Understanding Foucault's Concept of Power

because all of you know that Popo has a most enough powered city centre horizontal so what is this decentered notion right what do we mean when we say that does it mean that there are so many centers not just one Center does that is that the meaning of this entered does this entered mean that I you know there are there are multiple does multiple locations so instead of just one Center this multiple look what does it mean that the center was earlier you spoke we moved it here does it mean that is it that the conception of power remains the same and we only be saying that it is it that so what exactly do we mean when we say has this notion that power is the center or dispersed so is it that we take the same kind of power which we have in the traditional conception which is the children conception which is the theoretical political conception and we just then scatter it you know that we beat a rock and make it into sand and then we just scattered it what is it that there is no rock at all this is always sine and the rock was in fact only created in the minds of certain stupid political theorists right because with Foucault that's the kind of sense we get so I think want me to enter focus own conception given the fact that we have touched upon the methodological points here that Foucault has a different methodology right so one way to start is to look at some from Foucault Foucault says that the soul is the prison of the body the body is packed in the soul usually we think of the the the body as imprisoning the soul right so so great spiritual gurus and big Mahatma's and sons the saints they are supposed to give up this earthly effort which is the body and the soul flies away so they have not died they have only done what is it called they have their right they have only given up this this thing so the idea is that the soul was trapped in this body and we should go now Foucault toss that around and he says no it's not the soul which is trapped in the body but the body which is trapped in the soul what does he mean by that secondly he says that those who are facing power up themselves its bearers so is you don't have to right it is you will get this text anyways so what does it mean to say those who are facing power are themselves as bearers so he is not like you are facing power which exists elsewhere and then it comes upon you right you are yourself the bearer of that which you are getting it's like you are not stuck in the traffic but you are you are the graphic banal example but something like that right so you are when people said that like if I'm unstuck in a perfect I follow friends and then I'm stuck in traffic then my friend who he always wants to joke will say oh you are stuck in traffic you are the traffic and say oh yeah hey so so so what do you see this is this convergence that is a these are these are conversions that don't try to say that the traffic is out existing outside of you and they you happen to be subjected to it as though it is something external you are the trap then Foucault says its strength as in this new kind of power this is the sector notion of power is that it never intervenes the traffic never intervenes in you because you were the tax of course how can ready to be it is exercising spontaneously you just naturally you part of the flow and without noise no friction it constitutes a mechanism whose effects follow one another its constitute some mechanism whose effects follow one another with effects follow one another think of this you do leaves the is the cause is the yeah the cause is followed by the effect there is a cause and then effective way opener your time this is called an effect but no now there is no cause you fail to effect to effect what I never notion is that the only effect is no cause there's no origin there's no point of origin that started from Earth who spread the fake news okay let's do this so whatsapp said let's do this thing we can so that we can trace who first herbs their you know let this fake news meme circulated it so now they write for forwarded in the whatsapp forwards right so you can trace back but there is no point where you can go back to answer that is the origin that is the cost-effective or other thing you can think of is when you throw a stone in water in a pond and then there are ripples right so in that you can see the ripples are caused by that stone which is thrown what imagine the deeper to ripple no strong phone or even if it was so on maybe at some point in history we don't know that what we know is that referred to report or even to repeal of the RIBA what are we saying well ripple in Hindi we don't know right so whose effect follow one another right now this is a different conception here you would need a different methodological understanding and then bla bla bla bla bla bla he gives power of mind of a mind power of mind over mind you can say this about a very mean person you know we swatch a lot and just as this just gets you into his scheme you know it's like power of mind over mind he's like really like you know brings you along and you don't really realize that you are getting into his trap power of mind over mind so with these notions we have to ask them if he if this is what he is saying about power that this is how it works then what exactly is the mechanism through which power in this sense works what is its internal mechanism how does it how does it not really move but how does it spread if by move we mean moving from point A to point B that doesn't really apply for Foucault right mind a to point B that's not working with Foucault the metaphor is more like spread it's more like you know when there is smoke coming out the smoke does not go like a water cannon straight like this how does this pop or there spreads I think in English we say it's bellowing right it just goes like this like this is the thing like a tree you know once it goes up it just spreads like this it forms the network now what do you think of it is fuko's use of the term capillary power capillary what is the meaning of capital anyone knows capillary yeah down to about now usually water moves like everything else according to gravity if I throw water it falls but take a plant in a plant what happens water goes from the roots of the plant and it goes up into the branches and the leaves and the stems how does it happen is a capillary power if you do a little experiment take a little bowl of water and then bring a paper or blotting paper does everyone know what a blotting paper is blotting paper and then you keep it here or or that tissue paper that there nicely piece of paper you know I hope I don't have to actually said this is a disappear this is a bowl of water now see what happens so if you if you bring the participate by your up side like this particularly then you will see the water just goes up like this right that's a capillary action as against say in all these buildings in Delhi you know you have water which goes up how does that water go up in these buildings that we live in motor motors are gonna put on water and then the water goes up the motor driven one who is there is a actual push pressure and it goes up we are not interested in that that's not how power works that there is a cause there is a point of already seen and then and then how my god it Delhi they disturb you in the morning you know it can't sleep properly because every house Foley's this is what Medicis absolve I think you know make India water free I would vote for anyone who does that so what's here in capillary the capillary movement it's a different kind of a movement it is spreading it goes uniformly and because there is no point from which it is pushed and there's no point which is kind of sit in a unit linear fashion it is a very frictionless continuous spread right so so that is one way you can look at the way then this kind of a thing that a ripple leading to ripple effect leading to defect can happen because there is no one point from which the the the push happens right and this also you can see that that that now that's also the it's also how the mind working over mind would be like that you know it's not like just some interest based thing which is a one-off thing you are doing something just to get some money that's like a one-off thing but that's also why the second example I think I already gave you in this class earlier it's about the human life I copy you told you about the human mind do you remember the human mind the human mind where we do not want to there is a huge crowd to which you want to publicly address but you do not want to use a mind like a like you are technical like the machine the mind but you want to use a human mind so in the LB pulsated at the back they can't hear me I will speak as loud as a so the the the person at the end who can hear me beyond which nobody is other people cannot hear he will then transfer what I said on who the rest of the people like that it it's like the ripples it it's like the ripple so the human mind was used in the Occupy Wall Street movement and they used to call a very famous speakers but they don't mind and of course it's time to Jimmy but he was again this horizontal is thing that they wanted to do away with any kind of hierarchical top-down things either stays or a or a or a formal mind i think i also mentioned to you something else [Music] anything else do you remember that we have done earlier so in any case so with the the capital movement in the plant there's also this other thing that it moves through reason and Addyson right that's how I think even the way yeah you know this is like something standard if you see any I don't know chemistry biology books you Pro all done it in school but we have all done this as a capillary movement that that takes place now that's the way then in which power would then not really we will they not really move but that's how it spreads or that's how it inhabits us bodies because it's not like that power will just come suddenly from somewhere like a plot of water in a normal a people a certainly it's like well we were born into it right they want into him and I think I was mentioning this in in in Plaza that's why it would be mostly uniform we mostly from even though even though even though even though it is it will be the vital logic of its or its own logic is one of uniformity but there are other objects that might be working because there is a state power the new opportunity to political state power exists so that sometimes cuts through this right yeah you know there will be more these are there people are there in society so in that sense of course it will be uneven because there are other logics that is still at work here we are talking about one particular logical power you know if the state is then you know Buddha's are there Dawn's are there right so so thank you for asking this question so there is you so uniformity by its own logic but there is unevenness because there are other laws it's still at work as I stay there is elections this ability to political system what is called there are these other notions of sovereign power that exists and the most of the sovereign power the juridical political notion is what political theory is obsessed with and it misses out these other mechanisms of power which Foucault is trying to open up now the other thing I want you to focus on methodologically is is and then okay just before we move on to the next and the the body's become very important here right so it spreads in a capillary way power but spreads across bodies what is there in this world apart from humans hey where does it spread so it's spreading somewhere in some we're talking to it we are in it and it goes through our bodies right and that means when it goes to the bodies we are body as it were undergoes something like a full-body scan it's a scanning ryu no it's like you are x-rayed you are scanned so you become totally transparent when you go for a medical check-up when you go doctor will say I want you to be transparent I want to see through your liver ever see your lungs you see or kidney overseer or the ovens I want to see your heartbeat I want to see your ear what blood group you have I want to see how much platelets you have right you have to be you have to be decentered you have to be decided right you have to be brought apart and shown in all these things then one can work because if you present yourself as one wool as a rational whole as herself as a conscious rational self as I you know as I as this that this is me but this is you okay fine but I want to see through you now so now how does that happen one of the ways it what happens is that first foreign at the level of the entire country or community we count how many people are there senses then we know there's a Health Department they concede they want to find out what is the health of the people they want to see whether people are having TB or damu or polio right and they want to see you how educated our people are why are you obsessed with this literally literacy rates you know we are obsessed with that what's going on is our country people good jobs is