers Noels so book makers writings became important in defining a new type of women so modern women they like a person with Will strength of Personality determination power to think so in the principles they wanted to write and they wanted to project a new type of women so the new type of women in the qualities a person with Will strength of Personality determination and power to think in the and some of the best known novelist were Jane Austin B famous the Bronte sisters George Elliot book by this is the name so these three authors novelist were very famous so Bronte sisters Jane Austin or J is a girl okay it's a lady great workers Artisans and lower middle class readers okay so in the 19th Century Lending libraries were important workers lending libraries Point okay so workers lending library so 19 the 19th century after working hours was reduced working after working day was gradually shortened mid 19th century 19th century work more time a they were writing political tracks autobiographies in large numbers so Nar working class Artis middle middle class readers they develop themselves they write political tracks they write their own autobiography and so many books were produced P so many books were produced in the mid 19th century further Innovations by the late 19th century late 18 century mechanical press was to be replaced by Future models okay by the late 18th century the Press came to be made out of metal so the wooden press 18th century late part it was replaced by metal so wooden platin they use steel platin okay through the 19th century there were a series of further Innovations in printing technology so 19th century full Innovation Innovation cylindrical press so Richard yho of New York had perfected the power driven cylindrical press which was particularly useful for printing newspaper so newspaper Richard cylindrical press which are which was power driven it was very useful for newspapers and it could produce 8,000 sheets per hour such a very good press the offset press was developed which could print up to six colors at a time so it Innovations in printing first metal mechanical power driven cylindrical press offset press offset press for six different colors six different colors okay 20th centy from the turn of 20th century development electrically operated process accelerated printing operations so electrically operated prev Lev methods of feeding paper improved quality of plates improved quality of paper improved automatic paper resel super photo electric controls of color register were all introduced so quality of feeding paper quality of plates automatic paper reels photo electric controls speed production okay the accumulation of several individual mechanical Improvement transformed the appearance of printed text okay so printers and Publishers continuously develop new strategies to sell their product so okay great so 19 Cy periods I don't want to read everything so I will teach you fast don't worry listen listen so 19th okay 20th second war part one part two part three part four serialized novels Harry Potter M Harry part one part two part three part four part seven so 19th century periodicals serialized important novels serialized important novels which gave birth to a particular way of writing novels 1920s in England popular Works were sold in cheap series called the Shilling series so it was easy to sell more okay the dust cover of the book or the book jacket is also a 20th century Innovation Books theth Okay and world Great Depression 1930s depression to sustain buying they brought out cheap paperback editions so paperback edition when they could not sustain during the Great Depression great Financial recession World Market we are going to go into depression financial crisis 193 193 okay so to sustain it they brought paperback versions okay so this is an advertisement in uh platform you will see you would see posters full printed so there were printed posters all over the railway station for advertisements okay so this is the use of print culture now India and the world ARL okay [Music] okay so yeah let's get started manuscript manuscript you can write it with your hand okay it is written on palm leaf okay so palm leaf so palm leaf they will write with their hand that's called as a written man manuscript and this is from the Gita goind of jadea 18th century manuscripts before age of print soen printing wenting we only know it first we know it very very early okay so wooden block printing okay so India had a very rich and old tradition of handwritten manuscripts so first manuscripts in Sanskrit Arabic Persian as well as in vernacular languages vernacular language local language Tamil Malayalam Telugu and okay so manuscripts were copied on Palm leaves or on handmade paper so in handm leaves Pages were sometimes beautifully Illustrated okay okay that would be either they would be either pressed between wooden covers so Mal wooden cover okay so manuscripts continue to be produced till well after the introduction of print down to the late 19th century okay so manuscript 19th Cy they were produced even though printing was was there printing manuscripts were still there manuscripts was yeah they are very expensive they are very fragile they are very difficult to handle they are difficult to read and the script was written in different styles manuscripts were highly expensive fragile handled carefully difficult to read okay so manuscripts were not widely used in everyday life okay so even though pre-colonial Bengal had developed an extensive network of Village primary schools students often did not read text so they only learned how to write te so teachers dictated portion from memory and students wrote them down so many of them became literate okay print comes toia can you guys please let me know quick quick quick I want you all to be fast it was brought by the Portuguese very good Portuguese missionary so printing India Portuguese missionaries missionaries spre Christianity in the mid 16th century in the mid 16th century Jesuit Jesuit priest learned con and printed several tracks they able to understand okay and by 1674 by 1674 about 50 books had been printed v a level book in K and Canada in K and Canada language they are they are Printing and in Tamil in Tamil Catholic priest printed the first Tamil book in 1579 at coin and 17713 first Malayalam book was printed by them okay okay mid 16th century 1550s okay 16y 1550 I'm sorry it's 120 years so within 100 years they were able to produce 50 books for K language and Canada language okay and Tamil is before Mal in the year 1579 Malayalam book was printed by them in 1713 Catholic priest then the Dutch dut missionaries dut Protestant missionaries books books religious books now okay many of them translated versions of older works okay the English language did not grow in India till the late the English language till not did not grow in India till late even though English East India Company began to import presses from the late 17th century so English language press even though even though the East India Company brought presses from the 17th century yeah James Augustus hii why so the Bal Gaz English Weekly Magazine correct Bal Gaz English Weekly Magazine editor this is editor generals army officers he's editing and typing okay so from 1780 James Augustus hicki began to edit this Weekly Magazine Bengal gazet Weekly Magazine English magazine owner very good gang B very good owner is gangadhar bachara and editor he's editor of the new uh magazine this magazine was described as a commercial paper open to all but influenced by none he was trying to convey the things okay so that's why this magazine was described as a commercial paper open to all but influenced by none it was a private English Enterprise proud of its independence from Colonial influence so Colonial influence okay that began printing English in India so English printing Bengal Gazette Bengal Gazette printing hii published a lot of advertisement including those that related to import and sale of slaves okay so ik wrote advertisements which talked about the import and sale of slaves hicki published a lot of gossip about companies senior officials in India this enraged the governor general Warren Hastings who was later persecuted who later persecuted him so Governor he encouraged the publication of officially sanctioned newspapers that could counter the flow of information that damaged the image of the colonial government so in the [Music] wars in the warrs he en the governor general encourage the publication of officially sanction newspaper that could counter the flow