that everything about the population populace is population different from the idea of electorate is population different from the idea of citizens population has that very direct bodily sense right so you are then not really that fully formed rational self but you are broken down into your different parts and then we can have targeted policies over let's increase the health of the population okay pass these laws is that let us keep good housing conditions to the population right so you are being targeted at the level of your own constituent parts so power is operating in that can ever way that there is no just the citizen as a legal category as the repository of Rights who can go to a court of law whose secret wrestle or violation of Rights that that legal notion of the citizen that is broken down and that's why he wants to use old bodies so this power is going to work on bodies and not on just the legal subject which is regarded as as as fully form as a rational a pre-given self right so so what's going on then is that the the capillary action presupposes that right if if you appear as but non transparent self that this is not gonna work so when in the earlier reduce before democracy before this regime amount on the monarchy for example and Foucault will give you a lot of examples about how there are forms of punishment earlier that was using torture so that was directly directed on your body so it was the Kings body versus someone else's body that is evil so you must kill the power of the king was asserted by the power of the king to kill anyone to take someone's life but here power operates not by taking someone's life by by imposing death on someone but by giving you life but by allowing you to forests and but to come on you to for it flourish you know it's like the gardener you know who comes and wood takes care of the plants who put some water if the plants will also loosen the soil a little bit and look at the turn the leaf around and to see whether it has been infected by something you know I don't really take care and then it will try to pruning this thing it is a carry it is power which cares the carrying power it is not only cumulative that's why you will see Foucault gives a lot of pages we'll talk about the earlier forms of power so you have this capillary action which then transforms you you are not the same I mean you were the same of course bodily I mean bodily you know you are the same as someone eight hundred years ago if it's like changes in evolution as they say with the use of the mobile phone maybe our prospect six generations I think our future generations will have a different kind of mama because I think this simulation using the thumb like never before because the thumb so maybe you like I don't know 2,000 3,000 5,000 10,000 years those humans will have longer thumbs we don't know that right now or maybe these other fingers will be shorter at some parity the thumb has become very important apart from that we are bodily the same as in the time of the Buddha at the time of the provisions right what with this humanism of power you are now not the same so it works like this and that's also the horizontal list notion that you get but the other is that when it works like this we are this also honor the sense in which the horizontal thing works and that is and there I think we need to open another dimension of Foucault which is really says that when we have come from forms of power forms of punishment that were like torture that was directly you know I think the world of medieval period they say that they used to take a hot rod you know and then put it inside your body and that would be done in front of the king good yeah you can say the booty also taught that happens but it happens in a secret way the state will not come and say yes we need this state with more come and say yes we are doing some extrajudicial killings you state whether you will never know it hides anything that involves that kind of direct physical torture good is democracy's will hide it they do not want to accept that at all but that is a time where they used to do it in a public forum you know call if you want to dollar then we stadium and hang a few of these bastards and with the you get across the chair yes yes you know tears there like a part okay now pull his hand out now I want that you want you know food is their eyes out and throw it up and throw it in the ground from that today when we see this is a different modality of power which now privilege is preserving life over death now should we say that we have pick a more humane we are a better society now things have improved we are much better yet again in a different sense you know this thing that I was telling about capillary power different sense now again now this will be about history when you are talking about capillary power or even the kind of examples I gave you with the human mind or with the how here with the bad example of the traffic traffic it was more about just a mechanism okay so when we talk about this whether we have become more human we are not talking about industry we're talking about what was there earlier Roza today so now that is a slightly different chapter that I'm opening up and I hope you will see the difference you know also when you hear this again at this thing but before we move on to that on this earlier thing on the capillary thing on the mechanism I want to give you one more example which is an example often used in the kind of methodological circle in which Foucault is writing which goes back to the philosopher Spinoza Spinoza Spinoza Finland run spi and oza Spinoza is like clearly over entire around 15 16th century Europe Spinoza so he Spinoza okay not really going to Spinoza but it goes back to that Foucault is in that tradition of Spinoza needs a and all that so the example often used in these circles the Spinoza ways you know is you are in a neighborhood and you living there since many years and every day you go to the market and you go buy some vegetables you go to modernity you buy your milk and then your neighbor whom you see almost every day you see almost every day he also sees you almost every day but you never talked you never talked and then somebody want to ask you why do you know about this guy you know he's in your neighborhood he looks like this and all think you say oh yeah I see him you know he comes to get milk I see him he's going but you know I saw once his bike had broken down and he was trying to fix it yeah I thought this guy but I don't know I never talked to him then then you know then but then you but then you you have some most of that guy because we have seen him for so many years something this thing so and with me this happened once there was a neighbor like that and once I go to take a train a new daily stress and suddenly I seem there at the time although how are you yeah man so where are you going sorry we had to pop there yeah every day we Sol I kind of see but the pot what later when I talked I already realized that I had already formed some conception about him because you know what I had I never talked to him he had never talk to me but what some whites my cousin up I got circuits of white this kind of VP is an arrogant guy because you have seen him quarreling with four four four four he was bargaining with the vegetable voila and every day you see bargain right or he's very generous you bind the potato for 50 rupees kilo the fellow comes and he whoa he will spoil the rate for you you said okay I thought is repellent they wat is like nice guy or he is just showing off you don't know so you're getting the vibes of this fight is also that kind of a thing which there is no a to be endeavor thing it is just a fight you've never really talked once you talk then again you uttered you express there is a movement but in the white is no movement this is just this kind of a sense week since you get of each other so there is an interaction without any interaction right that's also like an early power in fact I think for each of you you can make a man but if she talks to this this this this she knows the others also so she once met them there and she's a kind of walk past them she didn't look at them they were looking at now but see no ski they were looking at it but then she will go and later tell her a very close friend that yeah I know I saw those guys don't act me all right not so right this is the vibe thing so this is another another another another way in which you can see this thing of the capillary this thing okay so to come back to the other thing about where the notion of history enters the food is going on there you know with or not today we are living in a more humane society than the early forms of society now we will all say yes we are living in a more humane society that we believe in a more humane society because earlier it was like this but today it is not like that now this earlier it was like this today it was not like that there Foucault will use the term or the notion which is basically two terms that's used which is the genealogy and speak genealogy and history now what are these usually they're used as contrasting things then we will say Oh Foucault does not subscribe to the notion of history subject geneology geneology means you are tracing the history of a particular idea particular to particular practice particular artifact particular machine particular anything over a period of period of time but there's a difference it's not history I want to take you to give you the example of Gandhi Chaka god it's almost debate about the charkha the speeding machine weaving machine and now I think with this government therefore the huge charkha in car place and they're making Lord Chavez put chuckle sounds like statues everywhere if you take charka you put it in the music now as we also know what the Panda takeover debate where Tagore was attacking Gandhi saying that you are making people more and more closed and narrow-minded by putting the star pie in the village whereas we should be more merciful and open-minded and all that now if you take the charcoal and put it in a museum which is I think what is increasingly happening with this new wave of followers that Gandhi is a predicate II what is the happening with the charcut the charcut is now talked about the shock is very important if you go in you know if somebody thinks that you are you are your desecrating disrespecting the Chaka then you might be killed or mob links or something like that right so the dark eyes like where is this thing so you might be kept in a museum but if you keep the Charter and a museum then let me say we are doing history we're doing history but what done is added with the choppa what genealogy you get the sense now because what it can listening with the chakra the charka was not just a traditional thing not just an artifact from those days and it was that is in a chronological notion of time something which belonged to 500 600 years ago no one was it something which is traditional in that traditional sense wait you put it in a different register what it is what is traditional I often do this thing in my mind you know where you put up okay if you think of the mobile phone as a modern thing so take the mobile phone and put the charger next to it or even better you know that is that move masala is naialah what is that yeah see what that is still what about this so I have to think of keeping this next versatile butter or a robot next to a silver silk what is very old really old not that one this one is even older I think right and the HR test is very good with that that's a big C so if you put the two then what are you doing because today we are using the modern mixes and all but we also want that because that is so but that is tastier that's better right we are and today what is going on with of Patanjali Swami Ramdev and all more and more I know people are just drinking herbal tea in the morning people are having that plant that juice of some leaf and all that then I think it's as though we are living like 2,000 years ago you wake up in the morning you go to the forest and you just go and consume some plants and herbs and 30 good tea that's what people have picked up today living in modern apartments they all have the Jerry put tea in these little these things so they go to the forest this thing so what is going on is this of what is tradition what is modernity these are perhaps of what is from 500 years ago 600 years ago thousand years ago and today that genealogy in history what is happening is that we awfully have a linear chronological learning this happened them but now we have moved on and now we are this that was tradition this is model in genealogy collapse the two and Kunti G because that was the type of industrialization Perkins is talking about the chaga and in 20s take the nineteen twenties and in 30s industrialization railways Ebola thinking you know they are taking big strides in science and modern technology and all of that what Gandhi says no the chakra is not to be treated as a traditional thing this is what we need to do in today's worry not as a wing back to the olden but as a as