you know okay very good so by the close of 18th century a number of newspapers and journals appeared in print okay by the close of 18th century a number of newspapers and journals appeared in print there were Indians too who began to publish Indian newspaper gangadhar bachara who was close to Raman Roy he was a social reformer Raman R okay so Bengal gazet weekly English newspaper Weekly Magazine it is gangadhar bachara okay religious reforms and public debates everybody are you [Music] ready my voice is gone today from the early 19th century there were intense debates around religious issues so early 19th century religious issues okay between Hindus Muslims a Muslims and England Muslims and Colonial people because they were trying to enforce religion they were trying to convert okay so different groups of people confronted the changes happening within colonial society in different ways and offered a variety of new interpretations of the beliefs of different religions some criticized existing practices and some campaigned for reform While others countered the arguments of the reformers these debates were carried out in public and in print so open able to debate it out in the open okay okay printed tracks and newspapers not only spread the new ideas but also shape the nature of the debate a wider public could now participate in these public discussions and express their views new ideas emerge through these clashes of opinions so in so they were able to debate and come up with new opinions new ideas which are better which are good okay so wider public could now participate participate in these discussions okay period of intense controversies between social and religious reforms and Hindu Orthodoxy over matters okay so Hindu Orthodoxy had problems with Widow immolation monotheism brahmanical priesthood and Idol so hindy soci reformers okay priesthood Hindu Orthodox people were against they were talking against because of books because of reading okay in Bengal as the debate developed tracks and newspapers proliferated proliferated circulating a variety of arguments to reach a wider audience language okay so rajar Mo published sambi the moon of intelligence samb the moon of intelligence from 1821 samb Ram Mohan R okay Ram Mohan Ro in the year 1821 it is called the mun of intelligence and the Hindu Orthodoxy commissioned the Samar chandria to oppose his opinions against Hindu Orthodoxy Hindu Orthodoxy so Hindu Orthodoxy started to oppos his opinions okay and 1822 two Persian newspapers were published Jam e Jahan Nama and shamul abbar okay so Persian newspapers which were published in the year 1822 in the same year a Gujarati newspaper called The Bombay samachar made its appearance Pang Bombay Sam confus it is not Maharashtra it is Gujarati it is not Mara is so in North India the ama ama legal Scholars of Islam and the Sharia UL legal Scholars of Islam and Sharia they were anxious about collapse of Muslim dynasties they were anxious about the collapse of Muslim dynasties okay they feared that Colonial rulers would encourage conversion the legal Scholars of Islam and Shar to counter this cheap lithographic okay translations of holy scriptures they are Printing and sending it to everybody the Dian Seminary founded in 1867 published thousands of upon thousands of fatwas telling Muslim readers how to conduct themselves in their everyday life and explaining the meaning of Islamic doctrines what are what are fatwas now a legal pronouncement on Islamic law usually given by a Muti legal scholar to clarify issues on which the law is uncertain on which the law is uncertain okay and U print help them conduct these battles in public so Udu print was easier because U and most in India Muslims only speak so they were able to do this in public easily now coming to Hindus Hindus among Hindus to print encourage reading of religious text especially in vernacular language so Hindus m religious in verac language ver local language okay the first printed edition of ram ram charit Manas of tulsidas 16th century text came out from Kolkata in 1810 so in the book first printed Edition was coming from calata in 1810 by 19th century mid it was sent every the cheap lithographic editions flooded the North Indian market so you book cheap lithographic print North India full okay in the printed and portable form these could be read easily by the faithful at any place and time and the book EAS so religious text therefore reached a wide variety of people wide circle of people encouraging discussions debates and contro controversies within and among different religions print not only stimulated the publication of conflicting opinions among communities but it also connected communities and people in different parts of India so print hind they were bonded they were connected because of text because of religious Hindu text Muslim text because of the Islamic scriptures being being explained they were all connected together between two religions among same religion also okay newspapers convey news from one place to another creating pan Indian identity so newspaper print cult so newspap okay new forms of publication come on guys let's finish it off okay great so demand for new kinds of writing as more and more people could Now read they wanted to see their own lives so everybody wanted to write and read what is relatable to them so Europe Indian market literary firm novel or literary firm Noel Indian market they were developing people to write Indian form and style so literary form novel Europe Indian market they were developing people they were acquiring people for writing distinct indan forms and styles so for readers it opened up new world of experience and gave a vivid sense of diversity of human lives so emergence of new forms forms of literature lyrics short stories of okay new visual culture took place visual culture now Raj RI he is a very good paint artist he paints painters like Raja RMA produced images for mass circulation okay new visual culture new visual culture so new setting up of increased number of printing presses visual images could be easily produced in multiple copies soaj painting so it's very visual thing it explains a lot through Visual s new visual form of print okay let's go forward and diversification diversification so new visual form lyrics short stories essays diversification of print culture diversification car and cartoons that is also introduced women and lives and feelings of women began to be written particularly Vivid and intense ways middle class families women they are very liberal so liberal husbands and fathers began educating the women of their home and send them to schoolid many journals began carrying writings by women so women joural and explain why women should be educated okay the journalist explain why women should be educated they also carried a syllabus and attached suitable Reading MA matter which could be used for homebased schooling Orthodox hlim believed okay conservative Hindus believe that a literate girl would be widowed Muslims okay and Sal they rebelled some women they rebelled defied such prohibition okay everybody please check it a girl in a conservative Muslim family of North India who secretly learned to read and write in Udu her family wanted her to read only Arabic Quran which she did not understand so she insisted on learning to read a language that was her own so okay and story so rash rash West B I'm sorry East so in a very Orthodox family she learned to read in the secrecy of a kitchen she wrote her own autobiography which was published in 1876 amaran am autobiography it was the first F length autobiography published in Bengali language okay so rash 1876 amaran am rash Sund de okay great Kash B Kash bini de wrote books highlighting the experiences of women about how women were impris at home kept in ignorance forced to do hard labor and treated unjustly by people they serve so wom and soash Bashi again Bengali she writes it in her book she writes in her book okay and in Maharashtra in Maharashtra tarabai shind and pandita rabai wrote with passion anger wrote with passion passate anger about miserable lives of upper clast Hindu women especially widows so upper Hindu women Widow and P R Mahar 1880s okay and women in Tamil novel she says for various reasons my world is very small more than than half my happiness comes from books okay while uru Tamil Bengali marati had developed early so Portuguese literature print culture Hindi Hindi came very late 1870s soon large segment of it was devoted to education of women they were growing helping women grow in the early 20 th Century Journals written for and sometimes edited by women became extremely popular so early 20th Century Journals which were written by Women written for women became popular so women's education widowhood Widow remarriage national movement disc Journal early 20th century 1900s 1910 1920 woman education Widow remarriage national movement some of them even offered household and fashion lessons to women good women it became fing is R Chada in Punjab kala track Society kala track Society published cheap booklets with a similar message in a message women should be obedient women should be good they should be having good virtues okay Bal it was devoted to printing popular books batala Publications here you could buy cheap editions of scriptures by the late 19th century a lot of these books were being profusely Illustrated with wood cuts and colored lithographs okay pedlers pedlers took batala published books to home okay and man is playing Vina and a lady woman is smoking h please be careful print and the poor people so poor people Lending Library Public Library so poor people came the India there are public libraries which were set up and the library so it was a Prestige issue okay great and uh J F the marata pioneer of low cost Pro protest moment wrote about Injustice of cost system in his gulir okay so he wrote the protest of lowcost people what Injustice they were facing okay great and edar and perar and they fought for cost difference okay in workers in factories were too overworked and lacked education to write about experience so they were not able to write their experiences okay so experiences Kashi Baba Aur mill worker wrote and published to show the links between cost and class exploitation okay Bangalore cotton mill workers set up libraries to study to educate themselves Bangalore cotton mill workers they set up libraries to educate themselves yeah sponsor they were sponsored by social reformers soci please okay social reformers they were sponsoring them so that feeling okay so last is vernacular press act vernacular press Act was passed in 1876 so Pang first first first Colonial last SL last slide first British they put restriction only on English men in India who are critical of company like James hickey Jame and hickey hickey English restriction 1820 the Kata Supreme Court told day newspapers day journals soe governor governor please Governor restriction govern governor general restri Thomas liberal Colonial official formulated new rules that restored the earlier freedom 1857 1857 restriction vernacular press act because of 1857 Revolt because of the Revolt of 1857 verac restriction so War that's what they told B gang he wrote about this in his caser when Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907 Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907 when B wrote it in so military protest so that's it over I hope the chapter is clear we have completed it successfully okay all the very best guys I hope this was useful and uh give your best in today's exam I will see you today evening okay bye take care guys love you all bye-bye

hello my dear are you all excited sence shall we get started are you ready yes let me tell you the truth this chapter is not that difficult okay let&#39;s get into the chapter okay print culture and the modern world okay sir finish by 615 sir 6 okay I&#39;ll take minimum up to 7 7:30 okay so let&#39;s get started soang how many of you are excited okay I hope all of you are excited so Japan China Japan Europe timeline are you all clear I hope all of you are happy important okay please remember great great great we will come to that we will come to that I&#39;ll come to that okay so let&#39;s get started so the earliest form of printing the earliest form of printing is going to be your wood block printing the wood block buhm move to Japan they get to know so in the China Japan and Korea earliest kind of printing block printing block printing this was a system of hand printing so printing in it is 54,500 years before can you believe it 1,400 1,500 years before printing China the wood block okay against ink surface wooden blocks and according mother don&#39;t CH Chinese people when they were doing that wood block print is very thin as both sides of the paper are thin and instrument musical instrument okay great so so ACC was folded and Stitch at the side okay sked Craftsman okay skilled Craftsman so it is done by skilled Craftsman Department pharmaceutical Department it Department 16th stud so why printing grew in the 16th century because Imperial state was Major producer of printer material why in a bureaucratic through civil service exam so textbook for the exam were printed in vast numbers okay under the sponsorship of Imperial State okay he is the ultimate head we are coming to current date 594 16th century 17th century is Diversified ministers Urban culture blue use of print Diversified Diversified print was no longer used by only Raja and Scholars print was no longer used by only Scholars Merchants also they use print and preference of new readers so okay divers diversification of print categories of people so China diversification fictional narratives stories poetry R autobiography anthology of literary Masterpiece Anthology collection masterpie okay Anthology then and romantic place so it became popular print was expanding print was becoming more and more popular more and more demand demanded by many okay wives of Scholars officials published their works and ctis wrote their lives so wives of Scholars bureaucrats they wrote own books again diversification rich women began read and many women began publishing their own poetry and place important so China China rich women began to read and they began to write their own poetry and place next one new reading culture so accompanied by a new technology so Western technology so China wooden block famous okay wooden block famous printing Western culture so mechanical press China Western Printing techniques and mechanical presses were imported in late 19th century as Western Powers establish their Outpost in China so Western in the they went to explore sh became the one China became the Hub of new print culture 19th century 19th century 181 to 1900 and the time became a hub cing to western style schools from hand printing there was now a gradual shift to Mechanical printing buh diamond is very important so okay so China 594 ad China 594 ad and Japan it is 768 18 Buddhist missionary China Japan Korea Buddhist missionaries Buddhist religion is common and oldest Japanese book they always publish religious books book old book printed in 1868 186 and the book Buddhist Diamond Sutra containing six sheets of text and woodcut illustration so actual picture so 1868 book Buddhist religious text okay what book Buddhist Diamond sura that&#39;s the answer in the year 1868 six pages of text and wood cut illustrations now next what did they doting 18 I&#39;m sorry 18 868 18 obviously 188 1868 1900 19 900 1868 868 900 started they started printing in medieval Japan medieval Japan the 1,00 1,300 the time poet and Pros writers were regularly published and books were cheap and abundant so medieval to4 books abundant and cheap Japan okay printing of visual material led to interesting publishing practices so Japan visual they used to print and that led to interesting publishing practices and 18th century Urban Circle Japan Tokyo what is modern day Tokyo toy okay is very important in late 18th century in the flourishing Urban circles at Edo which is modern day Tokyo Illustrated collections of paintings depicted An Elegant Urban culture involving artists ctis and Tea House Gatherings so paintings they used to print very visual very visual I have an example so ad it was the highlight of late 18th century in Tokyo okay libraries and books bookstores were packed with hand printed material of various types books on women musical instruments calculations Tea Ceremony Etc so library book stores full hand Okay Hand printed material on instruments calculations te ceremonies bookes heavy it is packed and diagram painting it&#39;s a visual illustration so it&#39;s a painting which is printed it&#39;s a it is very unique there is a guy there are lots of women maybe wife concubine shows morning scene and this was in the late 18th century okay it was done by shanman Kubo okay so great let&#39;s move forward now print Comes to Europe Europe Europe print okay any idea who is the person who brought it to Europe it&#39;s a very very important so I will show you Silk Road Silk Road the China theeast aspan Africa China China India China Europe