a as I still unfolding present or the past is still on well the past is not over so these converses this thing the other side to it with the genealogy is again you come to this horizontal this motion but in a very different way anyway - what were you to come and please you have to go a bit into the different approaches that have come in what would I say it social theory in linguistics in anthropology and all of that and that is the I think I might have alluded to it in the earlier lectures again doing an analysis not across time so you take anything today in you often tend to think so you felt awkward saathi today so I think the practice of something you know not job not the the Rika not debatable deepika padukone for the palace right that is not such that the world where you now you think of sati anything goes back there then you go and google you think that you realize that the sake happened like just maybe maybe still happening today i don't know but you still think of sati as a primitive practice so you might say that well you know today women's rights and everything women are free today but earlier they have this but then today's women are facing the turkey in today's forum so you might say that no we were not facing sati today that's true but you cannot use the yardstick of that time and say oh we when everyday across time not good across time analysis is not good so what analysis if the present snapshot oh I use the top snapshot at the last bus I think is there for some but this thing I said it snapshot so we need to at one point in time what is the sea the sea what is the scene what is the sea the white sea sea so we need to take things as it exists in the present and we look at the present as though it's a text it's a structure with its own constituent elements within it and we have to see how these different elements relate to each other so today we men do not have to do sahteen they can go out to war they can wear nice jeans trousers they can go to the mall whatever they study this this this this there but that you have to connect with other things in the present itself and then you will see within that framework of the present not a pristine and there you will see how paternity works today so you say ok we have the idea of the supermom super mom is a mom who works but also takes care of the house supermom so it's true women can work outside but they after coming back they have to do the housework so they are liberated from housework in some senses then because maecenas come every time you don't have to take that kadai and director oksana you can put it in a micro what is that not Microsoft what is that oh hey I really hate that micro of that's where the world also doesn't come to me you know how he made it was never hit Machpelah I think it's qualities to the food the Michael I thought the oven is fine but the microwave microwave that was called the micro microwave this an item away if that's also like some capillary heat by the way by the way I don't know you maybe some of you know better the way that heat moves separately that's full capillary I think I might be wrong here but he checked now that we are at it I think so if you have a sandwich one pun then which Goods aloo tikki inside some cucumber inside and then another pun right this so if you have it if you put it in a Toa then the heat goes up like this okay you can say even that is our capillary slowly the heat will go grab abla why I think what happens is that first the lower person will be heated and then slowly it moves but from what I know about the microwave it moves equally at all levels all the layers are equally heated at the same time I think that's like a poor capillary but I don't like it it's so good I don't want to burden care I think it sounds there's some manipulation there I think we are missing this um something which is the the quality of that heat like what is that heat I think I think there is some problem there so let me go back now I got distracted with the microwave what we see what a out there nothing yeah that's right that's that so we have no so the motion is called synchronic motion when you look at society as a text as a structure even the here and now and see how other different elements within it who relate with each other they hang together and they're interrelated at this point so the woman is working but she's also doing housework she's still having to marry within her caste and community otherwise she is getting killed so you have to connect all this even the presence don't tell me no but earlier there was something what are you talking about definitely will be that's the bottom area Kuniko they've got a maid in a great match against the cockatoo McCarthy autumn la la línea de the catchiest movie tahadia hey what is this diachronic diachronic means a process for a pristine but we want to do synchronic where all the different elements are synchronizing around this comes out of linguistics structuralism if we have have heard the word structuralism this is structuralist approach not just in political science it came mainly from linguistics and anthropology where they were starting light weights so in language the good has a meaning visibly the bad the tall and the short the negative and the positive the meaning meaning of anything within it is the meaning not of the thing itself or of the word itself or of the image itself but the meaning is derived in its interrelationship with another element another word another object so it is through the difference that the meaning is this thing like we put a man can you think of good as only good imagine there was no notion of the bad so it is in this interrelationship based on difference that meaning is constructed now this what the linguist was saying this there linguistics so for a language to happen they should be minimum at least to science to words you cannot have a one-word language of course you will say normally a language will have thousands of words or can there be a language with only two words but theoretically in principle the moment you have words you can have language this is according to for denial they so see you don't have to get on the die but that's the name of the linguistic theories so you want to do analysis at that they both are the example I want to give you is by the way we have to get back to the genealogy history thing but these are all I'm throwing things at you and you need to keep it in that prior in that box of genealogy history the other example is about see if I tell you and a lot of people say this you know that oh you know we have all these things now and everybody of course loves to hate on mobile phone and all you know how this has pointers we are all watching this thing we are not talking to each other blah blah blah which I don't buy into at all I think it's fine it's so much fun you know so then so all this technology all this development all this modernity of this growth bullet train five trillion dollar economy you know but we have to be happy with all this or maybe people living if the traditional societies they were happier than us you know whole day you do some work in this thing in a little field and all you could very tired you lie down under the tree nice clean water is flowing in the river if you are thirsty woods and just bring it from the river like this you know it's nice please clean air scenic beauty you want to eat meat go grab one nice animal and roast it very fresh don't have to keep it in the fridge you want to have some fruits both what it have it so some people say well I did they were happier you know so when you do this kind of an aligner what are you doing you're saying that actually things have not become better maybe they were with the uncertain happiness you're cutting through the notion of a linear progress it is true just as Gandhi tried to do that with the Chaka he said what are you guys talking about industry modernity no this is the thing you need to do and it is good for your ACMA also Gandhi said read ACMA shoot thee at mizzou thee it's like and everybody can do it say easily available and it's part of our tradition that is the kind of it's not a game for the thing so when you are doing the haka you are actually not just doing the cha-cha but you are playing enriching your soul it is God's hand in that Turki this is that Kabir Doha Jeanne Jeanne de da da da right Jeanne Jeanne Bonita Talia here are more reserved beany right you gonna pop aha Aramis really Chatelier speaker Aras is in that video weaving when you are weaving that chat area the Ramblas is is getting mixed in it now you can say but when I am doing the grinding machine today when I switch it on then at the years long process with each other yeah insight you can say that I don't know you know I'm open to that open to that then also you are doing genealogy they're not still doing genealogy or you are cycling very fast so that's there that's also so if she's indifferent to what is going on is that a critique of the idea of linear progress and history the discipline of history history that you have been taught in schools history that is still being taught in schools in the NCR he books that history he's presupposes a linear progress and Foucault is try to break that now a lot of people called Gandhi or traditionalist he will take back society people you don't know where but there's no going back really for that the you know you see are really happy that's why he talked about the Shiraz the freedom movement in terms of the soul force what is going on here so when you learn a new thing but you learn a new thing you know you're not just like learning the new thing and then you remain the same again going back to the notion of the already fully formed individual so unlike that youth undergo transformation so it's not like you are like some computer or some like I just write this thing I just put these inputs and then I shut it down that's not how the human mind works when I learn something it is not just a fact okay to other people do that in putting centers and all they just learn it purely at the level of techniques it doesn't really affect there so and that's what Andy was scared that the freedom movement is becoming this external fight with the British and we are not really transforming inside that's why I said at mass Ruthie right so now there's a huge difference between Foucault and Gandhi Gandhi will not think about the way power works two bodies and capillary action the way Foucault does in that sense Gandhi is far more conservative Nandi is not that radical in that sense right and also the notion of the Atma but you see Foucault here saying that the soul is the prison of the body because Gandhi has that quite a Hindu notion the body is like school stool Sarita within a student means lowly flesh the flesh body desires the girl Rodie so Gandhi is too much into that ma and godliness I think he said cleanliness is next to godliness all right so whereas with Foucault the soul is not trapped in the body the body is trapped in the soul what is immense possible that is and the fact that the body has immense possibilities is known when once we render your body transparent and we can totally manipulate you internally the internal mechanisms and power does it better than anything else power has realized this so this happens at the end of the 18th century as the older forms of direct torture and pain and torture of the flesh ends and this so-called humane period quote-unquote begins that's where this new notion is coming right and what the pee-mis attention in Foucault you know on the one hand you will see he's talking about the body as really concrete material practices of power what on the other end he's also talking about power as the power of mind over mine so you feel like there is a disconnect there right it feels like at one level uses power of mind over mine feels like okay just talking about maybe the psychological power through psychological thing you know manipulation or something like that but on the other hand as we know from the example of the definition of government that I give you that is really about how humans human bodies and things are actually now reconfigured in a new way that's what according to this definition government would be so theater you are talking about real material things and human bodies whereas when we hear this power is the power of mind over mind it feels like again we are going your separate way so there is that disconnect there that you need to keep in mind or maybe there is no disconnect maybe we are not able to approach him in the right way or maybe we can even think about how how the the power of mind over mind actually so when you talk about the power of mind over mind and then you say soul is the prison of the body our answer is there the body means that the body is full of possibilities right it's only wave-like when you say somebody is in jail if then somebody just a rock this is a thing you not say he's put in prison you know some pretty useful being is full of possibilities Houska courier customer gear he's being trapped there he was a great poet right and you'll find one of people