in the in the spices are already happening the spes already so he is an Italian Marco is an Italian so from China he goes to Italy Marco Polo brought the knowledge of wood block painting from China back to Italy with him they began producing books with wood blocks and soon technology spread to Europe so whole Europe okay animal skin paper Okay a parchment made from animal skin luy Rich monastic libraries Aristocrats luri Aristocats and monastic liud cheap okay merchs students expensive luxury CCL Rich monastic libraries okay great now the demand for books increased book sellers all over Europe began exporting books demand they get to know about others so excitement everybody wants to read so they hiring so they are calling production of handwritten manuscripts are also organized so handwritten handwritten manuscripts was also organized in new ways to meet the expanded demand scribe so scribe scribes are skilled handw writers were no longer solely employed by wethy or influential patterns are even used by book sellers B so more than 50 scribes often work for book seller a demand bookes are conducted at different places so that awareness increases handwritten manuscripts handwritten manuscripts you need scribe skilled Craftman skilled writers book sellers are recruiting them failure yes failure handwritten manuscripts was a failure flop flop it&#39;s a very timing expensive laborous process okay it is a very timing it is a very costly and laborous process very high labor okay and manuscripts were FR so they were very fragile they were awkward to handle and could not be carried around easily so their circulation was limited so handwritten manuscripts was a flop idea what a flop idea wood block printing was becoming popular wood block super wood block okay by the early 15th century wood blocks were widely used in Europe to print texing cards and religious pictures with simple brief text so wood block print early 15y early 15 John Gutenberg or Gutenberg whatever okay so John mechanical press okay there was a great demand for quicker cheap this could only be done with the invention of a new technology so he is inventing mechanical press so first known printing press develop Johan Gutenberg from Strasburg Germany so Germany John gut he develops so gut he not EST so gutenburg was a son of a merchant he was a son of a Merchant he grew up on a large agricultural estate from his childhood he has seen wine and Olive PRP for wine for from his childhood he has seen that polishing stones and the precious stones gold smith he becomes a gold smith Master goldi mes so if you want to create a circular shape you take a mold for example for example mold mold so he used to make mold for trinkets trinkets is so he knows how to print letters experi and so he makes the first mechanical press he makes the first mechanical press okay so first book the first book that he does is Bible the first book that he does John Gutenberg is Bible in the year 8 uh 1448 Okay so 1448 he perfected the system perf first book he printed was Bible and0 copies he printed it took three years 180 books in just 3 years he printed that was very fast for that time period okay now the new technology did not entirely displace existing art of producing books by hand in fact printed books at first closely resembled the written manuscripts in appearance and layout the metal letters in imitated the ornamental handwritten Styles so it was handwritten style okay printing sty block meod it didn&#39;t die it was still there it was still there metal is handwritten ornamental handwritten style okay so borders were illuminated by hand so so I hope all of you are clear in the books printed for the rich some space was left for decoration Okay so okay each purchaser could choose the okay so in 1450 to 1550 printing presses were set up in most countries so Europe Printing Press Printing 1450 to 1550 they setting it up okay so printers from Germany travel to other countries seeking work and helping start new process so they know how to operate a press so set as the number of printing presses grew book production boomed there is a huge boom of books books the first half of 14th century first half of 14 C 1450 1450 million copies were produced 20 million copies of books were produced can you believe it the first half of oh sorry second half second half of 15th century 1450 to 1500 1450 to 1500 second half of 14th century or 15th century okay second half of 15th cury okay4 to5 the time perod 20 million copies were produced and second half second half y 16th century 16th century 1,500 to, 600 it went to 200 million can you believe it did you all like it shall I move forward great mechanic okay 16 it goes to 200 million did you all like it ad Square did you all like it was it amazing okay shift from hand printing to Mechanical printing led to the print Revolution print Revolution hand printing mechan mechanical press so this led to the print Revolution so G printing okay hand so that is how it looks so plattin the in letter Press Printing platin is a board which is pressed onto the back of the paper to get the impression from the type okay so the plattin so so it is it was made up of wooden board later it was made up of metal steel okay so set up that will be proof readers so print be proof readers there are compositors compositors who are compositors anybody please let me know in the chat who are compositors what is gal what is g who are compositors who are proof readers what is g okay so this picture depicts what a printer shop looks like in the 16th century okay all the activities are going on under one roof roof set up okay so compositors comp they only prepare the text okay so I will show you that okay compositors now the person who composes the text for printing g g isal frame metal frame PA G okay print Revolution and its impact what was print Revolution there was exchange of knowledge you are exchanging ideas across lands across Seas across oceans so that is exchange of knowledge so your perspective changes you think about things differently so you have popular perceptions okay you have popular perceptions and opened new ways of looking at things New Perspective of looking at things okay a new way of producing books it transformed the lives of people changing their relationship to information and knowledge and with the institution and authorities so ins authorities so when you read you get to know so book played that role it was brought about by print culture it was brought about by that print Revolution great the story chap the chapter full okay now a new reading public so printing press led to a new reading public printing reduced the cost of books the time and labor required to produce each book came down drastically markets were flooded with books reaching out to ever growing readership so button page over so that is much cheaper faster so books were produce like anything ever growing newers the reading was restricted to Elite literate even those who are driving autos and cars they speak better English serious I&#39;m not kidding now I have traveled to Europe multiple times okay so I know they don&#39;t speak much English okay selfish they heard sacred text read out ballads recited and folk tales narrated so F Tales they are making secet text read out they read out the text of what ballads and your folk tales knowledge was transferred orally so before the age of print books were not only expensive but they could not be produced in sufficient time so printing press so now now reading public came into being but the transition was not so simple transition was not so simple book could only be read by literate for add they want to hear it read folk tales ballads which can be recited which are very interesting which common people want to hear and the my he&#39;s making books so wider reach of printed work even those who did not read could certainly enjoy listening to books being read out so printers book manufacturers they are publishing popular ballads folk tales and such books would be Illustrated with pictures Nar pictures Nar folktales n ballads prod so these were then sung and recited at gatherings in villages taverns Cafe they drink alcohol they relax they eat food they enjoy summer master plan so that is how they include the Common People ballot bot historical account or folk tail inverse okay taverns now places where people gather they drink alcohol they get served food and they Exchange News okay so now oral culture thus entered print and printed material was orally transmittal culture reading culture okay the line that separated oral reading and reading culture became blood so oral reading and the line differentiating them became blur enjoying okay becoming popular and the hearing public and reading public became intermingle slow they also learn to read they also learn to read so okay so that is what is happening okay great religious debate and the fear of print I will try to complete before o00 so I will try to keep up this Happ great print created the possibility of wide circulation of ideas and introduced a new world of debate and discussion ideas Western instest Roman Catholic Church it&#39;s so scared it is so scared Roman Catholic Church okay they are very scared even those who dis agreed with established authorities could now print and circulate ideas Church so church is scar so through through the printed message they could persuade people to think differently and move them to action so books I will change your attitude I will change your mentality I can bring emotion out of people I can bring emotion out of common folk so emities not only church other authorities also it is both ways authorities not King monarchy Scholars Roman Church okay this had a significance in different spheres of life this had a significance in different spe of Life sole right I don&#39;t know how to pronounce it so JV and he he made this painting in 1739 he made this painting in 1739 printing printing press printing press it is descending from heaven heaven printing press so printing from Heaven carried by a goddess so in the goddess Left Right Mina and Mercury Mina and Mercury goddess of wisdom and messenger of God so Mina and mercury and one goddess is bringing that printing press from Heaven gber gut so in the painting it is celebrating it is celebrating printing okay are you all clear everybody happy very good so celebrating the coming of print in the image not everyone welcome the printed book okay so those who did also had fears about it we are using internet instn Instagram those who favored also were scared of it it was very powerful book printed material okay many were apprehensive of the effects that the easier access to printed word and wider circulation of books could have on people&#39;s mind so many were doubtful it was feared that if there was no control over what was printed and read then rebellious irreligious thoughts might spread was controlling rulers were controlling they were scared if that happened the authority of valuable literature would be destroyed valuable literature holy scriptures they were scared valuable literature I text expressed by religious authorities and monarchs as well as many writers and artists this anxiety was the basis of widespread criticism of new printed literature that had begun to circulate so in the anxiety in the B by religious authorities by monarchs King Raj religious Authority Roman Church okay great now let&#39;s go forward let&#39;s go forward so now Martin Luther Martin Luther is Lev okay Martin Luther 157 he write he wrote a 95 thesis okay he wrote 95 thesis thesis now report criticizing many of the practices of Roman Catholic church so Roman Catholic Church rep5 in the year 157 he is kitchify okay the printed copy of this was posted on a church door in wi okay and the church okay it challenged the church to debate his ideas he is challenging the church so Luther&#39;s writing were immediately reproduced in vast numbers so print it is not influencing everybody directly it makes people think it makes people think that&#39;s the beauty of print culture that&#39;s a beauty of print Revolution so print Revolution helps you think they think about it and they try to come to a decision okay so Luther&#39;s writing this led to a division within the church so Church so Protestant Reformation so Catholic Church Protestant Reformation Martin Luther okay so this led to a division within the church and to the beginning of the Protestant re Reformation okay so Protestant Reformation 16th century 1517 1517 so 16th century movement to reform the Catholic Church dominated by Rome so Roman Church Catholic The Rance medieval period Roman Church top World controlling full so Martin Luther was one of the main Protestant reformers Martin Luther was one of the main Protestant reformers who stood against the Roman Catholic Church okay several traditions of anti- Catholic Christianity were developed out of the movement so in the Protestant movement several anti Catholic Christianity was developed so Catholic with christiant okay great so print and descent print and popular religious literature stimulated many distinctive individual interpretations of Faith even among little educated working people so the books IDE when they start to think freely when they start to use their brain when they have perspective of their own they are thinking in the 16th century minio Miller in Italy locality he knows he knows something he has gathered knowledge now he interprets the Bible anybody can comment anybody can put a real Roman Catholic church maybe so Roman Catholic Church was very powerful they were very powerful it was the entire Earth they were dominating the whole world okay that&#39;s why even today cath catholism is the highest percentage of population Catholics are the highest in the whole world okay great so uh Roman Catholic Church they execute him Inquisition Inquisition cour Inquisition a foran Roman Catholic court for identifying and punishing Heretics Romantics heretical ideas okay great so troubled by such efforts troubled by such effects of popular readings and questioning of Faith the Roman Church imposed several controls over Publishers and they maintained an index of prohibited books from 155 mc mc okay they can ask you mcqs when did the Roman Catholic Church form index of prohibited books index of prohibited books 58 1558 so index of prohibited books 1558 okay the reading Mania okay so we are coming to 17th and 18 century so we are coming towards 19th century so 17th and 18th century literacy rate went up okay everybody is learning how to read churches churches Catholic Church Protestant Church Methodist Baptist they go to Villages they go to different places schools they are teaching peasants Artisans Artisans now skilled labor so by the end of 18th century 18th century the literacy rate went up as high as 60 to 80% that&#39;s very high that&#39;s very high perc the literacy rate at the end of 18th century it went to 80% okay great as literacy and school spread in Europe countries there was a virtual reading manual add3 18 there is a reading man everybody is reading people wanted books to read and printers produce books in even ever increasing numbers so okay and Alman Alman calend Alman Al an annual publication annual publication giving astronomical data full moon new moon and information about movement of sun and moon timing of full tide eclipses and much else that was important in everyday life of people diversification popular liter targeting new audience literature audience book employed pedlers were selling books pedlers will go and sell books in the book the book cheap and books cheap and small books were sold okay largely for entertainment largely for entertainment n books popular literature ballads folk tales and it&#39;s called Chapman Chapman in England France it is called biotic blue biotic blue they called Penny books it was sold called Petty pedlers or Chapman Chapman in England or Bic blue in France France blue England Chapman okay so it is a very cheap book made up of poor quality paper and in the France blue it is made in blue color cover okay then there were romances printed on four to six pages and the more substantial histories which were stories about the past so sometimes history sometimes romance and the books were of various sizes si si and purpose interest okay great the periodical press developed from the early 18th century combining information about current affairs with entertainment periodic now magazines magazines monthly magazine Weekly Magazine 18 periodic press periodic press now Weekly Magazine monthly magazine in the early early 18th century newspapers and journals carried information about wars and trade as well as news of development and other places so in the early 18th century 19th century we have magazines newspapers journals okay we have magazines newspapers journals science and reason rationality ideas about science ideas about reason rationality okay I hope all of you are clear so ideas of scientists and philosophers now became more accessible to the common people so Isaac Newton so because of print culture because of print Revolution because of books so because of