suffered poetry jail if all possibilities they have been trapped in so when you say that the body has been trapped that of course he means that body is full of possibility what is like the soul right that's why he doesn't say that but that's what he's getting at so then maybe we can resolve this thing of so many on your Sleepy Hollow dinara elevado my in termina theorem [Music] so the body's full of possibilities only then you can say on the body scratch so in that sense we can say the body who looks at the body as body but because body is full of Possible's it is like the mind as though it were money what is not mind of course on your fool will say oh you know what what is not about mind my hand is a mind only a fool will say that right so he's not saying that but because we can even put it this way because usually if this kind of immense possibilities sweet thing associate with the mind the mind is its own place and it can make a heaven order hell and a hell out of heaven some great man in history said this so mind is very powerful full of man's possible infinite possibilities mine is God but a common alright so in that sense I think we can understand our mind or mind because we are in a modern the earlier you know when you look at this account it feels like the earlier Kings were like this dumb stupid guys you know they didn't realize what they can do with the with human bodies this is kill them oh you did this you challenged the might of the key killing and by killing that one person of message is given to the entire people that the king is sovereign that's how that is the modality of rule of the monarchy Foucault is saying that later we have this system particularly by the 19th century in Europe where it is fully realized that no that is not the way to do why give if I want to rule over you I can rule over you by increasing the possibilities within you that so he will see constantly football talks about it is were but about a regulation modulation of the possibilities of the body not killing the person modulates find you GK you know in the last ten years linear suppose too many people who are getting into MBA okay let's find even the population a little bit from MBA now let's get into get them into the the data mining now most of jobs are in data mining so let's get into data mining right data mining both okay uh P let's get people into this there is this modulation of the population which goes on they modulate no like you use the panga regulator no once metal the other but fancam modulation is like but there will be one which is more smooth you can go very fine between one and two also you can do 1.5 hours like you know verifying modulation this modulation getting finer and finer head and find out earlier it was either on or off with the key that the chakra is the Morgan wait what it isn't as evening viva la moda little something he is a smoker Yaga baldra outside the janaballah echo after shot a vocal Wow announcing even better modulus hey so the analysis is a sip I think we are mixing things here so the analysis is chronic analysis yeah asymptotic analysis in order diachronic and that is essential to the difference between genealogy and history okay and in the string culling analysis also what I told you the meaning of a theme is derived by the difference it has with the other thing so basically the methodology noticed in Foucault but also do lose in most of post-modernism in even Antonio Negri and a lot of theorists is is is yeah is they share this approach this idea of meaning through difference that is there so so then we focused on the actual actual way in which power circulates which is capillary axial right we give the example of the vibe we give the example of the human mind we talked about our water the mechanism through which water moves against gravity from the root of a plant up into the stems and leaves and my famous bad example about the traffic and then we rate these things well yeah I think we started by reading Langstrom cuckoo and now I think we got some sense of what then Foucault means when he says power of mind over mind when he says that that those who are facing power at themselves it's bears right do we a now already find this quite obvious after this discussion not in my mind maybe some of you are able to connect it right so the so the you will assess the bearers all right oh I is this how we fine with this those who are facing power at themselves as bearers can we see it now is it obvious it's not obvious to me for some reason my mind is not on setting sobre el today or it should be change it into those who are facing power or external you know I'm not themselves its bearers so we say those who are facing power are not themselves as pets yeah can we do this why can't we do this then we say those who are facing power are not themselves its bearers our moves from A to B we can do this then ctrl Z ctrl Z control jet car control set is moving very slowly because the yeah I'm still not convinced you know yeah yeah yeah this is what it is yeah some now school [Music] see disco ball no lovara let me see but Tuesday on that cool specific booze connects everything again you are a rational self then you're losing your you can decide the precise point is that you are designing it is already going through you know yeah this is happening spontaneously it's a continuous power you will not realize you were in power because the continuous because of morning listen if I change the fan from one to two you will realize you can conquer them yeah fast girl there number smooth modulus and I have open each other again that's one the other is no and also because it's capillary capillary you will not know all right it's not coming like this it's not coming like a ball is coming like this and et you then you will just decide are you the decision is not there that's where the citizen is not there citizen decides whom I want the twos are not to whatever right the citizen is a legal subject endowed with the right to choose with rights yeah but that is not that I think that is also there because there is the sovereign state this this this right and there are citizens there's a Constitution but that cuts through that's a different row thick that cuts through this other logic a power which is existing and most of political unity only emphasize on that and there was very little conversation on this notion in which power operates now look at this other one so that is more conceptual the other other section is more historical with Foucault talks about again I think we have done the technology and history thing but just to give you an example you will be actually reading this in the reading I will give you that's why I am reading out the net so it functions outside this sudden so you see the earlier form of power was sudden violent and discontinuous the earlier character of sovereign power under the king was sudden violent discontinuance forms that are bound up with exercises operate the body of the king with its trains material and physical presence in a monarchy the Kings what he was important the presence of the body the sovereignty is invested in the body of the team the King died in space you must have another guy who will become the king or the crown prince or something and we have so many interesting stories in India of the Mughals and other kingdoms well he didn't have a son and then somebody else became an this woman stepped in from the habit and she became very powerful right and all of that the body of the king with his restraints material and physical presence with the force that he himself deploys or transmits to some few others with the force that he himself deploys in killing in taking life or transmits to few some few others is that opposite extreme of this new physics of power look at the term with physics of our white physics because it breaks it down into those constituent parts into this capillary movement into how I actually need functions and there's a physics why this force that is energy there are bodies this is a technology physics of power not the politics of power physics of power represented by and of this season here are and there are two images they have displayed at one extreme the discipline rocket which is functioning by prompting you you find of this event of that right the enclosed is situation like you put in a prison and the prison is somewhere they are tell you where it is you've not some one day someone does a crime you dump it somewhere and then you just see these activities through a little hole in the jail right same poses started pinky jail that the older most disciplined block it the enclosed institution a snap is on the edges of society jails are not put like right there in Central Park and CP what is the tale jails are usually away outskirts is not aware areas right and what is focusing you know okay you put the jail name for actually the Central Park and CP is the new jail that is the new jail it's open it's nice its full of flowers it's lovely it's beautiful you want to dance then then he's still in jail the jail has been generalized across the social body and hence the jail does not remain the jail that it was now the jail has changed in its architecture in its layout the tomb entry military physics will changes you know a lobster none of them will came up doesn't look like temple you go there they make you pick out your wallet and everything and take all your parent and you put through this scanner and first like I was about to board a plane happy to options now how many of you P do upset uh please raise your hands do they still do that because I went there like five sixteen if you still do that I feel like I want to work plane what's going on here it's a pimple again genealogy it's a temple what cohorts it's perhaps of history of different time frames and won't go into a temple you know and I get frisked by this thing you know and yeah you can't authorize it and it was psycho wat except by Libya is it now oh I say but I am it's about the architecture of it and look at the parking if it's in a parking lot with people I like to go to a temple here you know the line is little Quanah 4-digit sitting there ding ding ding ding ding ding this is like a parking Lord it's like your fancy five-star hotel and I went there and it was like I went into the lobby of a five-star hotel most people say strips into something for yourself something service okay that's the way it is so at at one extreme and you know what there is if you do this then you will actually attack so that is not to defend people from terror that is to invite terror they are hand in glove simmering away under a vessel of neurons a month ago concave gergich that way I'm gonna pull a balls on a Monday as cathodic maybe 99.99% temples are completely cool of the moment you do those kind of things then you are inviting some gases then some unwanted guests okay I want extreme the discipline blockade the imposed incentives and establish on the edges of society turned inwards towards negative forces yeah turn inwards those older prisons are turned inwards as in even today they see that's the thing again you know so you have two different forms of modalities of power data working it at cross-purposes today you have the central power but you have the jail you have a impose institution on the edges of society dark dingy undersell and all you know in which the Kip and which is turned inwards as the communication suspecting time it's a a leg put limit on the Kalapana bit obvious uh spending time you don't know guy from one day to the next it looks the same but well in the breaking communication you read know you are reminded of a state of North right breaking communications at the other extreme with penalties ISM is the discipline mechanism or functional mechanisms for this a functional mechanism that must improve the exercise of power by making it lighter not like walls putting someone this you know but the raiment although tseebo their MA and you make it like more rapid more effective or design of sufferers for a society to come of this transition from the discipline rocket to the discipline mechanism not by rocking the possibilities that are there in the body but by letting it play out they'll play out and so so these are the changes and so the other thing for that I have here is that so the point of application of this power point of application is of course it's the body not the body of the guilty man set up against the body of the King not the theoretical subject of the Constitution not the theoretical subject which is the citizen not the theoretical subject of an idea of contract theory what it will be the Disciplinary individual

because all of you know that Popo has a most enough powered city centre horizontal so what is this decentered notion right what do we mean when we say that does it mean that there are so many centers not just one Center does that is that the meaning of this entered does this entered mean that I you know there are there are multiple does multiple locations so instead of just one Center this multiple look what does it mean that the center was earlier you spoke we moved it here does it mean that is it that the conception of power remains the same and we only be saying that it is it that so what exactly do we mean when we say has this notion that power is the center or dispersed so is it that we take the same kind of power which we have in the traditional conception which is the children conception which is the theoretical political conception and we just then scatter it you know that we beat a rock and make it into sand and then we just scattered it what is it that there is no rock at all this is always sine and the rock was in fact only created in the minds of certain stupid political theorists right because with Foucault that&#39;s the kind of sense we get so I think want me to enter focus own conception given the fact that we have touched upon the methodological points here that Foucault has a different methodology right so one way to start is to look at some from Foucault Foucault says that the soul is the prison of the body the body is packed in the soul usually we think of the the the body as imprisoning the soul right so so great spiritual gurus and big Mahatma&#39;s and sons the saints they are supposed to give up this earthly effort which is the body and the soul flies away so they have not died they have only done what is it called they have their right they have only given up this this thing so the idea is that the soul was trapped in this body and we should go now Foucault toss that around and he says no it&#39;s not the soul which is trapped in the body but the body which is trapped in the soul what does he mean by that secondly he says that those who are facing power up themselves its bearers so is you don&#39;t have to right it is you will get this text anyways so what does it mean to say those who are facing power are themselves as bearers so he is not like you are facing power which exists elsewhere and then it comes upon you right you are yourself the bearer of that which you are getting it&#39;s like you are not stuck in the traffic but you are you are the graphic banal example but something like that right so you are when people said that like if I&#39;m unstuck in a perfect I follow friends and then I&#39;m stuck in traffic then my friend who he always wants to joke will say oh you are stuck in traffic you are the traffic and say oh yeah hey so so so what do you see this is this convergence that is a these are these are conversions that don&#39;t try to say that the traffic is out existing outside of you and they you happen to be subjected to it as though it is something external you are the trap then Foucault says its strength as in this new kind of power this is the sector notion of power is that it never intervenes the traffic never intervenes in you because you were the tax of course how can ready to be it is exercising spontaneously you just naturally you part of the flow and without noise no friction it constitutes a mechanism whose effects follow one another its constitute some mechanism whose effects follow one another with effects follow one another think of this you do leaves the is the cause is the yeah the cause is followed by the effect there is a cause and then effective way opener your time this is called an effect but no now there is no cause you fail to effect to effect what I never notion is that the only effect is no cause there&#39;s no origin there&#39;s no point of origin that started from Earth who spread the fake news okay let&#39;s do this so whatsapp said let&#39;s do this thing we can so that we can trace who first herbs their you know let this fake news meme circulated it so now they write for forwarded in the whatsapp forwards right so you can trace back but there is no point where you can go back to answer that is the origin that is the cost-effective or other thing you can think of is when you throw a stone in water in a pond and then there are ripples right so in that you can see the ripples are caused by that stone which is thrown what imagine the deeper to ripple no strong phone or even if it was so on maybe at some point in history we don&#39;t know that what we know is that referred to report or even to repeal of the RIBA what are we saying well ripple in Hindi we don&#39;t know right so whose effect follow one another right now this is a different conception here you would need a different methodological understanding and then bla bla bla bla bla bla he gives power of mind of a mind power of mind over mind you can say this about a very mean person you know we swatch a lot and just as this just gets you into his scheme you know it&#39;s like power of mind over mind he&#39;s like really like you know brings you along and you don&#39;t really realize that you are getting into his trap power of mind over mind so with these notions we have to ask them if he if this is what he is saying about power that this is how it works then what exactly is the mechanism through which power in this sense works what is its internal mechanism how does it how does it not really move but how does it spread if by move we mean moving from point A to point B that doesn&#39;t really apply for Foucault right mind a to point B that&#39;s not working with Foucault the metaphor is more like spread it&#39;s more like you know when there is smoke coming out the smoke does not go like a water cannon straight like this how does this pop or there spreads I think in English we say it&#39;s bellowing right it just goes like this like this is the thing like a tree you know once it goes up it just spreads like this it forms the network now what do you think of it is fuko&#39;s use of the term capillary power capillary what is the meaning of capital anyone knows capillary yeah down to about now usually water moves like everything else according to gravity if I throw water it falls but take a plant in a plant what happens water goes from the roots of the plant and it goes up into the branches and the leaves and the stems how does it happen is a capillary power if you do a little experiment take a little bowl of water and then bring a paper or blotting paper does everyone know what a blotting paper is blotting paper and then you keep it here or or that tissue paper that there nicely piece of paper you know I hope I don&#39;t have to actually said this is a disappear this is a bowl of water now see what happens so if you if you bring the participate by your up side like this particularly then you will see the water just goes up like this right that&#39;s a capillary action as against say in all these buildings in Delhi you know you have water which goes up how does that water go up in these buildings that we live in motor motors are gonna put on water and then the water goes up the motor driven one who is there is a actual push pressure and it goes up we are not interested in that that&#39;s not how power works that there is a cause there is a point of already seen and then and then how my god it Delhi they disturb you in the morning you know it can&#39;t sleep properly because every house Foley&#39;s this is what Medicis absolve I think you know make India water free I would vote for anyone who does that so what&#39;s here in capillary the capillary movement it&#39;s a different kind of a movement it is spreading it goes uniformly and because there is no point from which it is pushed and there&#39;s no point which is kind of sit in a unit linear fashion it is a very frictionless continuous spread right so so that is one way you can look at the way then this kind of a thing that a ripple leading to ripple effect leading to defect can happen because there is no one point from which the the the push happens right and this also you can see that that that now that&#39;s also the it&#39;s also how the mind working over mind would be like that you know it&#39;s not like just some interest based thing which is a one-off thing you are doing something just to get some money that&#39;s like a one-off thing but that&#39;s also why the second example I think I already gave you in this class earlier it&#39;s about the human life I copy you told you about the human mind do you remember the human mind the human mind where we do not want to there is a huge crowd to which you want to publicly address but you do not want to use a mind like a like you are technical like the machine the mind but you want to use a human mind so in the LB pulsated at the back they can&#39;t hear me I will speak as loud as a so the the the person at the end who can hear me beyond which nobody is other people cannot hear he will then transfer what I said on who the rest of the people like that it it&#39;s like the ripples it it&#39;s like the ripple so the human mind was used in the Occupy Wall Street movement and they used to call a very famous speakers but they don&#39;t mind and of course it&#39;s time to Jimmy but he was again this horizontal is thing that they wanted to do away with any kind of hierarchical top-down things either stays or a or a or a formal mind i think i also mentioned to you something else [Music] anything else do you remember that we have done earlier so in any case so with the the capital movement in the plant there&#39;s also this other thing that it moves through reason and Addyson right that&#39;s how I think even the way yeah you know this is like something standard if you see any I don&#39;t know chemistry biology books you Pro all done it in school but we have all done this as a capillary movement that that takes place now that&#39;s the way then in which power would then not really we will they not really move but that&#39;s how it spreads or that&#39;s how it inhabits us bodies because it&#39;s not like that power will just come suddenly from somewhere like a plot of water in a normal a people a certainly it&#39;s like well we were born into it right they want into him and I think I was mentioning this in in in Plaza that&#39;s why it would be mostly uniform we mostly from even though even though even though even though it is it will be the vital logic of its or its own logic is one of uniformity but there are other objects that might be working because there is a state power the new opportunity to political state power exists so that sometimes cuts through this right yeah you know there will be more these are there people are there in society so in that sense of course it will be uneven because there are other logics that is still at work here we are talking about one particular logical power you know if the state is then you know Buddha&#39;s are there Dawn&#39;s are there right so so thank you for asking this question so there is you so uniformity by its own logic but there is unevenness because there are other laws it&#39;s still at work as I stay there is elections this ability to political system what is called there are these other notions of sovereign power that exists and the most of the sovereign power the juridical political notion is what political theory is obsessed with and it misses out these other mechanisms of power which Foucault is trying to open up now the other thing I want you to focus on methodologically is is and then okay just before we move on to the next and the the body&#39;s become very important here right so it spreads in a capillary way power but spreads across bodies what is there in this world apart from humans hey where does it spread so it&#39;s spreading somewhere in some we&#39;re talking to it we are in it and it goes through our bodies right and that means when it goes to the bodies we are body as it were undergoes something like a full-body scan it&#39;s a scanning ryu no it&#39;s like you are x-rayed you are scanned so you become totally transparent when you go for a medical check-up when you go doctor will say I want you to be transparent I want to see through your liver ever see your lungs you see or kidney overseer or the ovens I want to see your heartbeat I want to see your ear what blood group you have I want to see how much platelets you have right you have to be you have to be decentered you have to be decided right you have to be brought apart and shown in all these things then one can work because if you present yourself as one wool as a rational whole as herself as a conscious rational self as I you know as I as this that this is me but this is you okay fine but I want to see through you now so now how does that happen one of the ways it what happens is that first foreign at the level of the entire country or community we count how many people are there senses then we know there&#39;s a Health Department they concede they want to find out what is the health of the people they want to see whether people are having TB or damu or polio right and they want to see you how educated our people are why are you obsessed with this literally literacy rates you know we are obsessed with that what&#39;s going on is our country people good jobs is that everything about the population populace is population different from the idea of electorate is population different from the idea of citizens population has that very direct bodily sense right so you are then not really that fully formed rational self but you are broken down into