print culture because of print Revolution whatever he found out the science news the science ideas the scientific ideas were spread all over Europe so ancient and scientific medieval scientific texts were compiled and published so and ancient and medieval scientific text were compiled and published and maps and scientific diagrams were widely printed my scientists like Isaac Newton began to publish their discoveries they could influence a much wider scientific audience and writings of thinkers Thomas Payne Walter and Russo were all widely printed and read it French rech reu Walter and Russo writings very good thinkers so thinking perspec okay by the mid 18th century there was a common conviction that books were a measure means of spreading Pro progress and Enlightenment many believed that books could change the world Liberate the society from despotism and tyranny okay tyranny and Herald a time where reason and intellect will rule can anybody tell very good merci very good you are right super so mid 18 there was a common perception books will help us free ourselves Fromm tyranny and Herald a time where reason and logic with will rule intellect will rule okay so Lou Sebastian Mercier a novelist in France he said printing press is the most powerful engine of progress and public opinion is the force that will sweep despotism away desp despotism monarchy Raj okay in many of mercier&#39;s novels the hero are transformed by reading books okay book he&#39;ll become good okay so convinced of the power of print in bringing Enlightenment and destroying the basics of despotism Mercier Proclaim tremble therefore Tyrant of the world tremble before the virtual writer before the virtual writer virtual writer tremble tremble Tyrant of the world tremble before the world viral writer okay great so let&#39;s go forward print culture and French Revolution so French C French Revolution Point many historians believe okay so many historians have argued that cult re print popularized the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers so in the print culture books spre so print popularize the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers TR so their writings provided critical commentary on tradition Superstition and despotism argued for the rule of reason they attack the sacred authority of the church and the despotic power thus eroding the legitimacy of social order based on tradition so they want to destroy the legitimacy of social order based on tradition okay first point R Point print created a new culture of dialogue and debate okay so dialogue and debate has become very common and popular all values norms and institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by public that had become aware of the power of reason and recognized the the need to question existing ideas reevaluating they are cating dialogues are going on debates are going on then they are coming to a conclusion by Reason by reason they&#39;re using their brain okay Point by 1780s there was an outpouring of literature that mocked the Royal and criticize the mor morality okay CR criticize their morality so last Point real life so car animation 1780s around that time only French Revolution happens okay so there can be no doubt that print helps the spread of the spread of ideas so print idee okay but we must remember that people did not read just one kind of literature don&#39;t you think they decide what to follow so if they read ideas of Walter and Russo they are also exposed to monarchal and church propaganda so Revolution [Applause] thinkers so they were not influenced directly by everything they read they accepted some ideas they rejected some cult okay so they interpreted things in their own way so print did not directly shape their minds but it opened the possibility of thinking differently so very good that&#39;s it let&#39;s go forward 19th century 19th century saw vast leap in Mass literacy in Europe bringing in large number of new readers among children women and workers so 19th century literacy Peak literacy Peak children women workers Scholars Church working men working men women children so M ly so children so children Germany so children School TS which are very critical so obvious simple so children school textbook okay children France separ literature for children alone was set up in 1857 point so children France they set up separate press children children stories children FK tale 1857 okay and this press published new works as well as old fairy tales and folk tales only for children Germany the Grim Brothers spent years compiling traditional folk tales gathered from peasants so Farms so they delete they delete few things and publish book The Grim Brothers collected was edited before the stories were published in 1812 anything that was considered unsuitable for children or would appear vulgar to the elite was not included in the book rural folk tales thus acquired a new form in this way print recorded old Tales but also changed them so even Grim Brothers Grim Brothers children great now coming to women women Penny magazine Penny magazine magazine magazine cheap magazine so cheap magazine that especially meant for women as were manuals teaching proper behavior and housekeeping so women magazines could 19th Cy magaz Penny magazine penny magaz cheapap magaz and 19th women were seen as important readers Noels so book makers writings became important in defining a new type of women so modern women they like a person with Will strength of Personality determination power to think so in the principles they wanted to write and they wanted to project a new type of women so the new type of women in the qualities a person with Will strength of Personality determination and power to think in the and some of the best known novelist were Jane Austin B famous the Bronte sisters George Elliot book by this is the name so these three authors novelist were very famous so Bronte sisters Jane Austin or J is a girl okay it&#39;s a lady great workers Artisans and lower middle class readers okay so in the 19th Century Lending libraries were important workers lending libraries Point okay so workers lending library so 19 the 19th century after working hours was reduced working after working day was gradually shortened mid 19th century 19th century work more time a they were writing political tracks autobiographies in large numbers so Nar working class Artis middle middle class readers they develop themselves they write political tracks they write their own autobiography and so many books were produced P so many books were produced in the mid 19th century further Innovations by the late 19th century late 18 century mechanical press was to be replaced by Future models okay by the late 18th century the Press came to be made out of metal so the wooden press 18th century late part it was replaced by metal so wooden platin they use steel platin okay through the 19th century there were a series of further Innovations in printing technology so 19th century full Innovation Innovation cylindrical press so Richard yho of New York had perfected the power driven cylindrical press which was particularly useful for printing newspaper so newspaper Richard cylindrical press which are which was power driven it was very useful for newspapers and it could produce 8,000 sheets per hour such a very good press the offset press was developed which could print up to six colors at a time so it Innovations in printing first metal mechanical power driven cylindrical press offset press offset press for six different colors six different colors okay 20th centy from the turn of 20th century development electrically operated process accelerated printing operations so electrically operated prev Lev methods of feeding paper improved quality of plates improved quality of paper improved automatic paper resel super photo electric controls of color register were all introduced so quality of feeding paper quality of plates automatic paper reels photo electric controls speed production okay the accumulation of several individual mechanical Improvement transformed the appearance of printed text okay so printers and Publishers continuously develop new strategies to sell their product so okay great so 19 Cy periods I don&#39;t want to read everything so I will teach you fast don&#39;t worry listen listen so 19th okay 20th second war part one part two part three part four serialized novels Harry Potter M Harry part one part two part three part four part seven so 19th century periodicals serialized important novels serialized important novels which gave birth to a particular way