your different parts and then we can have targeted policies over let&#39;s increase the health of the population okay pass these laws is that let us keep good housing conditions to the population right so you are being targeted at the level of your own constituent parts so power is operating in that can ever way that there is no just the citizen as a legal category as the repository of Rights who can go to a court of law whose secret wrestle or violation of Rights that that legal notion of the citizen that is broken down and that&#39;s why he wants to use old bodies so this power is going to work on bodies and not on just the legal subject which is regarded as as as fully form as a rational a pre-given self right so so what&#39;s going on then is that the the capillary action presupposes that right if if you appear as but non transparent self that this is not gonna work so when in the earlier reduce before democracy before this regime amount on the monarchy for example and Foucault will give you a lot of examples about how there are forms of punishment earlier that was using torture so that was directly directed on your body so it was the Kings body versus someone else&#39;s body that is evil so you must kill the power of the king was asserted by the power of the king to kill anyone to take someone&#39;s life but here power operates not by taking someone&#39;s life by by imposing death on someone but by giving you life but by allowing you to forests and but to come on you to for it flourish you know it&#39;s like the gardener you know who comes and wood takes care of the plants who put some water if the plants will also loosen the soil a little bit and look at the turn the leaf around and to see whether it has been infected by something you know I don&#39;t really take care and then it will try to pruning this thing it is a carry it is power which cares the carrying power it is not only cumulative that&#39;s why you will see Foucault gives a lot of pages we&#39;ll talk about the earlier forms of power so you have this capillary action which then transforms you you are not the same I mean you were the same of course bodily I mean bodily you know you are the same as someone eight hundred years ago if it&#39;s like changes in evolution as they say with the use of the mobile phone maybe our prospect six generations I think our future generations will have a different kind of mama because I think this simulation using the thumb like never before because the thumb so maybe you like I don&#39;t know 2,000 3,000 5,000 10,000 years those humans will have longer thumbs we don&#39;t know that right now or maybe these other fingers will be shorter at some parity the thumb has become very important apart from that we are bodily the same as in the time of the Buddha at the time of the provisions right what with this humanism of power you are now not the same so it works like this and that&#39;s also the horizontal list notion that you get but the other is that when it works like this we are this also honor the sense in which the horizontal thing works and that is and there I think we need to open another dimension of Foucault which is really says that when we have come from forms of power forms of punishment that were like torture that was directly you know I think the world of medieval period they say that they used to take a hot rod you know and then put it inside your body and that would be done in front of the king good yeah you can say the booty also taught that happens but it happens in a secret way the state will not come and say yes we need this state with more come and say yes we are doing some extrajudicial killings you state whether you will never know it hides anything that involves that kind of direct physical torture good is democracy&#39;s will hide it they do not want to accept that at all but that is a time where they used to do it in a public forum you know call if you want to dollar then we stadium and hang a few of these bastards and with the you get across the chair yes yes you know tears there like a part okay now pull his hand out now I want that you want you know food is their eyes out and throw it up and throw it in the ground from that today when we see this is a different modality of power which now privilege is preserving life over death now should we say that we have pick a more humane we are a better society now things have improved we are much better yet again in a different sense you know this thing that I was telling about capillary power different sense now again now this will be about history when you are talking about capillary power or even the kind of examples I gave you with the human mind or with the how here with the bad example of the traffic traffic it was more about just a mechanism okay so when we talk about this whether we have become more human we are not talking about industry we&#39;re talking about what was there earlier Roza today so now that is a slightly different chapter that I&#39;m opening up and I hope you will see the difference you know also when you hear this again at this thing but before we move on to that on this earlier thing on the capillary thing on the mechanism I want to give you one more example which is an example often used in the kind of methodological circle in which Foucault is writing which goes back to the philosopher Spinoza Spinoza Spinoza Finland run spi and oza Spinoza is like clearly over entire around 15 16th century Europe Spinoza so he Spinoza okay not really going to Spinoza but it goes back to that Foucault is in that tradition of Spinoza needs a and all that so the example often used in these circles the Spinoza ways you know is you are in a neighborhood and you living there since many years and every day you go to the market and you go buy some vegetables you go to modernity you buy your milk and then your neighbor whom you see almost every day you see almost every day he also sees you almost every day but you never talked you never talked and then somebody want to ask you why do you know about this guy you know he&#39;s in your neighborhood he looks like this and all think you say oh yeah I see him you know he comes to get milk I see him he&#39;s going but you know I saw once his bike had broken down and he was trying to fix it yeah I thought this guy but I don&#39;t know I never talked to him then then you know then but then you but then you you have some most of that guy because we have seen him for so many years something this thing so and with me this happened once there was a neighbor like that and once I go to take a train a new daily stress and suddenly I seem there at the time although how are you yeah man so where are you going sorry we had to pop there yeah every day we Sol I kind of see but the pot what later when I talked I already realized that I had already formed some conception about him because you know what I had I never talked to him he had never talk to me but what some whites my cousin up I got circuits of white this kind of VP is an arrogant guy because you have seen him quarreling with four four four four he was bargaining with the vegetable voila and every day you see bargain right or he&#39;s very generous you bind the potato for 50 rupees kilo the fellow comes and he whoa he will spoil the rate for you you said okay I thought is repellent they wat is like nice guy or he is just showing off you don&#39;t know so you&#39;re getting the vibes of this fight is also that kind of a thing which there is no a to be endeavor thing it is just a fight you&#39;ve never really talked once you talk then again you uttered you express there is a movement but in the white is no movement this is just this kind of a sense week since you get of each other so there is an interaction without any interaction right that&#39;s also like an early power in fact I think for each of you you can make a man but if she talks to this this this this she knows the others also so she once met them there and she&#39;s a kind of walk past them she didn&#39;t look at them they were looking at now but see no ski they were looking at it but then she will go and later tell her a very close friend that yeah I know I saw those guys don&#39;t act me all right not so right this is the vibe thing so this is another another another another way in which you can see this thing of the capillary this thing okay so to come back to the other thing about where the notion of history enters the food is going on there you know with or not today we are living in a more humane society than the early forms of society now we will all say yes we are living in a more humane society that we believe in a more humane society because earlier it was like this but today it is not like that now this earlier it was like this today it was not like that there Foucault will use the term or the notion which is basically two terms that&#39;s used which is the genealogy and speak genealogy and history now what are these usually they&#39;re used as contrasting things then we will say Oh Foucault does not subscribe to the notion of history subject geneology geneology means you are tracing the history of a particular idea particular to particular practice particular artifact particular machine particular anything over a period of period of time but there&#39;s a difference it&#39;s not history I want to take you to give you the example of Gandhi Chaka god it&#39;s almost debate about the charkha the speeding machine weaving machine and now I think with this government therefore the huge charkha in car place and they&#39;re making Lord Chavez put chuckle sounds like statues everywhere if you take charka you put it in the music now as we also know what the Panda takeover debate where Tagore was attacking Gandhi saying that you are making people more and more closed and narrow-minded by putting the star pie in the village whereas we should be more merciful and open-minded and all that now if you take the charcoal and put it in a museum which is I think what is increasingly happening with this new wave of followers that Gandhi is a predicate II what is the happening with the charcut the charcut is now talked about the shock is very important if you go in you know if somebody thinks that you are you are your desecrating disrespecting the Chaka then you might be killed or mob links or something like that right so the dark eyes like where is this thing so you might be kept in a museum but if you keep the Charter and a museum then let me say we are doing history we&#39;re doing history but what done is added with the choppa what genealogy you get the sense now because what it can listening with the chakra the charka was not just a traditional thing not just an artifact from those days and it was that is in a chronological notion of time something which belonged to 500 600 years ago no one was it something which is traditional in that traditional sense wait you put it in a different register what it is what is traditional I often do this thing in my mind you know where you put up okay if you think of the mobile phone as a modern thing so take the mobile phone and put the charger next to it or even better you know that is that move masala is naialah what is that yeah see what that is still what about this so I have to think of keeping this next versatile butter or a robot next to a silver silk what is very old really old not that one this one is even older I think right and the HR test is very good with that that&#39;s a big C so if you put the two then what are you doing because today we are using the modern mixes and all but we also want that because that is so but that is tastier that&#39;s better right we are and today what is going on with of Patanjali Swami Ramdev and all more and more I know people are just drinking herbal tea in the morning people are having that plant that juice of some leaf and all that then I think it&#39;s as though we are living like 2,000 years ago you wake up in the morning you go to the forest and you just go and consume some plants and herbs and 30 good tea that&#39;s what people have picked up today living in modern apartments they all have the Jerry put tea in these little these things so they go to the forest this thing so what is going on is this of what is tradition what is modernity these are perhaps of what is from 500 years ago 600 years ago thousand years ago and today that genealogy in history what is happening is that we awfully have a linear chronological learning this happened them but now we have moved on and now we are this that was tradition this is model in genealogy collapse the two and Kunti G because that was the type of industrialization Perkins is talking about the chaga and in 20s take the nineteen twenties and in 30s industrialization railways Ebola thinking you know they are taking big strides in science and modern technology and all of that what Gandhi says no the chakra is not to be treated as a traditional thing this is what we need to do in today&#39;s worry not as a wing back to the olden but as a as a as I still unfolding present or the past is still on well the past is not over so these converses this thing the other side to it with the genealogy is again you come to this horizontal this motion but in a very different way anyway - what were you to come and please you have to go a bit into the different approaches that have come in what would I say it social theory in linguistics in anthropology and all of that and that is the I think I might have alluded to it in the earlier lectures again doing an analysis not across time so you take anything today in you often tend to think so you felt awkward saathi today so I think the practice of something you know not job not the the Rika not debatable deepika padukone for the palace right that is not such that the world where you now you think of sati anything goes back there then you go and google you think that you realize that the sake happened like just maybe maybe still happening today i don&#39;t know but you still think of sati as a primitive practice so you might say that well you know today women&#39;s rights and everything women are free today but earlier they have this but then today&#39;s women are facing the turkey in today&#39;s forum so you might say that no we were not facing sati today that&#39;s true but you cannot use the yardstick of that time and say oh we when everyday across time not good across time analysis is not good so what analysis if the present snapshot oh I use the top snapshot at the last bus I think is there for some but this thing I said it snapshot so we need to at one point in time what is the sea the sea what is the scene what is the sea the white sea sea so we need to take things as it exists in the present and we look at the present as though it&#39;s a text it&#39;s a structure with its own constituent elements within it and we have to see how these different elements relate to each other so today we men do not have to do sahteen they can go out to war they can wear nice jeans trousers they can go to the mall whatever they study this this this this there but that you have to connect with other things in the present itself and then you will see within that framework of the present not a pristine and there you will see how paternity works today so you say ok we have the idea of the supermom super mom is a mom who works but also takes care of the house supermom so it&#39;s true women can work outside but they after coming back they have to do the housework so they are liberated from housework in some senses then because maecenas come every time you don&#39;t have to take that kadai and director oksana you can put it in a micro what is that not Microsoft what is that oh hey I really hate that micro of that&#39;s where the world also doesn&#39;t come to me you know how he made it was never hit Machpelah I think it&#39;s qualities to the food the Michael I thought the oven is fine but the microwave microwave that was called the micro microwave this an item away if that&#39;s also like some capillary heat by the way by the way I don&#39;t know you maybe some of you know better the way that heat moves separately that&#39;s full capillary I think I might be wrong here but he checked now that we are at it I think so if you have a sandwich one pun then which Goods aloo tikki inside some cucumber inside and then another pun right this so if you have it if you put it in a Toa then the heat goes up like this okay you can say even that is our capillary slowly the heat will go grab abla why I think what happens is that first the lower person will be heated and then slowly it moves but from what I know about the microwave it moves equally at all levels all the layers are equally heated at the same time I think that&#39;s like a poor capillary but I don&#39;t like it it&#39;s so good I don&#39;t want to burden care I think it sounds there&#39;s some manipulation there I think we are missing this um something which is the the quality of that heat like what is that heat I think I think there is some problem there so let me go back now I got distracted with the microwave what we see what a out there nothing yeah that&#39;s right that&#39;s that so we have no so the motion is called synchronic motion when you look at society as a text as a structure even the here and now and see how other different elements within it who relate with each other they hang together and they&#39;re interrelated at this point so the woman is working but she&#39;s also doing housework she&#39;s still having to marry within her caste and community otherwise she is getting killed so you have to connect all this even the presence don&#39;t tell me no but earlier there was something what are you talking about definitely will be that&#39;s the bottom area Kuniko they&#39;ve got a maid in a great match against the cockatoo McCarthy autumn la la línea de the catchiest movie tahadia hey what is this diachronic diachronic means a process for a pristine but we want to do synchronic where all the different elements are synchronizing around this comes out of linguistics structuralism if we have have heard the word structuralism this is structuralist approach not just in political science it came mainly from linguistics and anthropology where they were starting light weights so in language the good has a meaning visibly the bad the tall and the short the negative and the positive the meaning meaning of anything within it is the meaning not of the thing itself or of the word itself or of the image itself but the meaning is derived in its interrelationship with another element another word another object so it is through the difference that the meaning is this thing like we put a man can you think of good as only good imagine there was no notion of the bad so it is in this interrelationship based on difference that meaning is constructed now this what the linguist was saying this there linguistics so for a language to happen they should be minimum at least to science to words you cannot have a one-word language of course you will say normally a language will have thousands of words or can there be a language with only two words but theoretically in principle the moment you have words you can have language this is according to for denial they so see you don&#39;t have to get on the die but that&#39;s the name of the linguistic theories so you want to do analysis at that they both are the example I want to give you is by the way we have to get back to the genealogy history thing but these are all I&#39;m throwing things at you and you need to keep it in that prior in that box of genealogy history the other example is about see if I tell you and a lot of people say this you know that oh you know we have all these things now and everybody of course loves to hate on mobile phone and all you know how this has pointers we are all watching this thing we are not talking to each other blah blah blah which I don&#39;t buy into at all I think it&#39;s fine it&#39;s so much fun you know so then so all this technology all this development all this modernity of this growth bullet train five trillion dollar economy you know but we have to be happy with all this or maybe people living if the traditional societies they were happier than us you know whole day you do some work in this thing in a little field and all you could very tired you lie down under the tree nice clean water is flowing in the river if you are thirsty woods and just bring it from the river like this you know it&#39;s nice please clean air scenic beauty you want to eat meat go grab one nice animal and roast it very fresh don&#39;t have to keep it in the fridge you want to have some fruits both what it have it so some people say well I did they were happier you know so when you do this kind of an aligner what are you doing you&#39;re saying that actually things have not become better maybe they were with the uncertain happiness you&#39;re cutting through the notion of a linear progress it is true just as Gandhi tried to do that with the Chaka he said what are you guys talking about industry modernity no this is the thing you need to do and it is good for your ACMA also Gandhi said read ACMA shoot thee at mizzou thee it&#39;s like and everybody can do it say easily available and it&#39;s part of our tradition that is the kind of it&#39;s not a game for the thing so when you are doing the haka you are actually not just doing the cha-cha but you are playing enriching your soul it is God&#39;s hand in that Turki this is that Kabir Doha Jeanne Jeanne de da da da right Jeanne Jeanne Bonita Talia here are more reserved beany right you gonna pop aha Aramis really Chatelier speaker Aras is in that video weaving when you are weaving that chat area the Ramblas is is getting mixed in it now you can say but when I am doing the grinding machine today when I switch it on then at the years long process with each other yeah insight you can say that I don&#39;t know you know I&#39;m open to that open to that then also you are doing genealogy they&#39;re not still doing genealogy or you are cycling very fast so that&#39;s there that&#39;s also so if she&#39;s indifferent to what is going on is that a critique of the idea of linear progress and history the discipline of history history that you have been taught in schools history that is still being taught in schools in the NCR he books that history he&#39;s presupposes a linear progress and Foucault is try to break that now a lot of people called Gandhi or traditionalist he will take back society people you don&#39;t know where but there&#39;s no going back really for that the you know you see are really happy that&#39;s why he talked about the Shiraz the freedom movement in terms of the soul force what is going on here so when you learn a new thing but you learn a new thing you know you&#39;re not just like learning the new thing and then you remain the same again going back to the notion of the already fully formed individual so unlike that youth undergo transformation so it&#39;s not like you are like some computer or some like I just write this thing I just put these inputs and then I shut it down that&#39;s not how the human mind works when I learn something it is not just a fact okay to other people do that in putting centers and all they just learn it purely at the level of techniques it doesn&#39;t really affect there so and that&#39;s what Andy was scared that the freedom movement is becoming this external fight with the British and we are not really transforming inside that&#39;s why I said at mass Ruthie right so now there&#39;s a huge difference between Foucault and Gandhi Gandhi will not think about the way power works two bodies and capillary action the way Foucault does in that sense Gandhi is far more conservative Nandi is not that radical in that sense right and also the notion of the Atma but you see Foucault here saying that the soul is the prison of the body because Gandhi has that quite a Hindu notion the body is like school stool Sarita within a student means lowly flesh the flesh body desires the girl Rodie so Gandhi is too much into that ma and godliness I think he said cleanliness is next to godliness all right so whereas with Foucault the soul is not trapped in the body the body is trapped in the soul what is immense possible that is and the fact that the body has immense possibilities is known when once we render your body transparent and we can totally manipulate you internally the internal mechanisms and power does it better than anything else power has realized this so this happens at the end of the 18th century as the older forms of direct torture and pain and torture of the flesh ends and this so-called humane period quote-unquote begins that&#39;s where this new notion is coming right and what the pee-mis attention in Foucault you know on the one hand you will see he&#39;s talking about the body as really concrete material practices of power what on the other end he&#39;s also talking about power as the power of mind over mine so you feel like there is a disconnect there right it feels like at one level uses power of mind over mine feels like okay just talking about maybe the psychological power through psychological thing you know manipulation or something like that but on the other hand as we know from the example of the definition of government that I give you that is really about how humans human bodies and things are actually now reconfigured in a new way that&#39;s what according to this definition government would be so theater you are talking about real material things and human bodies whereas when we hear this power is the power of mind over mind it feels like again we are going your separate way so there is that disconnect there that you need to keep in mind or maybe there is no disconnect maybe we are not able to approach him in the right way or maybe we can even think about how how the the power of mind over mind actually so when you talk about the power of mind over mind and then you say soul is the prison of the body our answer is there the body means that the body is full of possibilities right it&#39;s only wave-like when you say somebody is in jail if then somebody just a rock this is a thing you not say he&#39;s put in prison you know some pretty useful being