of writing novels 1920s in England popular Works were sold in cheap series called the Shilling series so it was easy to sell more okay the dust cover of the book or the book jacket is also a 20th century Innovation Books theth Okay and world Great Depression 1930s depression to sustain buying they brought out cheap paperback editions so paperback edition when they could not sustain during the Great Depression great Financial recession World Market we are going to go into depression financial crisis 193 193 okay so to sustain it they brought paperback versions okay so this is an advertisement in uh platform you will see you would see posters full printed so there were printed posters all over the railway station for advertisements okay so this is the use of print culture now India and the world ARL okay [Music] okay so yeah let&#39;s get started manuscript manuscript you can write it with your hand okay it is written on palm leaf okay so palm leaf so palm leaf they will write with their hand that&#39;s called as a written man manuscript and this is from the Gita goind of jadea 18th century manuscripts before age of print soen printing wenting we only know it first we know it very very early okay so wooden block printing okay so India had a very rich and old tradition of handwritten manuscripts so first manuscripts in Sanskrit Arabic Persian as well as in vernacular languages vernacular language local language Tamil Malayalam Telugu and okay so manuscripts were copied on Palm leaves or on handmade paper so in handm leaves Pages were sometimes beautifully Illustrated okay okay that would be either they would be either pressed between wooden covers so Mal wooden cover okay so manuscripts continue to be produced till well after the introduction of print down to the late 19th century okay so manuscript 19th Cy they were produced even though printing was was there printing manuscripts were still there manuscripts was yeah they are very expensive they are very fragile they are very difficult to handle they are difficult to read and the script was written in different styles manuscripts were highly expensive fragile handled carefully difficult to read okay so manuscripts were not widely used in everyday life okay so even though pre-colonial Bengal had developed an extensive network of Village primary schools students often did not read text so they only learned how to write te so teachers dictated portion from memory and students wrote them down so many of them became literate okay print comes toia can you guys please let me know quick quick quick I want you all to be fast it was brought by the Portuguese very good Portuguese missionary so printing India Portuguese missionaries missionaries spre Christianity in the mid 16th century in the mid 16th century Jesuit Jesuit priest learned con and printed several tracks they able to understand okay and by 1674 by 1674 about 50 books had been printed v a level book in K and Canada in K and Canada language they are they are Printing and in Tamil in Tamil Catholic priest printed the first Tamil book in 1579 at coin and 17713 first Malayalam book was printed by them okay okay mid 16th century 1550s okay 16y 1550 I&#39;m sorry it&#39;s 120 years so within 100 years they were able to produce 50 books for K language and Canada language okay and Tamil is before Mal in the year 1579 Malayalam book was printed by them in 1713 Catholic priest then the Dutch dut missionaries dut Protestant missionaries books books religious books now okay many of them translated versions of older works okay the English language did not grow in India till the late the English language till not did not grow in India till late even though English East India Company began to import presses from the late 17th century so English language press even though even though the East India Company brought presses from the 17th century yeah James Augustus hii why so the Bal Gaz English Weekly Magazine correct Bal Gaz English Weekly Magazine editor this is editor generals army officers he&#39;s editing and typing okay so from 1780 James Augustus hicki began to edit this Weekly Magazine Bengal gazet Weekly Magazine English magazine owner very good gang B very good owner is gangadhar bachara and editor he&#39;s editor of the new uh magazine this magazine was described as a commercial paper open to all but influenced by none he was trying to convey the things okay so that&#39;s why this magazine was described as a commercial paper open to all but influenced by none it was a private English Enterprise proud of its independence from Colonial influence so Colonial influence okay that began printing English in India so English printing Bengal Gazette Bengal Gazette printing hii published a lot of advertisement including those that related to import and sale of slaves okay so ik wrote advertisements which talked about the import and sale of slaves hicki published a lot of gossip about companies senior officials in India this enraged the governor general Warren Hastings who was later persecuted who later persecuted him so Governor he encouraged the publication of officially sanctioned newspapers that could counter the flow of information that damaged the image of the colonial government so in the [Music] wars in the warrs he en the governor general encourage the publication of officially sanction newspaper that could counter the flow you know okay very good so by the close of 18th century a number of newspapers and journals appeared in print okay by the close of 18th century a number of newspapers and journals appeared in print there were Indians too who began to publish Indian newspaper gangadhar bachara who was close to Raman Roy he was a social reformer Raman R okay so Bengal gazet weekly English newspaper Weekly Magazine it is gangadhar bachara okay religious reforms and public debates everybody are you [Music] ready my voice is gone today from the early 19th century there were intense debates around religious issues so early 19th century religious issues okay between Hindus Muslims a Muslims and England Muslims and Colonial people because they were trying to enforce religion they were trying to convert okay so different groups of people confronted the changes happening within colonial society in different ways and offered a variety of new interpretations of the beliefs of different religions some criticized existing practices and some campaigned for reform While others countered the arguments of the reformers these debates were carried out in public and in print so open able to debate it out in the open okay okay printed tracks and newspapers not only spread the new ideas but also shape the nature of the debate a wider public could now participate in these public discussions and express their views new ideas emerge through these clashes of opinions so in so they were able to debate and come up with new opinions new ideas which are better which are good okay so wider public could now participate participate in these discussions okay period of intense controversies between social and religious reforms and Hindu Orthodoxy over matters okay so Hindu Orthodoxy had problems with Widow immolation monotheism brahmanical priesthood and Idol so hindy soci reformers okay priesthood Hindu Orthodox people were against they were talking against because of books because of reading okay in Bengal as the debate developed tracks and newspapers proliferated proliferated circulating a variety of arguments to reach a wider audience language okay so rajar Mo published sambi the moon of intelligence samb the moon of intelligence from 1821 samb Ram Mohan R okay Ram Mohan Ro in the year 1821 it is called the mun of intelligence and the Hindu Orthodoxy commissioned the Samar chandria to oppose his opinions against Hindu Orthodoxy Hindu Orthodoxy so Hindu Orthodoxy started to oppos his opinions okay and 1822 two Persian newspapers were published Jam e Jahan Nama and shamul abbar okay so Persian newspapers which were published in the year 1822 in the same year a Gujarati newspaper called The Bombay samachar made its appearance Pang Bombay Sam confus it is not Maharashtra it is Gujarati it is not Mara is so in North India the ama ama legal Scholars of Islam and the Sharia UL legal Scholars of Islam and Sharia they were anxious about collapse of Muslim dynasties they were anxious about the collapse of Muslim dynasties okay they feared that Colonial rulers would encourage conversion the legal Scholars of Islam and Shar to counter this cheap lithographic okay translations of holy scriptures they are Printing and sending it to everybody the Dian Seminary founded in 1867 published thousands of upon thousands of fatwas telling Muslim readers how to conduct themselves in their everyday life and explaining the meaning of Islamic doctrines what are what are fatwas now a legal pronouncement on Islamic law usually given by a Muti legal scholar to clarify issues on which the law is uncertain on which the law is uncertain okay and U print help them conduct these battles in public so Udu print was easier because U and most in India Muslims only speak so they were able to do this in public easily now coming to Hindus Hindus among Hindus to print encourage reading of religious text especially in vernacular language so Hindus m religious in verac language ver local language okay the first printed edition of ram ram charit Manas of tulsidas 16th century text came out from Kolkata in 1810 so in the book first printed Edition was coming from calata in 1810 by 19th century mid it was sent every the cheap lithographic editions flooded the North Indian market so you book cheap lithographic print North India full okay in the printed and portable form these could be read easily by the faithful at any place and time and the book EAS so religious text therefore reached a wide variety of people wide circle of people encouraging discussions debates and contro controversies within and among different religions print not only stimulated the publication of conflicting opinions among communities but it also connected communities and people in different parts of India so print hind they were bonded they were connected because of text because of religious Hindu text Muslim text because of the Islamic scriptures being being explained they were all connected together between two religions among same religion also okay newspapers convey news from one place to another creating pan Indian identity so newspaper print cult so newspap okay new forms of publication come on guys let&#39;s finish it off okay great so demand for new kinds of writing as more and more people could Now read they wanted to see their own lives so everybody wanted to write and read what is relatable to them so Europe Indian market literary firm novel or literary firm Noel Indian market they were developing people to write Indian form and style so literary form novel Europe Indian market they were developing people they were acquiring people for writing distinct indan forms and styles so for readers it opened up new world of experience and gave a vivid sense of diversity of human lives so emergence of new forms forms of literature lyrics short stories of okay new visual culture took place visual culture now Raj RI he is a very good paint artist he paints painters like Raja RMA produced images for mass circulation okay new visual culture new visual culture so new setting up of increased number of printing presses visual images could be easily produced in multiple copies soaj painting so it&#39;s very visual thing it explains a lot through Visual s new visual form of print okay let&#39;s go forward and diversification diversification so new visual form lyrics short stories essays diversification of print culture diversification car and cartoons that is also introduced women and lives and feelings of women began to be written particularly Vivid and intense ways middle class families women they are very liberal so liberal husbands and fathers began educating the women of their home and send them to schoolid many journals began carrying writings by women so women joural and explain why women should be educated okay the journalist explain why women should be educated they also carried a syllabus and attached suitable Reading MA matter which could be used for homebased schooling Orthodox hlim believed okay conservative Hindus believe that a literate girl would be widowed Muslims okay and Sal they rebelled some women they rebelled defied such prohibition okay everybody please check it a girl in a conservative Muslim family of North India who secretly learned to read and write in Udu her family wanted her to read only Arabic Quran which she did not understand so she insisted on learning to read a language that was her own so okay and story so rash rash West B I&#39;m sorry East so in a very Orthodox family she learned to read in the secrecy of a kitchen she wrote her own autobiography which was published in 1876 amaran am autobiography it was the first F length autobiography published in Bengali language okay so rash 1876 amaran am rash Sund de okay great Kash B Kash bini de wrote books highlighting the experiences of women about how women were impris at home kept in ignorance forced to do hard labor and treated unjustly by people they serve so wom and soash Bashi again Bengali she writes it in her book she writes in her book okay and in Maharashtra in Maharashtra tarabai shind and pandita rabai wrote with passion anger wrote with passion passate anger about miserable lives of upper clast Hindu women especially widows so upper Hindu women Widow and P R Mahar 1880s okay and women in Tamil novel she says for various reasons my world is very small more than than half my happiness comes from books okay while uru Tamil Bengali marati had developed early so Portuguese literature print culture Hindi Hindi came very late 1870s soon large segment of it was devoted to education of women they were growing helping women grow in the early 20 th Century Journals written for and sometimes edited by women became extremely popular so early 20th Century Journals which were written by Women written for women became popular so women&#39;s education widowhood Widow remarriage national movement disc Journal early 20th century 1900s 1910 1920 woman education Widow remarriage national movement some of them even offered household and fashion lessons to women good women it became fing is R Chada in Punjab kala track Society kala track Society published cheap booklets with a similar message in a message women should be obedient women should be good they should be having good virtues okay Bal it was devoted to printing popular books batala Publications here you could buy cheap editions of scriptures by the late 19th century a lot of these books were being profusely Illustrated with wood cuts and colored lithographs okay pedlers pedlers took batala published books to home okay and man is playing Vina and a lady woman is smoking h please be careful print and the poor people so poor people Lending Library Public Library so poor people came the India there are public libraries which were set up and the library so it was a Prestige issue okay great and uh J F the marata pioneer of low cost Pro protest moment wrote about Injustice of cost system in his gulir okay so he wrote the protest of lowcost people what Injustice they were facing okay great and edar and perar and they fought for cost difference okay in workers in factories were too overworked and lacked education to write about experience so they were not able to write their experiences okay so experiences Kashi Baba Aur mill worker wrote and published to show the links between cost and class exploitation okay Bangalore cotton mill workers set up libraries to study to educate themselves Bangalore cotton mill workers they set up libraries to educate themselves yeah sponsor they were sponsored by social reformers soci please okay social reformers they were sponsoring them so that feeling okay so last is vernacular press act vernacular press Act was passed in 1876 so Pang first first first Colonial last SL last slide first British they put restriction only on English men in India who are critical of company like James hickey Jame and hickey hickey English restriction 1820 the Kata Supreme Court told day newspapers day journals soe governor governor please Governor restriction govern governor general restri Thomas liberal Colonial official formulated new rules that restored the earlier freedom 1857 1857 restriction vernacular press act because of 1857 Revolt because of the Revolt of 1857 verac restriction so War that&#39;s what they told B gang he wrote about this in his caser when Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907 Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907 when B wrote it in so military protest so that&#39;s it over I hope the chapter is clear we have completed it successfully okay all the very best guys I hope this was useful and uh give your best in today&#39;s exam I will see you today evening okay bye take care guys love you all bye-bye

Transcript for:Print Culture and the Modern World

Transcript for:
Print Culture and the Modern World