is full of possibilities Houska courier customer gear he&#39;s being trapped there he was a great poet right and you&#39;ll find one of people suffered poetry jail if all possibilities they have been trapped in so when you say that the body has been trapped that of course he means that body is full of possibility what is like the soul right that&#39;s why he doesn&#39;t say that but that&#39;s what he&#39;s getting at so then maybe we can resolve this thing of so many on your Sleepy Hollow dinara elevado my in termina theorem [Music] so the body&#39;s full of possibilities only then you can say on the body scratch so in that sense we can say the body who looks at the body as body but because body is full of Possible&#39;s it is like the mind as though it were money what is not mind of course on your fool will say oh you know what what is not about mind my hand is a mind only a fool will say that right so he&#39;s not saying that but because we can even put it this way because usually if this kind of immense possibilities sweet thing associate with the mind the mind is its own place and it can make a heaven order hell and a hell out of heaven some great man in history said this so mind is very powerful full of man&#39;s possible infinite possibilities mine is God but a common alright so in that sense I think we can understand our mind or mind because we are in a modern the earlier you know when you look at this account it feels like the earlier Kings were like this dumb stupid guys you know they didn&#39;t realize what they can do with the with human bodies this is kill them oh you did this you challenged the might of the key killing and by killing that one person of message is given to the entire people that the king is sovereign that&#39;s how that is the modality of rule of the monarchy Foucault is saying that later we have this system particularly by the 19th century in Europe where it is fully realized that no that is not the way to do why give if I want to rule over you I can rule over you by increasing the possibilities within you that so he will see constantly football talks about it is were but about a regulation modulation of the possibilities of the body not killing the person modulates find you GK you know in the last ten years linear suppose too many people who are getting into MBA okay let&#39;s find even the population a little bit from MBA now let&#39;s get into get them into the the data mining now most of jobs are in data mining so let&#39;s get into data mining right data mining both okay uh P let&#39;s get people into this there is this modulation of the population which goes on they modulate no like you use the panga regulator no once metal the other but fancam modulation is like  but there will be one which is more smooth you can go very fine between one and two also you can do 1.5 hours like you know verifying modulation this modulation getting finer and finer head and find out earlier it was either on or off with the key that the chakra is the Morgan wait what it isn&#39;t as evening viva la moda little something he is a smoker Yaga baldra outside the janaballah echo after shot a vocal Wow announcing even better modulus hey so the analysis is a sip I think we are mixing things here so the analysis is chronic analysis yeah asymptotic analysis in order diachronic and that is essential to the difference between genealogy and history okay and in the string culling analysis also what I told you the meaning of a theme is derived by the difference it has with the other thing so basically the methodology noticed in Foucault but also do lose in most of post-modernism in even Antonio Negri and a lot of theorists is is is yeah is they share this approach this idea of meaning through difference that is there so so then we focused on the actual actual way in which power circulates which is capillary axial right we give the example of the vibe we give the example of the human mind we talked about our water the mechanism through which water moves against gravity from the root of a plant up into the stems and leaves and my famous bad example about the traffic and then we rate these things well yeah I think we started by reading Langstrom cuckoo and now I think we got some sense of what then Foucault means when he says power of mind over mind when he says that that those who are facing power at themselves it&#39;s bears right do we a now already find this quite obvious after this discussion not in my mind maybe some of you are able to connect it right so the so the you will assess the bearers all right oh I is this how we fine with this those who are facing power at themselves as bearers can we see it now is it obvious it&#39;s not obvious to me for some reason my mind is not on setting sobre el today or it should be change it into those who are facing power or external you know I&#39;m not themselves its bearers so we say those who are facing power are not themselves as pets yeah can we do this why can&#39;t we do this then we say those who are facing power are not themselves its bearers our moves from A to B we can do this then ctrl Z ctrl Z control jet car control set is moving very slowly because the yeah I&#39;m still not convinced you know yeah yeah yeah this is what it is yeah some now school [Music] see disco ball no lovara let me see but Tuesday on that cool specific booze connects everything again you are a rational self then you&#39;re losing your you can decide the precise point is that you are designing it is already going through you know yeah this is happening spontaneously it&#39;s a continuous power you will not realize you were in power because the continuous because of morning listen if I change the fan from one to two you will realize you can conquer them yeah fast girl there number smooth modulus and I have open each other again that&#39;s one the other is no and also because it&#39;s capillary capillary you will not know all right it&#39;s not coming like this it&#39;s not coming like a ball is coming like this and et you then you will just decide are you the decision is not there that&#39;s where the citizen is not there citizen decides whom I want the twos are not to whatever right the citizen is a legal subject endowed with the right to choose with rights yeah but that is not that I think that is also there because there is the sovereign state this this this right and there are citizens there&#39;s a Constitution but that cuts through that&#39;s a different row thick that cuts through this other logic a power which is existing and most of political unity only emphasize on that and there was very little conversation on this notion in which power operates now look at this other one so that is more conceptual the other other section is more historical with Foucault talks about again I think we have done the technology and history thing but just to give you an example you will be actually reading this in the reading I will give you that&#39;s why I am reading out the net so it functions outside this sudden so you see the earlier form of power was sudden violent and discontinuous the earlier character of sovereign power under the king was sudden violent discontinuance forms that are bound up with exercises operate the body of the king with its trains material and physical presence in a monarchy the Kings what he was important the presence of the body the sovereignty is invested in the body of the team the King died in space you must have another guy who will become the king or the crown prince or something and we have so many interesting stories in India of the Mughals and other kingdoms well he didn&#39;t have a son and then somebody else became an this woman stepped in from the habit and she became very powerful right and all of that the body of the king with his restraints material and physical presence with the force that he himself deploys or transmits to some few others with the force that he himself deploys in killing in taking life or transmits to few some few others is that opposite extreme of this new physics of power look at the term with physics of our white physics because it breaks it down into those constituent parts into this capillary movement into how I actually need functions and there&#39;s a physics why this force that is energy there are bodies this is a technology physics of power not the politics of power physics of power represented by and of this season here are and there are two images they have displayed at one extreme the discipline rocket which is functioning by prompting you you find of this event of that right the enclosed is situation like you put in a prison and the prison is somewhere they are tell you where it is you&#39;ve not some one day someone does a crime you dump it somewhere and then you just see these activities through a little hole in the jail right same poses started pinky jail that the older most disciplined block it the enclosed institution a snap is on the edges of society jails are not put like right there in Central Park and CP what is the tale jails are usually away outskirts is not aware areas right and what is focusing you know okay you put the jail name for actually the Central Park and CP is the new jail that is the new jail it&#39;s open it&#39;s nice its full of flowers it&#39;s lovely it&#39;s beautiful you want to dance then then he&#39;s still in jail the jail has been generalized across the social body and hence the jail does not remain the jail that it was now the jail has changed in its architecture in its layout the tomb entry military physics will changes you know a lobster none of them will came up doesn&#39;t look like temple you go there they make you pick out your wallet and everything and take all your parent and you put through this scanner and first like I was about to board a plane happy to options now how many of you P do upset uh please raise your hands do they still do that because I went there like five sixteen if you still do that I feel like I want to work plane what&#39;s going on here it&#39;s a pimple again genealogy it&#39;s a temple what cohorts it&#39;s perhaps of history of different time frames and won&#39;t go into a temple you know and I get frisked by this thing you know and yeah you can&#39;t authorize it and it was psycho wat except by Libya is it now oh I say but I am it&#39;s about the architecture of it and look at the parking if it&#39;s in a parking lot with people I like to go to a temple here you know the line is little Quanah 4-digit sitting there ding ding ding ding ding ding this is like a parking Lord it&#39;s like your fancy five-star hotel and I went there and it was like I went into the lobby of a five-star hotel most people say strips into something for yourself something service okay that&#39;s the way it is so at at one extreme and you know what there is if you do this then you will actually attack so that is not to defend people from terror that is to invite terror they are hand in glove simmering away under a vessel of neurons a month ago concave gergich that way I&#39;m gonna pull a balls on a Monday as cathodic maybe 99.99% temples are completely cool of the moment you do those kind of things then you are inviting some gases then some unwanted guests okay I want extreme the discipline blockade the imposed incentives and establish on the edges of society turned inwards towards negative forces yeah turn inwards those older prisons are turned inwards as in even today they see that&#39;s the thing again you know so you have two different forms of modalities of power data working it at cross-purposes today you have the central power but you have the jail you have a impose institution on the edges of society dark dingy undersell and all you know in which the Kip and which is turned inwards as the communication suspecting time it&#39;s a a leg put limit on the Kalapana bit obvious uh spending time you don&#39;t know guy from one day to the next it looks the same but well in the breaking communication you read know you are reminded of a state of North right breaking communications at the other extreme with penalties ISM is the discipline mechanism or functional mechanisms for this a functional mechanism that must improve the exercise of power by making it lighter not like walls putting someone this you know but the raiment although tseebo their MA and you make it like more rapid more effective or design of sufferers for a society to come of this transition from the discipline rocket to the discipline mechanism not by rocking the possibilities that are there in the body but by letting it play out they&#39;ll play out and so so these are the changes and so the other thing for that I have here is that so the point of application of this power point of application is of course it&#39;s the body not the body of the guilty man set up against the body of the King not the theoretical subject of the Constitution not the theoretical subject which is the citizen not the theoretical subject of an idea of contract theory what it will be the Disciplinary individual

Transcript for:Understanding Foucault's Concept of Power

Transcript for:
Understanding Foucault's Concept of Power